Techno 100. Classiques, Hits Et Raretés

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Techno 100. Classiques, Hits Et Raretés La techno, l’un des genres fondateurs de la scène électronique JEAN-YVES LELOUP actuelle, est née au croisement des années quatre-vingt et quatre- vingt-dix. Dédiée au dancefloor, puissante, martelée, aux timbres futuristes et industriels, elle possède aussi une face plus mélodieuse et mélancolique et ce, dès son émergence à Détroit, parmi une communauté de musiciens noirs américains visionnaires. L’auteur s’attarde d’abord à définir le genre, questionner son esthé- TECHNO 100 tique, son imaginaire et son histoire, dont les premières ébauches CLASSIQUES, HITS ET RARETÉS remontent aux années soixante-dix, chez des artistes comme Kraftwerk, Yellow Magic Orchestra, Front 242 ou Man Parrish. Par la suite, il dresse la liste de cent disques essentiels, qu’il s’agisse de tubes historiques (signés Richie Hawtin, Underworld, Laurent Garnier, Daft Punk, Slam ou Aphex Twin), de maxis emblématiques qui ont marqué l’âge d’or des années quatre-vingt-dix (Dave Clarke, Green Velvet, Maurizio), de titres parfois méconnus issus de la LELOUP JEAN-YVES période plus underground des années deux mille (avec Âme, Ellen Allien ou Nathan Fake) et le formidable renouveau actuel d’un genre (avec Steffi, Rone ou Recondite) qui depuis le début des années deux . mille dix, n’a jamais compté autant d’adeptes. Auteur, journaliste, DJ et artiste sonore français, Jean-Yves Leloup a suivi l’évolution de la musique électronique depuis son émergence en Europe à la fin des années quatre-vingt. Témoin privilégié de l’évolution de la scène électronique, il s’intéresse parallèlement à l’art contemporain et aux technologies numériques. Au mot et le reste, il a publié aussi Digital Magma, Musique Non Stop et Electrosound. TECHNO 100 TECHNO Collection publiée avec le concours de la Région Sud Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur. Prix : 20 euros M ISBN : 978-2-36054-471-4 — LE MOT ET LE RESTE R couv_techno100.indd 1 21/08/2018 14:39 JEAN-YVES LELOUP TECHNO 100 classiques, hits et raretés le mot et le reste 2018 LA MUSIQUE DU FUTUR RÈGNE SUR LA POP CULTURE Depuis 2010, la musique électronique figure parmi les phénomènes les plus populaires auprès de la jeunesse mondiale. Celle que l’on nomme grossièrement l’electro, fait danser la planète, la middle class américaine comme les branchés de Paris, Berlin, Mexico ou Buenos Aires, les ados des ghettos africains comme les tribus des free parties, la jeunesse post-révolutionnaire de Tunis comme les jeunes gays de Kiev ou Tbilissi. Parmi ses multiples courants, la techno constitue avec la house l’un de ses piliers, voire l’un de ses modèles ou l’une de ses matrices. Dotée d’une aura futuriste, incarnant depuis la décennie quatre- vingt-dix l’avènement d’une nouvelle culture technologique et vitaliste, la techno a étrangement réussi à traverser les époques et à sonner encore de façon neuve aux oreilles des jeunes générations qui la découvrent aujourd’hui, tout en restant fidèle à son essence, ou à ses principes fondateurs. On a coutume d’affirmer que la techno naît à la fin des années quatre-vingt, dans la ville de Détroit, à travers les productions d’une poignée de musiciens électroniques et de DJs noirs améri- cains. C’est en partie vrai. Mais, au-delà du fait que la question de la « naissance » ou de l’apparition d’un courant de la musique populaire peut faire débat, il paraît plus juste de dire que la techno établit définitivement son esthétique au croisement des années quatre-vingt et quatre-vingt-dix à la fois en Europe et aux États- Unis, à travers un dialogue et une influence réciproque entre les musiciens et les DJs des deux continents. La techno se développe à cette époque dans les villes de Détroit, de New York et, dans une moindre mesure, de Chicago. Ainsi qu’en Europe à Berlin, à Londres, dans les villes du nord du Royaume-Uni, mais aussi à travers différentes métropoles de la Belgique flamande et des Pays-Bas, des territoires trop souvent oubliés dans cette histoire 3 TECHNO 100 et dont le rôle est pourtant fondamental. En paraphrasant des auteurs comme Jon Savage ou Dan Sicko1, on pourrait ainsi dire que la techno, comme de nombreux autres genres de la musique populaire, est née et s’est développée à travers un phénomène de « double réfraction », puisqu’il s’agit d’une musique imaginée par de jeunes musiciens noirs originaires de Détroit, influencés par des artistes et des courants européens (Kraftwerk, la synthpop britan- nique, l’italo-disco), qui eux-mêmes s’était inspirés par le passé de la culture américaine, ou afro-américaine. Comment définir alors cette techno des origines, issue de deux continents, qui puise son inspiration dans l’hédonisme et l’énergie des raves, ainsi que dans les innovations de la lutherie électronique et informatique ? Pour ce faire, on pourrait d’abord évoquer la manière dont des historiens et des musicologues se sont penchés sur la musique électronique elle-même. Guillaume Kosmicki, auteur de Musiques électroniques : des avant- gardes aux dancefloors2, définit la musique électronique comme « un ensemble de musiques reposant sur des sons d’origine acous- tique ou de synthèse sonore, traités (réverbération, filtrage, trans- position, etc.) puis enregistrés sous forme d’un signal analogique ou numérique, et destinés à être amplifiés puis retransmis par le biais de haut-parleurs ». Cette définition a le mérite de la justesse, de la clarté et de la synthèse. Toutefois, elle peut avoir le défaut de désigner de nombreuses pratiques musicales actuelles qui, tout en utilisant de façon croissante la technologie électronique et tout en empruntant certains des modèles de composition caractéristiques de la musique électronique, ne se réclament pas ouvertement de son esthétique. 1. Dans son livre Techno Rebels, consacré à l’émergence de la scène de Détroit, Dan Sicko est le premier à évoquer cette notion de « double réfraction » à propos de la techno. 2. Guillaume Kosmicki, Musiques électroniques : des avant-gardes aux dancefloors, Le mot et le reste, 2016, p. 15. 4 CLASSIQUES, HITS ET RARETÉS Thom Holmes1, auteur de l’ouvrage Electronic & Experimental Music2 propose une définition assez proche, mais sous une forme plus dynamique, basée sur deux pratiques historiques parallèles, la musique électronique pure et la musique électroacoustique. La première est créée à partir d’ondes sonores générées de façon élec- trique, grâce à l’usage d’ordinateurs, d’oscillateurs ou de synthé- tiseurs, sans avoir recours à un quelconque instrument acoustique ou à un quelconque son trouvé dans notre environnement. La seconde utilise la technologie électronique afin de copier, modifier et manipuler des sons provenant de notre environnement extérieur, grâce à l’usage de technologies de reproduction comme le micro- phone, le magnétophone ou l’échantillonneur numérique. Les sons utilisés peuvent être de toute nature : instruments acoustiques, voix, sons naturels ou sons urbains. Ces deux axes, qui peuvent fusionner au sein de la pratique d’un même musicien, permettent de décrire de façon neutre les fondements formels et techniques des expériences de la musique électronique savante, tout comme celles des producteurs de house et de techno. On pourrait aussi affirmer, de façon liminaire, voire expéditive, que la techno est une musique minimaliste et percussive, dont l’évolution se fait principalement par l’ajout ou le retrait de pistes sonores, suivant un cycle de quatre mesures. Souvent dédiée à la danse, destinée à être jouée par un DJ, elle est composée à l’aide d’instruments électroniques, en particulier synthétiseurs, boîtes à rythmes, samplers et dispositifs d’effets, auquel on peut adjoindre un ordinateur domestique équipé d’un logiciel permettant de construire, séquencer et orchestrer l’ensemble de ces instruments. PULSATION SYSTÉMATIQUE ET FORME CONTINUE Mais ces définitions techniques nous permettent-elles vraiment de saisir l’essence et l’esprit de la techno ? Pour mieux répondre à 1. Compositeur, auteur de livres et créateur de logiciels. 2. Thom Holmes, Electronic & Experimental Music, Routledge, 2002, pp. 6-8. 5 TECHNO 100 notre question, essayons alors de faire appel à la musicologie. Au sein d’une discipline qui s’est souvent montrée insensible à l’uni- vers de la techno et des cultures populaires, Mathieu Guillien est l’un des rares chercheurs à s’être penché sur la question à travers son ouvrage, La Techno minimale1. Interrogé à ce sujet, il affirme que l’on peut recenser un certain nombre de paramètres communs à l’ensemble des compositions techno. Tout d’abord le tempo, qui dépasse la plupart du temps les cent vingt battements par minute. La durée ensuite, supérieure à celle d’une chanson ou d’une simple pop song, ainsi qu’une forme en arche, qui désigne la présence d’une intro et d’une outro rythmique dépouillées, dont la fonction est de permettre au DJ de mixer le titre à un autre. Mais aussi la pulsation systématique et une structure de boucles mélodiques ou mélodico-rythmiques oscillant entre une et quatre mesures (parfois moins, parfois plus pour celles de Détroit). Il évoque encore l’organisation de pistes fonctionnelles selon un canevas relativement fixe (programmation rythmique répondant à une dizaine de modèles environ, combinatoire d’une poignée de motifs, présence de nappes). Le tout sans oublier le règne de la consonance et d’une harmonie pauvre, voire d’un accord unique présent tout au long du morceau. Mais une fois qu’on a énuméré chacun de ces éléments [estime Guillien], on n’est guère avancés et on aurait bien du mal à se faire une idée sonore. Pour essayer d’approcher une définition [continue-t-il], peut-être faut-il choisir un moment de l’histoire de la techno.
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