DOCSLIB.ORG

International Exchange Municipal Clerks.Docx.Docx

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
International Exchange Municipal Clerks.Docx.Docx International Exchange of Municipal Clerks: Middletown, Monmouth County, NJ, USA & District Delfshaven, City of Rotterdam, The Netherlands Name Heidi R. Brunt Claudia Ramos Age 38 38 Position Municipal Clerk Municipal Clerk City-County -State Middletown-Monmouth- New Jersey Delfshaven-Rotterdam-Zuid Holland Budget Middletown: $65 mil / Monmouth $ 4.8 bil Delfshaven €45 ($56)mil / Rotterdam: €3,5 ($4,6) bil Inhabitance 68,000 74,000 City Slogan Biggest Small Town in NJ No hyperbole! Play to the result and show what you're worth Constitution based Republic Monarchy Hero George Washington Johan Rudolph Thorbecke Coffee Skim Cappuccino grande Caramel Latte Macchiato tall Staff Yes Yes Pen preference Black gel thick point Blue ball point Introduction In the 2014 IIMC International Exchange Heidi Brunt and Claudia Ramos were matched. Heidi is a Municipal Clerk in Middletown New Jersey in the United States of America and Claudia is a Municipal Clerk at the district of Delfshaven, one of the 14 district municipalities in the city of Rotterdam in The Netherlands. The work environment and mentality of the two Clerks are comparable, i.e. the city’s have almost the same numbers of inhabitants and size and even the total budgets are appromaxitelythe same. The two clerks are both very ambitious, of the same age, mother of one child, have been married for five years and they share the same view on their responsibilities in the work environment and functional position. The Clerks agreed that they would really like to experience the life of someone with the same profession on another continent. With the full support of their families the Clerks decided to make an effort and chose to be a part of a three week exchange program during both municipal elections. The elections were in March 2014 in The Netherlands and in November 2014 in the United States. During the whole program the Clerks stayed at each others home and became a part of their respective families. Background Information International Exchange of Municipal Clerks: Middletown, Monmouth County, NJ, USA & District Delfshaven, City of Rotterdam, The Netherlands Claudia I have been working for the municipality of Rotterdam since 1998. I have been a Municipal Clerk since 2009 for the district council of Delfshaven. My office has two staff members or more depending on the project we are working on. We have two governing bodies, the Board Council which counts 25 members (seven political parties) and the Township Committee which has three full time members and an Administrator. Both political bodies have an appointment for district Chair which is like an extension of the Mayor of the city of Rotterdam. In the Netherlands the Municipal Clerk’s profession is not that old. The profession was first designated in local government in 2002. The profession was introduced by Municipal Law called “Dualism”. Dualism is a political science understanding which indicates the division between governance and representatives. Clerk’s Position in the Organization in Delfshaven The Clerk is appointed by the district council as their first advisor and supporter. The Municipal Clerk has a legal, secretarial, administrative, logistic and communicative task. The Municipal Clerk falls directly under the responsibility of the district board council. By law, the Municipal Clerk has a parallel position with the district Administrator. The Administrator is officially responsible for the content and reports to the Township Committee. Heidi In the past 13 years as a public employee, 11 of them have been with the Township of Middletown as the Municipal Clerk. I have six employees or more during the busiest time of the year with elections or permit renewals. The governing body is a Township Committee of five with an appointed Mayor each year. Middletown is a old settlement in New Jersey dating back to 1664 and we just marked our 350th anniversary this year with a year long celebration. The origins of the position of "clerk" are unclear. In ancient Greece there were secretaries for each polis who read official documents publicly and at the opening of a meeting read public messages. The early keepers of the archives were often called remembrancers, and before writing came into use, their memory was public record. When the early colonists came to America, one of the first offices established was that of clerk. The colony at Plymouth appointed a person to act as a recorder. Clerks Position in the Organization in New Jersey The Township Clerk has responsibilities required by N.J. State Statutes which include acting as the secretary to the governing body, custodian of records, administering local elections, and the issuing of licenses and permits. Residents may seek guidance from the Office of the Clerk for various services. Foundation of our Profession The history and the foundation of a country gives you an insight on culture and mentality of its inhabitants. The information will help you to empathize and to have a pretty good view on situations and the daily work of the municipality even politically. International Exchange of Municipal Clerks: Middletown, Monmouth County, NJ, USA & District Delfshaven, City of Rotterdam, The Netherlands The Dutch Constitution The Batavian-French period (1795-1813) led to radical changes and for the first time an elected Parliament met in the17 hundereds . After 1813 the Netherlands became a monarchy under the House of Orange. The Parliament, the Senate and the House should have a say in the governance and cabinet members conducted the policy. In many cases, the King had the last word. The liberal Thorbecke was responsibe for the new Constitution of the Netherlands which was implemented/ introduced in 1848. The cabinet members were now responsible for legislation and policy, Parliament checked them. The King stayed on as head of state, but he stood outside the political decision making; He was inviolable. These principles form the basis of the present Dutch Democracy. The American Constitution The US Constitution is based on some principles that were considered in the thinking of the Enlightenment important: popular sovereignty (Rousseau) separation of powers (Montesquieu) board by law or 'government by law' (Locke) state order based on Federalism and the Anglo-Saxon tradition in public administration. The US reveres their Nations Founding Father George Washington. A farmer, inventor, father, husband and General then our country’s first President. After the Revolutionary War with England, President Washington served two terms as President, then stepped down showing the country we didn't want a monarch system anymore and we should give the people a choice. “The love of my Country will be the ruling influence of my conduct” George Washington We share Montesquieu One of the similar principles in this matter is that both constitutions are based on separation of powers (Montesquieu). By visiting the New Jersey State House our contact, an Attorney for the Governor, gave Claudia an insight on how things are organized on state level. One of the issues he mentioned was the fact that, just like in the Netherlands, the Dutch judges are appointed by the head of the state and the appointment is for life (until the age of 70). In the Netherlands the head of the state will be the King and in the state of New Jersey, the Governor. Based on the Montesquieu philosophy, the judge’s job is to interpret the law. Program and Learning Goals Records Imaging and Disaster Response Heidi wanted to pursue the process of a record imaging and management system. It was important for her to discover new ways to attend to the records and how to grow in the future. Heidi was introduced to District Administrator Hilbert Keizer and had a tour to see how he was able to work “in the cloud” and manage their International Exchange of Municipal Clerks: Middletown, Monmouth County, NJ, USA & District Delfshaven, City of Rotterdam, The Netherlands imaging of records. In the Netherlands they have truly developed a paperless environment. Desks are empty of files and reports, and mail is opened and imaged appropriately before it lays on an employee's desk. By working “in the cloud” and having this advanced imaging workflow, employees can access their computer desktop and files from anywhere even here in the United States. In the program schedule we were able to attend a presentation by the Safety Region of Rotterdam Director on Disaster Response for the city. The Director was able to describe the city’s region for disaster response. The goals of the safety region were spelled out as to improve protection for inhabitants against safety risks, improve the assistance offered during and after incidents, hazards and crisis, and to improve fire prevention. In addition to fire prevention, medical assistance at accidents and disasters, risk management and centralized regional crisis management; increase overall managerial and operational performance. The Netherlands is divided into 25 safety regions of which Rotterdam-Rijnmond is number seventeen. This region inhabits 1.2 million people and is complex based on its large urban areas and a world port. During the discussion of the disaster plan for the region, Heidi spoke about recent US disasters such as hurricane Katrina, 9/11, and Superstorm Sandy. The safety region has learned from those incidents, as far as the importance of communication among the emergency services and the response time. They also communicate to the public using many various TV, radio, internet, and phone communications. Rotterdam-Rijnmond has also created many alliances with public broadcasting, public transport, and Ministry of Defense, Royal Dutch Rescue Service, health services, the drinking water company, and the energy company. These agreements are important to allow for seamless cooperation during a disaster. Elections In the Netherlands there has been electronic voting in the year 2006.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Becoming the Clerk They Won't Want to Replace
    Becoming the Clerk They Won’t Want to Replace Forms of Government; Mayor’s Role; Votes and Vetoes; Clerk as Collector Central Illinois Municipal Clerks Organization & Municipal Clerks of Illinois June 20, 2013 Presented By: Adam W. Lasker, Esq. www.ancelglink.com Forms of Municipal Governments Aldermanic – City Trustee – Village Commission Managerial Strong Mayor Special Charter History of cities, villages & towns: Special Charters Prior to 1870, a community that desired to incorporate as a municipality had to apply to the General Assembly for a “special charter” to establish its powers, boundaries and form of organization. Since 1870, special charters have been prohibited by the Illinois Constitution. As such, only about 2% of the current Illinois municipalities are incorporated by special charter. History of cities, villages & towns: Legislative amendments The “Cities and Villages Act of 1872” established a statutory scheme for the initial organization and incorporation of municipalities. Those laws were modified in 1941 by the “Revised Cities and Villages Act.” The “Illinois Municipal Code,” the current body of law governing cities, villages and towns, was enacted in 1961 and is currently codified in Act 5, Chapter 65, of the Illinois Compiled Statutes (65 ILCS 5/1-1-1, et seq.). Who’s Who Among Illinois Municipalities? Only about 2% of municipalities continue to operate under pre-1870 special charters. They are “incorporated towns” governed by the Municipal Code, and are different than “townships” governed by the Township
    [Show full text]
  • Het Haagse Grondwetpad Het Haagse Grondwetpad Den Haag Is Bekend Als De Stad Waar De Regering Het Haagse Grondwetpad En Het Parlement Zetelen
    Het Haagse Grondwetpad Het Haagse Grondwetpad Den Haag is bekend als de stad waar de regering Het Haagse Grondwetpad en het parlement zetelen. Hier hebben alle departemen ten hun hoofdkantoor. De koningin Een wandeling door de heeft in Den Haag haar werkpaleis. De residentie heeft een prominente plek in parlementaire geschiedenis van de Grondwet tradities als Prinsjes dag. In Den Haag zetelt de hoogste rechterlijke macht van Nederland. in het centrum van Den Haag Den Haag is kortom het centrum van onze parlementaire democratie. Maar hoe zichtbaar is dit? De hedendaagse sporen van de verwevenheid van Den Haag met onze constitutie zijn duidelijk zichtbare bakens. Denk aan de torens van het ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap en de gebouwen van de Eerste en Tweede Kamer. Maar hoe duidelijk is de rol die deze gebouwen hebben in onze constitutionele democratie? Den Haag kent bovendien een lange geschiedenis als centrum van het staatsbestel. Die geschiedenis is op vele plekken in Den Haag terug te zien, maar waar? Om een antwoord te geven op deze vragen, heeft het ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties het Haagse Grondwetpad ontwikkeld. In deze wandeling van ongeveer één uur zijn die plekken opgenomen, die verband houden met artikelen uit de Grondwet. De Grondwet bevat de spelregels van ons politieke stelsel. Zo wordt Den Haag als centrum van de Nederlandse constitutie ineens een stuk zichtbaarder! Het Haagse Grondwetpad leidt u langs een aantal constitutioneel relevante plekken in Den Haag. Per plek vindt u een beschrijving wat de relatie is. Instituut voor Publiek en Politiek ISBN 978 90 6473 434 2 Na omzetten lijndikte van 2 punten aanhouden voor alle wegen nassaulaan 29 alexanderstraat javastraat 28 koninginnegracht haagse boshaagse Het Haagse Grondwetpad sophialaan Verder bezuidenhoutseweg Den Haag in 1 Hofplaats 2 Tweede Kamer 5 Ministerie van 3 Plein dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Perfecting Parliament 427 Table 15: Major Constitutional Developments in the History of the Netherlands
    Perfecting Parliament Table 15: Major Constitutional Developments in the History of the Netherlands Year Constitutional or Political Event Roman empire reaches southern edge of the Rhine. In what came to be called the Netherlands, a 58 BC series of fortress cities and trading posts were established, many of which remain today. 1450 States General created for most of the Netherlands by the Burgundy provinces. Mary’s letter of preference grants the States General the right to veto taxes and meet as they wish, 1477 i.e., without being called by a king or queen. The Union of Utrecht formalizes the alliance of Protestant provincial governments and provides 1579 constitutional foundations for collective decisions by the Seven United Provinces. Provinces have 1581 the right to appoint their own stadhouders, and a different stadhouder is appointed in the north than in the south, although both are from the House of Orange. 165072 First stadhouder-less period in Holland and several other southern provinces. 167202 Office of stadhouder reestablished, Willem III takes office and drives the French out. Second stadhouder-less period: after Willem III’s death in 1702, no stadhouder is appointed in the 170247 south. Office of stadhouder reestablished. Willem IV is from the Friesland line of the House of Orange 1747 and becomes the first stadhouder for all of the Netherlands. Willem IV drives the French out. 1793 The French declare war on stadhouder Willem V, who flees to England in 1795 Batavian constitution adopted with a unicameral parliament elected under broad suffrage. The con- 1798– stitution provides for freedom of press and association, freedom of religion, independence of 1801 judges, and separation of church and state.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Vel 2. 5 Tweede Kamer
    'Vel 2. 5 Tweede Kamer. 2DE ZITTING. — 20 NOVEMBER. Onderzoek van geloofsbrieven. De tijdelijke Voorzitter deelt mede dat zijn ingekomen twee bezwaarschriften , betreffende de plaats gehad hebbende verkie- zingon , als van : P. N. Puts en andereu, betrekkelijk do verkiezing in het dis- trict Roermond; van Russel. betrekkelijk de verkiezing in het kiesdistrict Maastricht. Deze stukken zijn in handen gesteld van de beide Commissien tot onderzoek der geloofsbrieven. De Commissien, in wier handen zijn gesteld de geloofsbrieven van de nieuw benoemde leden der Eamer, brengen daaromtrent 2ste ZITTING. verslagen uit. De heer van Eek, lid der eerste Commissie: In handen van deze Commissie zijn gesteld de geloofsbrieven van de volgende heeren, gekozen in de hoofdkiesdistricten achter hunnen naam vermeld: Geert Reinders, te Zuidhorn; dr. Rembertus Westerhoff, te Appingadam; Jan Freerks Zylker , te Appingadam ; dr. Willem Joseph Andries Jonckbloet, te Winschoten; mr. Louis graaf van ZITTING VAN DINGSDAG 20 NOVEMBER Heiden Reinestein , te Assen ; mr. Johan Rudolph Thorbecke, te Assen; Jan Earel Hendrik de Roo van Alderwerelt. te Leeuwarden; Sybrand Hingst, te Leeuwarden; mr. Schelte (GEOPEND TEN 1 URE.) Wybenga , te Sneek ; Antony Moens , te Sneek ; jhr. mr. Sybrand Willem Hendrik Adriaan van Beyma thoe Eingma.te Dokkum ; mr. Philippus van Blom , te Dokkum ; jhr. Carel Marius Storm van 's Gravesande, te Steenwijk; Thomas Jean Stieltjes, te Zwolle; mr Albertus van Naamen van Eemnes, te Zwolle; mr. Gijs- bertus Martinus van der Linden, te Almelo; mr. Petrus Abraham Samuel van Limburg Brouwer, te Almelo; mr. Gerhard Duin- bar, te Deventer; mr. Albertus van Delden, te Deventer ; jhr. mr. Hendrik Anthon ridder van Rappard, te Zutphen ; mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Bonding/Insurance Requirements for Municipal Officials Claire Silverman, Legal Counsel, League of Wisconsin Municipalities
    Legal Bonding/Insurance Requirements for Municipal Officials Claire Silverman, Legal Counsel, League of Wisconsin Municipalities Wisconsin law requires that certain bonds or obtain a dishonesty insurance treasurer,7 marshal,8 constable9 and municipal officers be covered by either policy or other appropriate insurance municipal judge.10 The acts of a deputy a bond or a dishonesty insurance or policy to cover such officials. village treasurer are to be covered by an other appropriate insurance policy. official bond as the village board shall Which Municipal Officials Must be The purpose of requiring such bonds direct.11 Bonded? or insurance policies is to protect the The clerk or comptroller of municipality and its taxpayers against any Various municipal officials are required municipalities that have adopted the loss of public funds that might occur if by statute to file official bonds as a alternative method of approving financial a public officer engages in wrongdoing qualification for office or be covered claims under § 66.0609 are required to be and fails to faithfully perform the duties under a blanket bond or dishonesty covered by a bond or insurance policy.12 of his or her office. Although incidents of insurance policy obtained by the 1 Also, utility commissions may provide embezzlement or misuse of public funds municipality. In cities the treasurer, 2 3 that utility receipts be paid to a bonded by public officials may be uncommon, comptroller, chief of police, municipal 4 cashier appointed by the commission such incidents do occur and can be judge, and such other officers as the 5 who then must turn the receipts over to devastating.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting
    PATHS TO SUCCESS, PATHS TO FAILURE: HISTORICAL TRAJECTORIES TO DEMOCRATIC STABILITY By ADAM BILINSKI A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2015 1 © 2015 Adam Bilinski 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Throughout the work on this project, I received enormous help from a number of people. The indispensable assistance was provided by my advisor Michael Bernhard, who encouraged me to work on the project since I arrived at the University of Florida. He gave me valuable and timely feedback, and his wide knowledge of the European political history and research methods proved irreplaceable in this regard. He is otherwise a warm, humble and an understanding person, a scholar who does not mind and even appreciates when a graduate student is critical toward his own ideas, which is a feature whose value cannot be overestimated. I received also valuable assistance from members of my dissertation committee: Benjamin Smith, Leonardo A. Villalon, Beth Rosenson and Chris Gibson. In particular, Ben Smith taught me in an accessible way about the foundational works in Political Science, which served as an inspiration to write this dissertation, while Chris Gibson offered very useful feedback on quantitative research methods. In addition, I received enormous help from two scholars at the University of Chicago, where this research project passed through an adolescent stage. Dan Slater, my advisor, and Alberto Simpser helped me transform my incoherent hypotheses developed in Poland into a readable master’s thesis, which I completed in 2007.
    [Show full text]
  • Dear Anthony Mejia and City Clerks Association of California, I Am
    CITY OF SAN MATEO 330 W. 20th Avenue OFFICE OF THE MAYOR San Mateo, CA 94403 www.cityofsanmateo.org March 11, 2021 (650) 522-7000 Dear Anthony Mejia and City Clerks Association of California, I am pleased to nominate one of the most dedicated civil servants I know, Patrice Olds, for Municipal Clerk of the Year. It’s hard to summarize the amount of passion, creativity and integrity she’s brought to this profession during one of the most challenging years in our history. So often Patrice puts the needs and interests of others before herself, and I hope this year we can finally recognize her contributions with this distinction. In 2020, Patrice not only navigated the ever-changing challenges the pandemic created for civic engagement within our city, she helped ensure other clerks prevailed as well. She was an innovative advocate for democracy through a contentious and closely-watched election, and leveraged technology to promote engagement. She also served as President of the City Clerks Association of California in 2020 helping to provide guidance to many of her peers across the state. This was all on top of her normal day-to-day work that is integral to our entire organization. Entering 2020 Patrice was so excited to organize and lead CCAC’s annual conference. She’d made all the arrangements and was in the midst of creating a wonderfully themed signature event to host an in-person conference before COVID-19 forced its cancellation. While she was incredibly disappointed, she wasn’t going to let a global pandemic get in the way of this important event.
    [Show full text]
  • Herman Bavinck and Adolf Schlatter on The
    Edinburgh Research Explorer Scientific Theology? Herman Bavinck and Adolf Schlatter on the Place of Theology in the University Citation for published version: Eglinton, J & Brautigam, M 2013, 'Scientific Theology? Herman Bavinck and Adolf Schlatter on the Place of Theology in the University', Journal of Reformed Theology, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 27-50. https://doi.org/10.1163/15697312-12341275 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1163/15697312-12341275 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: Journal of Reformed Theology Publisher Rights Statement: ©Eglinton, J., & Brautigam, M. (2013). Scientific Theology? Herman Bavinck and Adolf Schlatter on the Place of Theology in the University. Journal of Reformed Theology, 7(1), 27-50doi: 10.1163/15697312-12341275 General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 27. Sep. 2021 Journal
    [Show full text]
  • International Institute of Municipal Clerks
    International Institute of Municipal Clerks 1947-1996 International Institute of Municipal Clerks THE FIRST FIFTY YEARS 1947-1996 Dedication To Municipal Clerks around the world for their dedication and commitment, and to their communities for recognizing their worth. Special Thanks And Acknowledgments A project such as this cannot be accomplished by one person or, in this case, one committee alone. This book represents contributions by many individuals too numerous to mention. However, several individuals must be singled out for their dedication to this project. Many thanks to the 50th Anniversary Committee Members for their suggestions, retrieval capabilities and dedication to IIMC: Co-Chairperson, Mary Zander, CMC/AAE, Sterling Heights, Michigan; Millie Santillanes, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Carlos Cuevas, CMCI AAE, New York City, New York; Betty Backes, CMC/AAE, Coon Rapids, Minnesota; Historian, Margaret "Peg" Griffith*, CMC, Lima, Ohio; Board Liaison, Second Vice President, Linda Murphy, CMCI AAE, Seward, Alaska. Past Presidents: Lyall Schwarzkopf*, CMC, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Iola Stone*, CMC, Elberton, Georgia; Dorothy Soderblom*, CMC, Hays, Kansas; Helen Kawagoe, CMC/AAE, Carson, California; Jack Poots*, CMC, Scarhorough, Ontario, Canada; Terry Tripp, CMCI AAE, Gonzales, Louisiana; Margery Price, CMC/AAE, Kennewick, Washington; W. Doug Armstrong*, CMC/AAE, Peterborough County, Ontario, Canada; Christina Wilder, CMC/AAE, Hamilton Township, New Jersey; Norma Rodriguez, CMC/AAE, San Antonio, Texas; and Muriel Rickard, CMC/AAE, Deerfield Beach, Florida, for their ardent support, insight and vast amount of “sharing.” 1995 - 1996 President Tom Roberts, CMCI AAE, Kansas City, Kansas, who never wavered on his support and enthusiasm for this project and the 50th celebration. Writer, researcher, collaborator and now friend, Teresa Lopes, who spent long hours pulling this together and now must be the most informed unofficial IIMC member in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Conference Program DESIGN Advertisers CONSTRUCTION • Grand Traverse Resort
    CONFERENCE PROGRAM G G MTA’s 65th Annual Educational Conference & Expo April 23-26, 2018 | Grand Traverse Resort | Acme Township You Serve Others. We Serve You. Since 1966, Burnham & Flower Insurance Group has been specializing in the unique coverage needs of Michigan’s townships. We’ve learned what is important to public officials like yourself and have made it our ongoing commitment to provide you with unparalleled service and expertise. Burnham & Flower is your single source for Property & Liability, Group Health Benefits, and Group & Individual Retirement Planning. In addition to If you have a flagpole at your township, we have flags! comprehensive coverages we provide risk If you need a flagpole at your township, we have flagpoles! management services, onsite reviews, online enrollment, 24/7 access to each Kalamazoo Flag Company is a Michigan leading provider of: employee’s benefits information, and • USA Flags • International Flags • Religious Flags Burnham&Flower • State Flags • Custom/Logo Indoor Flag Sets • Indoor & Parade Accessories much more. INSURANCE GROUP • Cemetery/Stick Flags/Grave • Military Flags • Flagpoles Markers • Speciality & Advertising Flags • Banners Serving Michigan Townships Since 1966 You can count on us to deliver the Kalamazoo Flag certifies that our American flags have been made in the USA, of materials that are domestic in origin and that all processes in every step of its manufacture were completed in USA facilities with USA labor. products, service and support you want Scholarship Sponsor and deserve.
    [Show full text]
  • Teksten Voor Panelen Tentoonstelling 100 Jaar Kiesrecht
    Teksten voor panelen tentoonstelling 100 jaar kiesrecht PANEEL 1 ‘Deelneming van allen wekt en bevordert de nationale gedachte’ De Nederlandse weg naar algemeen kiesrecht In de jaren 2017/19 is het honderd jaar geleden dat in Nederland het algemeen kiesrecht voor mannen en vrouwen werd ingevoerd. Dat is bepaald niet zonder slag of stoot gegaan. De grondwet van 1848 kende het kiesrecht slechts toe aan een beperkte groep mannen. In de loop van de negentiende eeuw nam het aantal kiezers gestaag toe, maar het zou tot 1917/19 duren alvorens we van algemeen kiesrecht konden spreken. Hoe verliep de uitbreiding van het kiesrecht? Wie hebben zich daarvoor ingezet? In tekst en beeld volgen we hier de weg van beperkt naar algemeen kiesrecht. Beeld 1.1 Prentbriefkaart voor algemeen kiesrecht. Bron: ProDemos – Huis voor democratie en rechtsstaat. PANEEL 2 De grondwet van 1848 In 1848 werd de Nederlandse grondwet herzien. Dat gebeurde onder verantwoordelijkheid van de liberale staatsman Johan Rudolph Thorbecke. De gewijzigde grondwet voerde onder meer de rechtstreekse verkiezing van de Tweede Kamer in. Alleen mannen waren kiesgerechtigd, hoewel dat niet expliciet in de grondwet stond. Om kiesrecht te krijgen moest men onder meer 23 jaar oud zijn en aangeslagen worden in een van de toenmalige directe belastingen (grond-, patent- of personele belasting). Vanwege deze belastingeis spreken we van censuskiesrecht. De gedachte hierachter was dat mensen met bezit belang hadden bij instandhouding van de maatschappelijke orde. Bovendien werd bezit gezien als een maatstaf voor ontwikkeling en onafhankelijkheid. Tot 1887 werd het aantal leden van de Tweede Kamer bepaald door de omvang van de bevolking: één Kamerlid per 45.000 inwoners.
    [Show full text]
  • Een Gordiaanse Knoop Mannenkiesrecht, Vrouwenkiesrecht En Gezinskiesrecht Tussen 1795 En 1917
    Peter van den Berg en Ron de Jong Een Gordiaanse knoop Mannenkiesrecht, vrouwenkiesrecht en gezinskiesrecht tussen 1795 en 1917 1 Inleiding In 1883 verwierp de Hoge Raad het beroep dat Aletta Jacobs had ingesteld tegen de afwij- zende uitspraak van de arrondissementsrechtbank op haar eis om op de Amsterdamse kiezerslijst te worden geplaatst. In zijn motivering stelde de Raad dat het niet in de bedoe- ling van de grondwetgever van 1848 kon hebben gelegen om vrouwen kiesrecht te geven. Ook al was er in de Grondwet van 1848 niets te vinden over het feit dat kiezers mannelijk moesten zijn, volgens de Hoge Raad kon daarover geen twijfel bestaan.1 Een van de op- merkelijkste zaken aan de motivering was dat de Hoge Raad er zich blijkbaar niet van be- wust was dat bij de eerste verkiezingen onder de Grondwet van 1848 er wel degelijk vrou- wen kiesrecht hadden. Het betrof weduwen die aan de vereisten van de census voldeden. Zij mochten hun kiesrecht weliswaar niet zelf uitoefenen, maar konden het overdragen aan een van hun meerderjarige zonen die zelf niet aan de censusvereisten voldeed. Dit weduwenkiesrecht, dat in 1883 blijkbaar in vergetelheid was geraakt, en waarop we straks terugkomen, is voor ons aanleiding om het kiesrecht in de periode 1795-1917 tegen het licht te houden. Op grond waarvan werd nu eigenlijk kiesrecht verleend? Was het kiesrecht individueel of was het organisch, gebaseerd op het gezin? We behandelen deze vragen voor vier perioden: het eerste jaar van de Bataafse Revolutie en wat daaraan voorafging, de periode rond de invoering van de Staatsregeling 1798, de periode van 1815 tot 1850 en de tijd van Thorbeckes kieswet uit 1850 tot de invoering van het algemeen mannenkiesrecht in 1917.
    [Show full text]