Herbs and Properties Related to Antibiotic Resistance KEY: Green Colored Cells May Offer Benefit

Herbs and Properties Related to Antibiotic Resistance KEY: Green colored cells may offer benefit

Antimicrobial Efflux Pump Quorum Sensing Bacterial Adhesion Bacterial Cell Wall Bacterial DNA Common Name Biofilm Disruptor Enzyme inhibition Immune Stimulation Active constituents Pairing with ABX (if specified in research) Considerations Activity Inhibition Inhibition Inhibitor Disruption Alteration

artemesinin, caffeoylquinic acid, chrysoplenol, Artemisia pairs well with berberine, honeysuckle. chrysoplenetin

Basil

increased susceptibility of s. aureus, p. aeruginosa & e. coli to ciprofloxacin by 33x. Additive with berberine, hydrastine, canadensine, 5-MHC, Goldenseal is an at-risk species. Choose Mahonia, Berberis Family ampicillin, erythromycin, methicillin, norfloxacin. pheophorbide a, flavanolignan 3, porphyrin 3 Synergistic with oxacillin. Doesn’t combine well Berberis or Coptis when possible. with tetracycline

Berries Berry Extracts (gallic acid) Bitter orange can counter gm - efflux pumps Calamus/Sweet flag ß lactamase Catnip

Chinese Skullcap Bacterial & Viral ß lactamase baicalin, baicalein, methoxyflavones, F36 ß lactams, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, tetracycline

clindamycin, ampicillin, tetracycline, penicillin, Cinnamon cinnamaldehyde Histaminic erythromycin, novobiocin. Helpful in C. difficile

Clove Cranberry

Curcumin oxacillin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin

Dog Rose tellimagrandin I, rugosin B ß lactam Gm +, Gm-, yeast, Elderberry virus Strong, Gm + ß lactamase, DNA RNA synthesis Pairs with vancomycin, cefoperazone, cefoxitin, Garlic allicin and Gm - synthase inhibitor oxacillin

Geranium polyacylated neohesperidosides berberine, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, rhein

Ginger zingiberine, gingerol (fresh)/shogaol (dried) tetracycline

Gotu kola can counter gm - efflux pumps Grapefruit juice furocoumarins, limonoids 20 fold decreased MIC of norfloxacin against Grapefruit oil MRSA Grapefruit Seed Extract broad spectrum

augmentin, ß lactams, carbapenems, cefazolin, cefmetazole, cefoxitin, norfloxacin, levofloxacin, Green Tea moderate, gm + ß lactamase ECG, CG, EGCG, myricetin tetracycline. reduced MIC of oxacillin from 256/512 to 1-4mg/L

Honeysuckle Hops Kale Lemongrass Can increase allergenic potential

antibacterial, antiviral, glycyrrhetinic acid, glycyrrhizin, polymyxin B, tobramycin, gentamycin, amikacin Licorice Strong Can raise BP anti fungal liquiritigenin,licochalcones A & E, glabridin MIC reduced by 32-64x

Milk Thistle silybin ampicillin, oxacillin Myrecetin (found in tea, berries, vegetables and other foods) Myrrh can counter gm - efflux pumps

Nootka Cypress Cone totarol, diterpenes 256 fold potentiation of methicillin against MRSA

Oregano Peppermint combines well with green tea

chloramphenicol, gentamicin, ampilillin, Pomegranate tetracycline, oxacillin against MRSA & MSSA

Quercetin fluconazole Resveratrol DNA synthase ahminoglycosides Rosemary carnosic acid, carnosol erythromycin, fluoroquinolones, tetracycline

ß-thujone, trans-chrysanthenyl acetate, cichoric Tansy acetylcholinesterase acid, volatile oils

Thyme thymol, carvacrol Sustainability issues: Harvest only from wind-fallen Usnea Strong, Gm + usnic acid, polysaccharides lichen 2