Psychology of Popular Media Culture
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Psychology of Popular Media Culture Curving Entertainment: The Curvilinear Relationship Between Hedonic and Eudaimonic Entertainment Experiences While Watching a Political Talk Show and Its Implications for Information Processing Franziska S. Roth, Carina Weinmann, Frank M. Schneider, Frederic R. Hopp, Melanie J. Bindl, and Peter Vorderer Online First Publication, April 27, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000147 CITATION Roth, F. S., Weinmann, C., Schneider, F. M., Hopp, F. R., Bindl, M. J., & Vorderer, P. (2017, April 27). Curving Entertainment: The Curvilinear Relationship Between Hedonic and Eudaimonic Entertainment Experiences While Watching a Political Talk Show and Its Implications for Information Processing. Psychology of Popular Media Culture. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000147 Psychology of Popular Media Culture © 2017 American Psychological Association 2017, Vol. 6, No. 2, 000 2160-4134/17/$12.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000147 Curving Entertainment: The Curvilinear Relationship Between Hedonic and Eudaimonic Entertainment Experiences While Watching a Political Talk Show and Its Implications for Information Processing Franziska S. Roth, Carina Weinmann, Frank M. Schneider, Frederic R. Hopp, Melanie J. Bindl, and Peter Vorderer University of Mannheim Two studies were conducted to test the relation between hedonic and eudaimonic entertainment experiences as well as their respective influence on information process- ing while watching a political talk show on TV. Assumptions from entertainment theory and positive psychology served as theoretical basis. A curvilinear relationship between hedonic and eudaimonic entertainment experiences was found through an online survey (N ϭ 675). The second study (N ϭ 132) was an experiment in which hedonic entertainment experiences were manipulated. Again, a curvilinear relationship between both entertainment experiences was detected. Furthermore, entertainment experiences were associated with information processing in a meaningful pattern. These results point to the distinct relationships and effects of different forms of entertainment experiences. Implications for political media and entertainment educa- tion are discussed. Public Policy Relevance Statement There sometimes seem to be two conflicting views when it comes to how political media are supposed to look like. Some argue they should be very entertaining, to motivate people with low political interest to get involved and learn something on the side. Others argue they should not be entertaining but rather serious, so that real learning is possible at all. Our data cannot support either notion. From our results we would argue that some fun in political content is not necessarily a bad thing. The “correct” mixture is the relevant point; in our studies we see a threshold, a cutoff point, at which fun is too much of a good thing. However, until that point it should be a goal to provide hedonic entertainment experiences, i.e., fun, joy, wittiness, humor. Keywords: political entertainment, entertainment theory, information processing, sur- vey, experiment Entertainment research has focused on the dramas, and thrillers (see, e.g., the special issue commonalities, differences, and specialties of of the Journal of Communication, Oliver & This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individualviewer’s user and is not to be disseminated broadly. experiences while watching comedies, Raney, 2014). Slowly but steadily comprehen- The research described in this article was funded by the Franziska S. Roth, Carina Weinmann, Frank M. Schnei- Deutsche Forschungs gemeinschaft (German Research der, Frederic R. Hopp, Melanie J. Bindl, and Peter Vor- Foundation, Project Number: VO 551/15-1). We thank derer, Institute for Media and Communication Studies, Jonathan Cohen, Christoph Klimmt, and Maria Teresa Soto University of Mannheim. for their valuable input that sparked the idea for this paper. Frederic R. Hopp is now at Department of Communica- Correspondence concerning this article should be ad- tion, University of California, Santa Barbara. Melanie J. dressed to Franziska S. Roth, who is now at the Product Bindl is now at Institute for Journalism, Johannes Guten- Design Department, Zalando SE, Charlottenstraße 4, berg University Mainz. 10969 Berlin, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] 1 2 ROTH ET AL. sive theoretical models have been developed to most beneficial for political education purposes account for viewers’ experiences while watch- (Roth, 2016; Weinmann, 2015). ing traditional entertainment formats. However, However, many questions in both areas (tra- what at least to some extend has been neglected ditional entertainment media and political me- in the past are the analyses of viewer’s psycho- dia) are still unaccounted for. We know little logical experiences while watching political en- about how the two processes of entertainment tertainment, for example, political talk shows are related to each other. Do both processes just on TV. correlate? Is one process a precondition for the The existing theoretical models can mostly formation of the other? How does the balance be referred to as two-process models of enter- between the processes influence information tainment but differ to some degree in their spe- processing? Only when we gain a deeper un- cific assumptions (Lewis, Tamborini, & Weber, derstanding of the interrelation of both pro- 2014; Oliver & Bartsch, 2010, 2011; Tamborini cesses, we can state clearer advice on how to et al., 2010, 2011; Vorderer & Reinecke, 2015; design political formats to make them entertain- Wirth, Hofer, & Schramm, 2012). Usually, they ing in a way that might endorse the kind of include one form of entertainment that consists deeper information processing that often seems of positive experiences like feeling fun and joy to be the goal of political media. Therefore, this (often referred to as enjoyment or hedonic en- paper will analyze “serious” political talk shows tertainment; Vorderer, Klimmt, & Ritterfeld, as a prototype of political entertainment and the 2004). The second form is shaped by mixed entertainment experiences they offer to estab- emotions, meaning the experience of sadness lish first answers to these questions. and anger as well as of thoughtfulness, mean- ingfulness, and being moved (usually referred Dual-Process Models of Entertainment to as appreciation or eudaimonic entertainment; The early beginnings of entertainment re- Oliver & Bartsch, 2010, 2011; Vorderer & Rit- search focused mainly on positive outcomes of terfeld, 2009; Vorderer & Reinecke, 2012; viewers’ exposure to such content (cf., e.g., Wirth et al., 2012). Bosshart & Macconi, 1998; Zillmann, 1988; Researchers have only begun to adapt and Zillmann & Bryant, 1994). Media users were extend these theoretical frameworks to explain seen as hedonic beings striving for pleasure and entertainment experiences while watching or avoiding negative feelings like sadness, anger, reading political (entertaining) content (Bartsch and frustration. Positive emotions like fun, plea- & Schneider, 2014; Roth, Weinmann, Schnei- sure, or amusement were subsumed under the der, Hopp, & Vorderer, 2014). This proceeding term enjoyment (Vorderer et al., 2004). occurred because political formats can be cata- In addition to this research line, scholarly lysts for the experience of both entertainment discussions about the sad film paradox (i.e., the processes, whereas a “pure” comedy might not paradox that many viewers enjoy movies that be multifaceted enough (Roth, 2016). Further- make them feel sad; Oliver, 1993) started, and more, new questions connecting entertainment the questions on how the “enjoyment” of, for theory and information processing were dis- example, drama, art, and sad documentaries can cussed: Because political content is often sup- be explained became more pressing (Vorderer posed to inform the public, researchers won- & Reinecke, 2015). In addition to enjoyment, a This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. dered to what extent the two processes of second psychological response (called appreci- This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly. entertainment can enable a systematic, “deeper” ation or eudaimonic entertainment) was ad- processing style that is associated with learning. vanced. The theoretical conception for this pro- So far, it has been demonstrated several times cess differs slightly between two lines of that specific entertainment processes (i.e., eu- research (Vorderer & Reinecke, 2015). daimonic ones) can indeed lead to a deeper, One line of research relies on Aristotle’s Nico- more systematic and effortful processing of machean Ethics. According to this work, only the content (Bartsch & Schneider, 2014; Roth, striving for higher insights and personal develop- 2016). As a secondary effect, research in this ment can create well-being in a person (Aristotle, area can lead to important insights into how 1931). Based on this idea, eudaimonic entertain- political entertainment has to be designed to be ment is conceptualized as an experience of moral- CURVING ENTERTAINMENT 3 ity, thoughtfulness, the feeling of being moved, man, 1993; Waterman, 2008; Waterman, and the gaining of deeper insights about one’s Schwartz, & Conti, 2008). Some researchers