Janusz Słodczyk the Role of the Industrial Function

JANUSZ SŁODCZYK

THE ROLE OF THE INDUSTRIAL FUNCTION IN TOWNS AT A TIME OF TRANSFORMATION (AS EXEMPLIFIED BY OPOLE REGION)

Introduction

New conditions in the economy and new rules for urban management have ushered in a process of major change in the functional structures of urban areas. The transformations taking place in the economy were inevitably to influence the economic base of many towns and cities. Over a longer peri od of time, the most evident changes would seem to have concerned the role of the manufacturing functions in the economy of many centres. The functional structure of Polish towns and cities in the post-war period was established under the influence of the economic model being put into place at that time. Dynamie yet extensive industrial development, combined with fast growth in employment, was a significant element in this model. Newly built plants and industrial complexes were a target for rural migration and the flow of rural migrants to towns and cities made the development of housing and growth in employment in this sector necessary. Underdevelopment of the non- basic sector was a significant phenomenon at this stage which especially con- cemed such branches as trade and services. These disparities were smaller where culture, education and healthcare were concerned. The phenomena mentioned above had a tremendous influence on the structure of employment in towns. One of the results to be expected from the intensive processes in an economy in transition would be gradual changes in the employment struc ture in urban areas. A movement of workers from the production sector to the service sector takes place. For many towns this means the service func tions becoming more important for the economy, while the function of industry becomes limited. The adaption of the urban economy to the new conditions is not an easy process. Towns with traditional industries, underdeveloped services

Pobrano z https://repo.uni.opole.pl / Downloaded from Repository of Opole University 2021-10-02 440 Janusz Slodczyk and a lack of adequate technical infrastructure have found themselves in an enormously difficult situation.1 These phenomena are not confined to Poland but are rather elements of processes of a global naturę. Discussing the problems of the globalization of the economy, R. Domański2 points to the existence, alongside towns working their way up the global hierarchy, of others that are becoming less and less important. This is especially true of a large group of industrial towns and cities in which a collapse of the basie function has occurred. In the present Polish situation we can formulate a thesis that the transition from production to services is very much equivalent to a transfer from the big industrial complexes (declining or limiting employment) to smali and medium-sized commercial or service enterprises. In some, as yet hard to define part, there is a limitation of the basic-sector functions to the benefit of those of the non-basic sector. Manufacturing functions have been the main element to the economic base of towns in Opole region (Opole Silesia) for many years. J. Kroszel3, analyzing the functional structure of towns in this region in the 1960s, claimed that the region's high level of industrialization was reflected in a dominant position for manufacturing in the life of the region's towns and cities. The rate of employment in industry was growing very dynamically at that time. The typology of towns and cities in Opole region in the 1960s, on the basis of the then employment structure allowed for the discernment of 12 towns with specialized industrial functions (Brzeg, Kietrz, Otmuchów, Wołczyn, Kędzierzyn, Krapkowice, Głuchołazy, Nysa, Paczków, Ozimek, Prudnik, Zawadzkie), 1 town with specialized industrial-transport functions and seven towns with combined but predominantly industrial functions (Lewin Brzeski, Głubczyce, Zdzieszowice,Biała Prudnicka, Głogówek, Strzelce Opolskie). Among the 37 towns and cities studied, industry was the dominant employment factor in 23 cases. The described employment structure proved quite stable, surviving with minimal changes until the end of the 1980s.

1 A. Harańczyk, Polish towns in the process of economy globalization, PWN, Warszawa 1998. 2 R. Domański, Spatial transformation of economy, PWN, Warszawa 1997. 3 ]. Kroszel, Functional structure of towns in Opole region, in: Structures and settlement processes (common work edited by S. Gołachowski), Silesian Institut in Opole 1971.

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The dynamics of employment in towns of Opole region

Representations of the changes taking place in the 1990s include: mod- ifications in the number of employees in the region's towns. In line with expectation, the generał trends in the economy at large were reflected in the towns of Opole region. The interesting element here is rather concerned with differences among the towns and cities of the grouping under study. In the six years between 1988 and 1996, the numbers employed in the towns of Opole region declined considerably. Overall, the thirty towns in the region had nearly 67 000 fewer people employed in 1996 than in 1988, equating to a 26% decrease. Industrial employees accounted for half of the number. Over the six years, the region's manufacturing sector lost one third of its employees. However, the phenomenon described took different forms in the different cities and towns. Paczków is an example of a town in which the decline in employment was very marked, being of 56%. Considerable declines in the number of employees were also observed in Biała (48%), Kietrz (46%) and Lewin Brzeski (44%). There is a further large group of towns with declines in employment of about one third. Included here are: Ozimek (39%), Krapkowice (37%), Głubczyce (35%), Wołczyn (34%), Głuchołazy (32%), Kluczbork (32%) and Prudnik 32%). Bearing in mind these results, the first years of transformation can be considered linked to a major decline in the number of places of employment in towns. To be observed at the same time was a stabilization or limitation of growth in migrational movements, in other words a lack of important changes as far as place of residence is concerned. With a view to carrying out a functional analysis of towns in respect to their role as places of residence and employment, we can assume that a large group - especially in the western part of Opole region - have witnessed a limitation of the function as a place of employment and an associated rela- tive increase in the residential functions. Detailed research in the various urban areas would seem to support this assumption.

Employment in industry in the Opole region in the years 1988-1997

Materiał concerned with the change in the number of people employed in industry in the largest urban areas of the region (those with more than

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20 000 inhabitants) shows that the most marked decrease took place in the first years of the transformation (Fig.l). In the foliowing years the numbers employed in industry in different towns stabilized at a defined level. It is worth mentioning that all seven towns in the analyzed group showed an increase in employment in industry between 1994 and 1997.

18000

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14000

12000

10000

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6000

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0 Opole Kędzierzyn- Nysa Brzeg Kluczbork Prudnik Strzelce Krapkowice Koźle Opolskie

Fig. 1. Changes in the number of employees in industry in the biggest centers of Opole region

The dynamics of this phenomenon varied across the group of towns with between 10 000 and 20 000 inhabitants (Fig. 2). In such towns as Ozimek, Zdzieszowice and Głuchołazy the number of people employed in industry continues to decline continually. These are industrial centres, and Ozimek in particular has been particularly dominated by this function. The opposite tendency is to be met with in Namysłów, where a very consistent policy of town management connected with a search for new investors has resulted in continuous growth in the numbers employed in idustry after 1994. In smaller centres, a decrease in the numbers employed in industry was generally observed until 1996, after which four towns in the group enjoyed a resurgence (Fig. 3). In generał it would seem that many large manufacturing centres shed the greater part of their employment surplus from the previous period. The cessation of the decreases in employment in industry, or even slow increases, are a positive phenomenon which can no w be observed. The greatest dangers connected with limitations on the numbers working in manufacturing relate to typically industrial towns with one large

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6000 61988!

5000 JH1994L □1996 4000 -|gi997j.

3000

2000

1000

Namysłów Głuchołazy Głubczyce Zdzieszowice Ozimek

Fig. 2. Changes in the number of employees in industry in towns of the Opole region with 10 to 20 tnousand inhabitants

4500 4000 ■ 1988 3500 ■ 1994 3000 i ! 1996 □ 1997 2500

2000 1500 1000 500 0

Fig. 3. Changes in the number of employees in industry in towns of the Opole region with 5 to 10 thousand inhabitants

establishment providing their economic base (for example Ozimek or Zawadzkie). The hard-to-avoid rationalization of employment in these estab- lishments (steel plants) has brought major problems for the economies of the towns concerned.

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The industrial function of the studied towns in relation to the employment structure

When taking account of analysis of the functional structure of towns, it may be interesting to define the way in which the changing numbers employed in industry have influenced the percentage share of industrial workers in the employment structures of towns in Opole region. In 1988, the proportion of people working in industry was greater than 50% of total employment in seven towns or cities. Indeed, the proportion was over 70% in Zdzieszowice, Zawadzkie and Ozimek. Eight years later, the proportions in these three localities are similar (or even higher in Zdzieszowice). In contrast, the share of industrial workers decreased to 60% from the previous 67% in Krapkowice and from 55 to 51% in Głuchołazy. In Otmuchów it remained unchanged at 50%. In the research period, two towns left the group with more than half of those employed working in industry. The share of industrial workers in Paczków decreased from 53 to 40% and in Kietrz from 53 to 37% - falls large enough to indicate an important change in the functional structure of these centres. On the other hand, the 8-year research period saw Lewin Brzeski with its six thousand inhabitants enter the group of towns with absolute industri-

50 ■ 1995 40 □ 1996

0 Opole Kędzierzyn- Nysa Brzeg Kluczbork Prudnik Strzelce Koźle Opolskie

Fig. 4. Share of employees in industry in selected towns of the Opole region (as a % of total employment in a town)

Pobrano z https://repo.uni.opole.pl / Downloaded from Repository of Opole University 2021-10-02 The role of the industrial function in towns. 445 al dominance of employment structure (an increase in the share from 48 to 54%), while Prudnik with its twenty-four thousand people had an increase in the percentage of industrial employment from 44 to nearly 50%. The share of people working in industry is in continuous decline in Opole itself (falling from 24 to 19% over the 8 years). This is the only mem-

Fig. 5. Share of employees in industry in selected towns of Opole region (as a % of total employment in a town)

Pobrano z https://repo.uni.opole.pl / Downloaded from Repository of Opole University 2021-10-02 446 Janusz Słodczyk ber of the region's group of bigger towns and cities to have the explicit character of a service center (Fig. 4). The indicator for the share of industrial workers fell to 42% in Kędzierzyn Koźle, to 37% in Nysa and to 40% in Strzelce Opolskie, while in Brzeg and Kluczbork it is at the same level as before (Brzeg 40%, Kluczbork 34%). Overall, only 14 of the 30 researched towns witnessed a decrease in the percentage share of people working in industry (Fig. 5). In other centres, the share of industrial workers in 1996 was greater than in 1988.

The role of the secondary economic sector in towns and cities of the studied region

Another analysis employed sought to define the functional type of a town or city on the basis of its employment structure in the three main branches of the economy. In łine with generally-accepted rules, those work ing in agriculture and forestry are included in the first sector, those working in industry and construction in the second, and those working in other branches like trade, transport, administration, financial broking, science and education, healthcare etc. in the third. The eight years 1988-1996 saw slow changes in employment structure by economic sectors. In generał, there was growth in the third sector's share in the analyzed period, albeit slow growth which does not concern all towns

Table 1 1988 and 1996 employment structure by economic sectors in the biggest centres of Opole region

Town Population I II III 1988 1996 1988 1996 1988 1996 Opole 130.1 4 2 38 32 58 66 Kędzierzyn 70.4 1 1 54 51 45 48 Nysa 48.8 1 1 50 44 49 55 Brzeg 39.8 3 3 46 48 51 49 Kluczbork 26.8 2 2 41 39 57 59 Prudnik 24.3 6 2 47 51 47 47 Strzelce Opolskie 21.8 3 1 50 47 47 52 Krapkowice 19.9 4 0 70 37 26 63

Source: Own calculations based on data from Voivodeship Statistical Office in Opole.

Pobrano z https://repo.uni.opole.pl / Downloaded from Repository of Opole University 2021-10-02 The role of the industrial function in towns. 447 in the researched region. From an overall total of 29 studied towns4 only 19 enjoyedan increase in the share of peopłe working in the service sector. Ali of the bigger centres of the region are in this group : Opole, Kędzierzyn-Koźle and Nysa (Table 1). Brzeg is an exception, in which the share of this sector decreased by 3%. Altogether, a decrease in the numbers working in services was observed in seven towns, while in three centres it remained unchanged. The changes in the percentage share of people working in the second sector are not always those expected by many researchers. In 19 towns, the share of people working in industry and the building industry decreased overall (if often minimally), while in 10 towns there was an increase. Among towns already mentioned, where a consolidation of the second sector's position in the economy has taken place, there are such towns as: Baborów, Byczyna, Grodków, Niemodlin, Otmuchów, Prudnik, Ujazd and Zdzieszowice. The case of Zdzieszowice is a specific one, as the share of those working in industry and construction has increased from 77 to 83%. Taking into consideration tendencies on the employment market, an increase in the share of industrial workers in particular towns does not imply a development of manufacturing but more often than not some reversal in the services sphere. Overall, five of the seven centres with over 20 000 inhabitants showed a decrease in the second sector's share in employment structure (Opole, Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Nysa, Kluczbork and Strzelce Opolskie). In the group of towns of between 10 000 and 20 000 inhabitants, five centres manifested a common direction of employment structure changes (Table 2). Among the remaining 17 towns, nine saw the share of the second

Table 2

1988 and 1996 employment structure by economic sectors in towns of Opole region with 10 to 20 thousand inhabitants

Town Population I II III 1988 1996 1988 1996 1988 1996 Namysłów 16.6 7 2 40 38 53 60 Głuchołazy 15.7 1 0 57 51 42 49 Głubczyce 13.9 5 2 35 34 60 64 Zdzieszowice 13.9 0 0 77 83 23 17 Ozimek 11.0 0 0 81 76 19 24

Source: Own calculations based on statistics of the Voivodeship Statistical Office in Opole.

4 Korfantów did not here the town rights in 1988 and has not included in evidence of towns of Opole region.

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Table 3 1988 and 1996 employment structure by economic sector in towns of the Opole region with 5-10 thousand inhabitants

Town Population I II III 1988 1996 1988 1996 1988 1996 Zawadzkie 9.3 2 1 80 76 18 23 Grodków 9.1 11 2 32 48 57 50 Paczków 8.6 1 1 61 48 38 51 Niemodlin 7.0 10 13 37 40 53 47 Gogolin 6.7 3 2 16 7 81 91 Kietrz 6.7 18 21 57 41 25 48 Głogówek 6.4 6 7 43 42 51 51 Wołczyn 6.4 7 0 48 46 45 54 Lewin B. 6.0 3 3 59 56 38 41 Otmuchów 5.5 2 0 51 53 47 47

Source: Own calculations based on data from the Voivodeship Statistical Office in Opole.

Table 4 1988 and 1996 employment structure by economic sector in towns of Opole region with less then 5000 inhabitants

Town Population I II III 1988 1996 1988 1996 1988 1996 Kolonowskie 4.1 3 2 42 40 56 58 Byczyna 3.7 11 2 24 32 65 66 Baborów 3.6 14 14 40 52 46 34 Leśnica 3.2 7 9 3 16 90 75 Biała 2.9 5 1 18 16 77 83 Korfantów 1.9 1 46 53 Ujazd 1.7 18 9 31 44 51 47

Source: Own calculations based on data from Voivodeship Statistical Office in Opole.

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It is necessary to add that the agricultural function has no distinctive position within the employment structure of the towns in the region. The share of employment accounted for by those working in agriculture is 0-3% in most of the centres. The exception here is Kietrz (where 21% work in agri culture), and Baborów and Niemodlin (about 14%).

Functional types of town in Opole region

The widely-used functional classification proposed in the research by M. Jerczyński5 was used in our analysis; it has also been used in subseąuent work.6 On the basis of comparisons of shares of employment in each of the three sectors it proved possible for the work referred to to distinguish ten types of towns and cities. Using these criteria, we can distinguish four func tional types of urban area in Opole region:7 • industrial ones (employment structure: 0-40% in sector I, 50-100% in sec tor II, 0-40% in sector III) • industrial-service (employment structure: 0-25% in sector I, 37.5-60% in sector II, 25-50% in sector III) • service-industrial (employment structure: 0-25% in sector 1,25-50% in sec tor II, 37.5 -60% in sector III) • service (employment structure: 0-40% in sector I, 0-40% in sector II, 50- -100% in sector III Comparison of the functional types on the basis of employment struc ture as regards the sectors of the economy in 1988 and in 1996 reveal that the changes in employment structure were not strong enough to change the functional type of particular towns over the study period. In regard to the cri teria used by the functional typology, the towns in Opole region did not change their functional character in the period of transformation. In any case, a maintenance of the trends outlined may lead to recognised typological changes in the next few years.

5 M. Jerczyński, Functions and functional types ofPolish towns, in: Statistical representation. dominant functions, Polish Statistics 85, GUS, Warszawa 1977. 6 A. Matczak, Changes in functional structure of Polish toums in the years 1973-1983, Acta Universitatis Lodziensis, Folia Gepgraphica 17, 1992, p. 9-25. 7 It must be pointed out that the towns typology which is the reference point of the pre- sented considerations is based on the data of employment structure respectful to different economy branches. Moreover the basis for analysis concerned with the year 1996, are the data applied to people working in national economy, with division for sections of European Actiyities Classification.

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Four towns of Opole region can be classified as typical industrial cen tres. These are Zdzieszowice, Zawadzkie and Ozimek, where industry concentrates over 70% of the total in employment. Also belonging to this group is Krapkowice, where people working in industry account for over 60% of all workers. For this reason, industry is still the existential base of these towns. In accordance with the criteria applied, six towns among the researched group are considered to have an industrial-service character. Industry and construction concentratę over 37.5% of those employed, while an important economic element of these centres is their service activity (accounting for between 25 and 50% of the total number employed). Towns varying greatly in their human and economic potential found themselves included in this group. Three smali towns (Baborów, Otmuchów and Lewin Brzeski) plus Głuchołazy with its 16 000 inhabitants, Prudnik with its 24 000 inhabitants - the center of a particular area and Kędzierzyn-Koźle, the sec ond biggest town of the region, are all industrial-service centres. In the case of two centres the significant feature of the discussed structure is the balance between the groups working in the second and third sectors of the economy at the level of 43-47%. These proportions were observed in Brzeg, one of the biggest towns in the region and in Ujazd, which is the smallest. The best-represented group at present comprises the towns of the service-industrial type. Belonging here from the group of bigger centres are Nysa, Kluczbork and Strzelce Opolskie, as well as Namysłów. Similar employment structure is to be found in the group of smaller centres, including: Grodków, Paczków, Niemodlin, Głogówek and Wołczyn. In each of these towns the service sector concentrates the greatest number of employed, while manu facturing is an important factor in the town's economy (over 25% employed). The capital city of the region, Opole, is also of a service-related naturę. The third sector has 66% of all those employed, and the manufacturing sec tor 32%. The group of service towns should also encompass Głubczyce and Gogolin and three towns from the group of the smallest centres in the region, namely: Biała, Byczyna and Leśnica. An approximate evaluation of the meaning of a particular function in the structure of the economic base can be made with the help of indirect methods in which we count the so-called locational factor (the point of it is measurement of deviations from average values for the region area). These factors were calculated for two centres from the among those researched, in an effort to define the degree to which the chosen functions serve the local market and the degree to which it is the outer one that is being served, as well as with a view to determining the way in which these rela- tions have changed over a longer period of time.

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Bearing in mind the factors mentioned above, industry in Strzelce Opolskie was significantly exogenous in character between 1979 and 1988. The value of this factor oscillated from 1.4 to 1.24. This was followed by a steady decrease in the value for this factor in the 1990s, from 1.24 in 1991 to 0.98 in 1996. It needs to be added that, in the case of most basie sectors (with the exception of the building industry), these values were decreasing, a fact which shows the limitation of the basic-sector functions of a town. In Kluczbork, the value of the locational factor in respect to the indus trial function has stayed at the same level (about 1.0) in both the years 1990- -1997 and the previous years. Transport and Communications have been a traditional specialty in Kluczbork (c. 2.5). A branch noting a particularly favourable change in position is the hotel trade and the catering business (the factor inereased from 0.5 in 1994 to 1.0 in 1997). The factor mentioned above is certainly not the best method for evalu- ating the particular meaning of functions, but the investigatation of the whole set of towns was nonetheless able to give us some interesting suggestions.

Finał remarks

The analysis of materials concerned with the structure of employment in towns of the researched region shows that the years after 1989 witnessed the first, very difficult, phase of arrangements and adjustments of employ ment structures to the new economic conditions. In a relatively short time the easily-dismissable groups of employees left industry. Included among them were: • peasant-workers, who are assumed to have other possibilities of maintenance • persons who could retire • those working in different parts of industrial plants (here also in centres of social infrastructure) whose disposal was desirable to plants facing new economic conditions. A stable elements having an influence on the employment market of the region are the "working stays" in Germany of several months' duration that characterise persons with dual nationality. This phenomenon is espe- ciałly attributable to construction workers but also in part to those in indus try. As is shown by R. Rauziński8, permanent and temporary emigration on

8 R. Rauziński, M. Grygierczyk, R. Kałuża, The employment market of Opole Silesia in the period of economic transformation, Silesian Institut in Opole, Opole 1997.

Pobrano z https://repo.uni.opole.pl / Downloaded from Repository of Opole University 2021-10-02 452 Janusz Słodczyk many local employment markets often accounted for over 20% of employ ment market resources. Over 13 000 people emigrated from the towns of the region between the years 1988 and 1995. Analysis of industrial employment in towns of the region gives no evidence of radical change in the last four years. There was no evident decrease in the numbers employed in industry. Some centres did show a certain increase in industrial employment (for example Namysłów). This demanded a very active policy on the part of the local authorities, among other things in the search for new investors. In generał, the decrease in industrial employment over the whole researched period did not find direct reflection in the percentage share of people working in industry in particular towns. Only in the largest centres can we observe a slow change in structure which allows us to speak about consolidation of their service or service-industrial character. The above remarks pointing to a certain stabilization of employment in industry in the towns, can only mean a postponement of the problems connected with the change in employment structure in the urban centres of Opole region. Observation of the condition of some of the large industrial enterprises in Opole region allows us to anticipate the imminent emergence of important problems connected with the reduced position of industry as the basie existential factor of some of the centres. The very serious economic situation of such plants as Otmęt in Krapkowice, Huta Małapanew in Ozimek or Azoty in Kędzierzyn -Koźle, is a significant threat to the econom ic base for the centres mentioned above. On the whole, the influx of workers from industry described at the beginning of this article in practice implies falling employment in enterpris es of the basie sector. On the other hand, the significant number of new places of employment which are being created in the third sector (services), are places in smali, several-person trade and service firms. These are of a dis- tinctly non-basic character, only providing services for the town community. As a result, the proper and expected process of change in the econom ic structure of a town (meaning the growth in the share of the service sector) can, in the case of many smali towns, imply a limitation of the share of basic- sector functions. Firms manufacturing and rendering services for the town community only will not take the place in a town's economy of the workers manufacturing and providing services for the outside world. Regardless of the social results and problems of the local economy, the process by which the share of industrial workers in employment structure decreases will be ongoing, because the development of manufacturing must be connected with a growth of productivity. It is stressed that the necessity of

Pobrano z https://repo.uni.opole.pl / Downloaded from Repository of Opole University 2021-10-02 The role of the industrial function in towns.. 453 mental change in the local population is connected with this process. These people cannot expect industrial plants to provide them with a sufficient num ber of job opportunities.9 This problem is to be noted in many regions. It indicates a necessity for the start-up of smali and miedium-sized enterprises, whose activities would be directed towards outside markets.10 Research concerned with the development of smali and medium-sized enterprises in selected towns of Opole region has shown that the majority of municipalities cannot pursue an active and consistent policy of small-business support, and also have no conditions for doing so.11 The former industrial centres must develop, to a greater extent, those functions which would allow them to become service centres for the neigh- bouring region. A certain role in this process will be played by the obtain- ment of county (powiat) capital by some towns. Nevertheless, we must recall here that such centres as Nysa, Brzeg, Kędzierzyn-Koźle or Kluczbork have been fulfilling several functions for the benefit of regions next to them sińce the time that the powiat tier of local government was abolished. Urban centres would have to compete with one another for subsidies. The attractiveness of the goods and services offered in a town would deter- mine the size of the market serviced by it. Drawing the attention of more peo ple from outside areas means developing basic-sector functions and a greater flow of capital into the town. The local authorities have not always can noticed this chance.

References

Domański R., 1997, Przestrzenna transformacja gospodarki (Spatial transformation of econ om y), PWN Warszawa. Harańczyk A., 1998, Miasta polskie w procesie globalizacji gospodarki (Polish towns in the process of economy globalization), PWN, Warszawa.

9 H. Rochnowski, The chosen aspects of industry transformation in Poland, in: Economy - Space - Environments, S. Bagdziński and L. Marszałkowska (ed.), University of Mikołaj Kopernik, Toruń 1998. 10 A. Matczak, D. Szymańska, Studies of the spatial-functional structure of a town, of example of Brodnica, University of Mikołaj Kopernik, Toruń 1997. 11 Smali and middle size enterprises as stimulators of economic deoelopment , B. Grzeganek- -Więcek, W. Jachera, J. Słodczyk (ed.), Polish Academy of Science, Katowice Section, Katowice 1996.

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Jerczyński M., 1977, Funkcje i typy funkcjonalne polskich miast (Functions and functional types of Polish towns), in: Statystyczna charakterystyka. Funkcje dominujące (Statistical representation. Dominant functions), Polish Statistics 85, GUS W arszawa. Kroszel J., 1971, Struktura funkcjonalna miast w województwie opolskim (Functional struc ture of towns in Opole region), in: Struktury i procesy osadnicze (Structures and settlement processes (common work edited by S. Gołachowski), Silesian Institut in Opole. Małe i średnie przedsiębiorstwa jako stymulatory rozwoju gospodarczego (Smali and middle size enterprises as stimulators of economic deoelopment, B. Grzeganek-Więcek, W. Jacher, J. Slodczyk (ed.), Polish Academy of Sciences, Katowice Section, Katowice 1996. Matczak A., Szymańska D., 1997, Studia nad strukturą przestrzenno-funkcjonalną mias ta, przykład Brodnica (Studies of the spatial-functional structure of a town, of example of Brodnica), University of Mikołaj Kopernik), Toruń. Matczak A., 1992, Zmiany w strukturze funkcjonalnej miast Polski w latach 1973-1983 (Changes in functional structure of Polish towns in the years 1973-1983), Acta Universitatis Lodziensis, Folia Geographica 17, p. 9-25. Rauziński R., Grygierczyk M., Kałuża R., 1997, Rynek pracy Śląska Opolskiego w okresie transformacji gospodarczej (The employment market of Opole Silesia in the period of economic transformation), Silesian Institut in Opole, Opole. Rochnowski H., 1998, Wybrane aspekty transformacji przemysłu w Polsce (The chosen aspects of industry transformation in Poland), in: Gospodarka - przestrzeń - środo wiska (Economy - Space - Enmronments), ed. S. Bagdziński, L. Marszałkowska, University of Mikołaj Kopernik, Toruń.

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