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Modern Saharan Dust Collected Onshore and Offshore the Northwest African Margin: Sources, Transport and Deposition

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Modern Saharan Dust Collected Onshore and Offshore the Northwest African Margin: Sources, Transport and Deposition MODERN SAHARAN DUST COLLECTED ONSHORE AND OFFSHORE THE NORTHWEST AFRICAN MARGIN: SOURCES, TRANSPORT AND DEPOSITION Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften am Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Universität Bremen/ submitted for the doctoral degree in natural sciences at the faculty of Geosciences of Bremen University vorgelegt von/ by Carmen Angelika Friese Bremen, 17.02.2017 Zentrum für marine Universität Bremen Koninklijk Nederlands Umweltwissenschaften Instituut voor Onderzoek der Zee Tag des Kolloquiums/ Day of the colloquium: 02.05.2017 Gutachter/ Reviewer: Prof. Dr. Dierk Hebbeln Prof. Dr. Geert-Jan Brummer Weitere Mitglieder des Prüfungsausschusses/ Further members of the examination board: Prof. Dr. Dr. Gerold Wefer Dr. Jan-Berend Stuut Dr. Christoph Vogt Laura Belter Declaration Versicherung an Eides Statt gem. § 5 Abs. 5 der Promotionsordnung vom 15.07.2015 Ich, _____________________________________________________________ (Vorname, Name, Anschrift, ggf. Matr.-Nr.) versichere an Eides Statt durch meine Unterschrift, dass ich die vorstehende Arbeit selbständig und ohne fremde Hilfe angefertigt und alle Stellen, die ich wörtlich dem Sinne nach aus Veröffentlichungen entnommen habe, als solche kenntlich gemacht habe, mich auch keiner anderen als der angegebenen Literatur oder sonstiger Hilfsmittel bedient habe, und die zu Prüfungszwecken beigelegte elektronische Version der Dissertation mit der abgegebenen gedruckten Version identisch ist. Ich versichere an Eides Statt, dass ich die vorgenannten Angaben nach bestem Wissen und Gewissen gemacht habe und dass die Angaben der Wahrheit entsprechen und ich nichts verschwiegen habe. Die Strafbarkeit einer falschen eidesstattlichen Versicherung ist mir bekannt, namentlich die Strafandrohung gemäß § 156 StGB bis zu drei Jahren Freiheitsstrafe oder Geldstrafe bei vorsätzlicher Begehung der Tat bzw. gemäß § 161 Abs. 1 StGB bis zu einem Jahr Freiheitsstrafe oder Geldstrafe bei fahrlässiger Begehung. __________________________ __________________ Ort, Datum Unterschrift II “ […] one might at first doubt whether the dust came from Africa; but considering that it has invariably fallen with the wind between N.E. and S.E., that is, directly from the coast of Africa; that the first commencement of the haze has been seen to come on with these winds; that coarser particles have first fallen; that the dust and hazy atmosphere is more common near the African coast than further in the Atlantic; and lastly, that the months during which it falls coincide with those when the harmattan blows from the continent, and when it is known that clouds of dust and sand are raised by it, I think there can be no doubt that the dust which falls in the Atlantic does come from Africa.” Charles Darwin, 1846 III Preface This Ph.D. thesis deals with the modern Saharan dust cycle. It was written within the scope of the MARUM (Centre for Marine Environmental Sciences) CCP1 (cross cutting project 1): ‘Aerosol-induced feedbacks in the Earth system’ and was funded by the DFG (German Science Foundation). During the Ph.D. project the author conducted several short research stays at the NIOZ (Royal Netherlands institute for sea research) adding up to a total duration of ~ 3.5 months. Therefore, both, the laboratories of the MARUM as well as of the NIOZ were utilized for sample preparation and data acquisition by the author. One paper and three manuscripts evolved in connection with the Ph.D. project which are provided in chapter 6 to 9. In the following, a short outline of the individual chapters of the thesis will be given. Further, the scientific contribution of each author to the paper and manuscripts will be pointed out. Chapter 1 provides a short introduction to the thesis including the motivation of the study, the current state of the art and the open scientific questions to be investigated. Chapter 2 describes the study area under investigation. The location of the dust sampling sites onshore and offshore northwest (NW) Africa are depicted. Moreover, the modern environmental conditions characterizing the study area are outlined. Chapter 3 specifies the dust sampling techniques of the sites under investigation. In this chapter the working principle of the marine sediment trap moorings and continental dust collectors is explained. Chapter 4 specifies the methods that were used to analyse the dust samples under investigation. It includes a detailed explanation of the pre-treatment steps of the samples as well as a detailed description on the working principle of the instruments used. Chapter 5 provides a short summary of the main results of the individual paper and manuscripts with respect to the research questions stated in chapter 1. Chapter 6 comprises the paper entitled ‘Environmental factor controlling the seasonal variability in particle size distribution of modern Saharan dust deposited off Cape Blanc’. The paper deals with the seasonal and spatial variability in particle size of modern Saharan dust deposited offshore NW Africa. C. Friese wrote the manuscript. Half of the particle size data was acquired by M. van der Does (sediment trap mooring CB) and the other half by C. Friese (sediment trap mooring CBi). U. Merkel and M. Iversen were involved in the discussion of the results. G. Fischer provided the sediment trap samples and supervised M. Klann in carrying out IV the flux analysis of the sediment trap samples. J.-B. Stuut supervised the particle size analysis and the writing of the manuscript. This paper was published in the journal ‘Aeolian Research’. Chapter 7 comprises the manuscript entitled ‘Seasonal provenance-changes of present-day Saharan dust collected on- and offshore Mauritania’. In the manuscript the seasonal and spatial variability in the particle size and mineralogy of modern Saharan dust deposited offshore and onshore NW Africa is examined. C. Friese wrote the manuscript. The samples of the marine sediment trap moorings were analysed for particle size by C. Friese. The continental dust samples were analysed for particle size and flux by H. van Hateren. The samples chosen for mineralogical investigation were prepared for subsequent analysis by C. Friese. C. Vogt executed the XRD-analysis and was involved in the discussion of the results. G. Fischer provided the sediment trap samples and supervised M. Klann in carrying out the flux analysis of the sediment trap samples. J.-B. Stuut supervised the particle size analysis and the writing of the manuscript. This manuscript was submitted to the journal ‘Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics’. Chapter 8 comprises the manuscript entitled ‘The impact of precipitation on the particle size distribution of modern Saharan dust deposited in Senegal, Mauritania and offshore Mauritania’. In the manuscript the particle size of Saharan dust deposited in NW Africa during the wet season and the dry season are compared. C. Friese wrote the manuscript. K. Wetterauer carried out the particle size analysis. B. Marticorena provided the samples. J.-B. Stuut supervised the particle size analysis and the writing of the manuscript. This manuscript is in preparation for submission to ‘Aeolian Research’. Chapter 9 includes the manuscript entitled ‘The ballasting effect of Saharan dust on aggregate formation and scavenging: results from experiments conducted off Cape Blanc, Mauritania’. The manuscript deals with the influence of Saharan dust on the aggregate formation and sinking speed of particles in the ocean water column. H. van der Jagt wrote the manuscript. C. Friese executed the particle size analysis of the onshore dust samples (Iwik). H. van der Jagt executed the incubation experiments. M. Iversen supervised the incubation experiments and the writing of the manuscript. G. Fischer and M. Iversen were involved in the discussion of the results. J.-B. Stuut provided the dust samples (Iwik). This manuscript is in preparation and will be submitted soon. Chapter 10 depicts and summarizes the main conclusions of the paper and manuscripts of the Ph.D. thesis. V Chapter 11 states new open questions that arose from the results of the Ph.D. thesis. The strategies how to approach these questions in future research are outlined. VI Abstract Hundreds to thousands of tons of mineral dust are emitted from the earth’s deserts to the atmosphere each year. Subsequently, mineral dust can be transported over thousands of kilometres with the prevailing winds in the atmosphere until it is deposited on land or in the ocean. On the one hand, the atmospheric dust transport and deposition has an important impact on human health and the earth’s climate system. On the other hand, the dust emission, transport and deposition is controlled by parameters of climate change such as precipitation, wind speed, temperature and vegetation cover. Last but not least, the sensitivity of mineral dust properties to environmental parameters is used as a proxy to reconstruct the climate of the past which is required to test climate models. The large mineral dust emissions, it’s relation to climate and impact on human health underscores the importance to understand the dust cycle. However, research gaps still exist with respect to modern emission, transport and deposition of mineral dust. The Saharan desert is the world’s largest source of atmospheric mineral dust and has been studied at least since the 18th century. Up to now, the major potential dust source areas are known and it has been unravelled that precipitation results in a decrease in the particle size of deposited Saharan
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