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Article Title Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences 4(3): 308-315, 2012 ISSN: 2041-0492 © Maxwell Scientific Organization,2012 Submitted: December 02, 2011 Accepted: January 04, 2012 Published: March 01, 2012 Diversity of Halophyte Desert Vegetation of the Different Saline Habitats in the Valley of Oued Righ, Low Sahara Basin, Algeria Halis Youcef, Benhaddya Mohammed Lamine, Bensaha Hocine, Mayouf Rabah, Lahcini Ali and Belhamra Mohamed Scientific and Technical Research Center for Arid Areas (CRSTRA), BP 1682 RP, Biskra 07000, Algeria Abstract: The aim of the present study was to investigate the floristic composition and diversity of the different habitat types in the saline areas of the valley of Oued Righ, locating in the low Sahara basin of Algeria. Three distinct saline habitats were examined: saline soil habitats, subsaline soil habitats, and waterlogged habitats. A total of 67 stands along the study area were investigated using the quadrat method, and different vegetation parameters, such as cover, frequency, density, and Importance Value Index (IVI), were recorded. Differences of species diversity and richness between saline habitats were also compared. A total of 38 plant species belonging to 29 genera and 13 families were identified from the three studied habitats. Chenopodiaceae was the predominant family. The majority of the species were of Saharo-Arabian distribution. Chemaephytes had the highest contribution to the life forms spectra. Species composition in the different habitat types showed differences in species richness. Subsaline soil habitats were the most diverse, followed by saline soil habitats. Waterlogged habitats had the lowest diversity. The floristic composition and the dominant species of each habitat were presented. The potential role of the halophyte species was discussed. These findings may lead to a better understanding of the functions, requirements, and sensitivities of these ecosystems. Key words: Algeria, floristic diversity, halophyte vegetation, oued righ, Sahara desert, saline habitats INTRODUCTION and moderately saline lakes, salty and brackish swamps, streams and areas with high ground-water etc. High The region of Oued Righ, also known as the valley of salinity, in combination with high temperatures, exert a Oued Righ, is located in the northeastern Sahara desert of strong influence over the distribution of plants in the arid Algeria (low Sahara basin), occupying an area of about and semiarid areas (Khan et al., 2001; Grattan and Grieve, 600,000 km2. Climatically, this zone falls under hyperarid 1999). conditions and belongs to the Saharo-Arabian Large inland salt flats (inland Sabkhat and Chotts) are phytogeographical region. Along this valley, there are a found in various parts of Oued Righ. Chott Merouane is number of large oases sited in depressions where ground the largest of these and, after chott Melrhir in the region water approaches the surface. The presence of these oases of Souf, the largest on the Sahara of Algeria. Chott with various water ways (irrigation and drainage Merouane is one of the internationally important wetlands networks) increases the humidity and allow the growth of catalogued in Algeria. It was designated as a wetland several vegetation types which provide habitats for large nature reserve under the international RAMSAR numbers of various organisms, from invertebrates to convention in 2001. In addition, Oued Righ is the richest part of Sahara desert of Algeria in aquatic ecosystems. birds. However, many of these oases and cultivated areas The presence of various wetlands in the region, e.g., suffer from water-logging and high salinity. The excess of canals, irrigation and drainage networks, salt lakes and soluble salts in these environments have a large influence salt marshes create high suitable habitats for wildlife on the ecosystem, plant growth and yield (Karimi et al., species, compared to the surrounding areas. The main salt 2009). lakes in Oued Righ are: Temacine Lake, Merjaja Lake, Salty habitats are the most abundant ecosystem type Megarine Lake, Ain Ezerga Lake, and Ayata lake. These along the valley of Oued Righ. Saline soils of various lakes are of international conservation importance for nature and degree occupy more than 50% of the total area migratory birds. Among these lakes, which have a rather of the region. These include: salt-affected soils, salt flats rich flora and fauna, Ayata and Temacine Lakes are (inland sabkhat and Chotts), saline and sandy soils, oases declared as special environment protection areas and they salt marshes, high salty and wet soils at margins of saline were declared as RAMSAR sites. Corresponding Author: Mayouf Rabah, Scientific and Technical Research Centre for Arid Areas, Tel.: +213 33 73 42 14; Fax: +213 33 74 18 15 308 Res. J. Environ. Earth Sci., 4(3): 308-315, 2012 Halophyte vegetation is a characteristic feature of renewable natural resource, which can be harnessed for saline lands. Halophytes are the plants capable of growing management and sustainable development. Studying the and surviving in the saline environments. A number of patterns of plant diversity in salty soils could be very different mechanisms are used by halophytes to achieve helpful to better understand the functioning of these osmotic adjustment, including inorganic ion environments (Abd El-Wahab et al., 2008). accumulation, synthesis or accumulation of organic Up to now, most of the studies on salt areas in the compounds and minimizing water loss (Ungar, 1991). great Sahara Desert are just descriptive documentation of Halophyte communities are of great importance in the species and their classification (Quzel and Santa, 1963; valley of Oued Righ. They play crucial role in wind Ozenda, 1977; Chehma et al., 2005; Chehma, 2006 ). No detailed examinations of the vegetation were carried out prevention and environmental protection. They also offer to describe various types of plant communities in different habitats for large numbers of various organisms. Many saline areas of Oued Righ. To offset this insufficiency of halophytes are beneficial with respect to economic aspect. floristic knowledge, it is essential to determine and They provide food products; building materials and fuel characterize the vegetation structure and species wood etc (Squires and Ayoub, 1994; El Shaer, 2008). composition. Therefore, the main objectives of this study However, the vegetation and plant diversity in the were to provide a contribution to the vascular flora, different saline habitats in the region of Oued Righ are, analysis of the structure and life forms of the vegetation, unfortunately, under severe threats due to environmental and quantitative description of different plant conditions and human impacts, and thus, there is an communities from various saline areas along the valley of urgent need to document the vegetation associated with Oued Righ. Within each saline area, three different these habitats before irreparable damage is caused to these habitats were identified and studied; saline soil habitats, valuable ecosystems. Plant biodiversity is an important subsaline soil habitats, and waterlogged habitats. Fig. 1: Map of the Valley of Oued Righ with the location of the research localities. 1: Chott Merouane; 2: Chott N Sigha; 3: Oued Khrouf; 4: Sidi Khlile; 5: Tindla; 6: Lake Ain Zerga; 7: Lake Ayata; 8: Lake Sidi Slimane; 9: Lake Megarine; 10: Lake Tataouine; 11: Lake Merjaja; 12: Lake Temcine 309 Res. J. Environ. Earth Sci., 4(3): 308-315, 2012 ATERIALS AND METHODS March. The average annual rainfall is approximately 58 mm. The different research localities are shown in Fig. 1. Study area: The valley of Oued Righ is located in the northeastern Sahara desert of Algeria (Low Sahara basin), Floristic analysis: A total of 12 sites of saline lands were which occupies an area of about 600,000 km2. It extends surveyed along the valley of Oued Righ. The vegetation about 160 km from El Goug in the South to Oum EL studies were carried out according to the Quadrat method Thiour in the North with an average width ranging by following the work of Braun-Blanquet (1932). A between 30 and 40 km in a south-north direction (Fig. 1). homogenous area, where species abundances and spatial More exactly the study area lies between 32º53!50" to distributions appeared uniform and where habitat 34º10!00" north latitudes and between 5º47!50" to conditions were constant, was used for the vegetation 6º10!00" East longitudes. The altitude of this zone varies description. Three different microhabitats were identified from 70 to -27 m above mean sea level. The climate along and studied: saline soil habitats, subsaline soil habitats, this area is arid to hyperarid, characterized by low rainfall and waterlogged habitats. Within each determined habitat, and high rates of evapotranspiration. Daily mean two or three representative areas (quadrats) were temperatures vary between 10ºC in the winter to 32ºC in randomly selected for sampling. Sixty-seven quadrats the summer with August being the hottest month. Rainfall were taken from different microhabitats during the period is generally low and tends to fall between November and of optimal vegetation, i.e., in March and May 2010. The Table 1: List of plant species recorded in the study area with their families, life forms and floristic regions (Chorotype). The life forms are Ch: chaemaephytes; Ge: geophytes; He: helophytes; Hm: hemicryptophytes; P: Parasites; Ph: phanerophytes; Th: therophytes. The floristic regions are COSM: Cosmopolitan; EN: Endemic to Sahara desert; ES: Euro-Sibarian; IT: Irano-Turanian; ME: Mediterranean; SA: Saharo- Arabian Family Plant species Life forms Chorotype Astraceae Aeluropus littoralis (Gouan) Parl. Ge ME Brocchia cinerea Vis. Th SA Launaea glomerata (Goss.) HooK. Th SA Launaea resedifolia O.K. Th ME Sonchus maritimus L. Ge COSM Brassicaceae Diplotaxis harra (Forsk.) Boiss. Ch ME+SA Malcomia aegyptiaca Spr. Hm SA Caryophyllaceae Spergularia diandra (Cuss.) Heldr. Th ME+SA+IT Spergularia salina J. & C. Presl. Th ES+IT+ME Chenopodiaceae Anabasis articulate Moq. Ch SA+IT Atriplex halimus L. Ch ME+SA Bassia muricata (L.) Asch. Th SA+IT Cornulaca monacantha Del.
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