Oligodendrocytes and Microglia: Key Players in Myelin Development, Damage and Repair
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Brain-Resident Immune Cells Responses As an Endogenous Stimulator in Myelin Sheath, Activates Inflammatory Sulfatide, a Major Li
Sulfatide, A Major Lipid Component of Myelin Sheath, Activates Inflammatory Responses As an Endogenous Stimulator in Brain-Resident Immune Cells This information is current as of September 29, 2021. Sae-Bom Jeon, Hee Jung Yoon, Se-Ho Park, In-Hoo Kim and Eun Jung Park J Immunol 2008; 181:8077-8087; ; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.11.8077 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/181/11/8077 Downloaded from References This article cites 44 articles, 16 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/181/11/8077.full#ref-list-1 http://www.jimmunol.org/ Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication by guest on September 29, 2021 *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2008 by The American Association of Immunologists All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. The Journal of Immunology Sulfatide, A Major Lipid Component of Myelin Sheath, Activates Inflammatory Responses As an Endogenous Stimulator in Brain-Resident Immune Cells1 Sae-Bom Jeon,*† Hee Jung Yoon,* Se-Ho Park,‡ In-Hoo Kim,2§ and Eun Jung Park2* Sulfatide, a major lipid component of myelin sheath, participates in diverse cellular events of the CNS, and its cellular level has recently been implicated in many inflammation-associated neuronal diseases. -
Crayfish Escape Behavior and Central Synapses
Crayfish Escape Behavior and Central Synapses. III. Electrical Junctions and Dendrite Spikes in Fast Flexor Motoneurons ROBERT S. ZUCKER Department of Biological Sciences and Program in the Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 THE LATERAL giant fiber is the decision fiber and fast flexor motoneurons are located in for a behavioral response in crayfish in- the dorsal neuropil of each abdominal gan- volving rapid tail flexion in response to glion. Dye injections and anatomical recon- abdominal tactile stimulation (27). Each structions of ‘identified motoneurons reveal lateral giant impulse is followed by a rapid that only those motoneurons which have tail flexion or tail flip, and when the giant dentritic branches in contact with a giant fiber does not fire in response to such stim- fiber are activated by that giant fiber (12, uli, the movement does not occur. 21). All of tl ie fast flexor motoneurons are The afferent limb of the reflex exciting excited by the ipsilateral giant; all but F4, the lateral giant has been described (28), F5 and F7 are also excited by the contra- and the habituation of the behavior has latkral giant (21 a). been explained in terms of the properties The excitation of these motoneurons, of this part of the neural circuit (29). seen as depolarizing potentials in their The properties of the neuromuscular somata, does not always reach threshold for junctions between the fast flexor motoneu- generating a spike which propagates out the rons and the phasic flexor muscles have also axon to the periphery (14). Indeed, only t,he been described (13). -
Long-Term Adult Human Brain Slice Cultures As a Model System to Study
TOOLS AND RESOURCES Long-term adult human brain slice cultures as a model system to study human CNS circuitry and disease Niklas Schwarz1, Betu¨ l Uysal1, Marc Welzer2,3, Jacqueline C Bahr1, Nikolas Layer1, Heidi Lo¨ ffler1, Kornelijus Stanaitis1, Harshad PA1, Yvonne G Weber1,4, Ulrike BS Hedrich1, Ju¨ rgen B Honegger4, Angelos Skodras2,3, Albert J Becker5, Thomas V Wuttke1,4†*, Henner Koch1†* 1Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tu¨ bingen, Tu¨ bingen, Germany; 2Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tu¨ bingen, Tu¨ bingen, Germany; 3German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tu¨ bingen, Germany; 4Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tu¨ bingen, Tu¨ bingen, Germany; 5Department of Neuropathology, Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, University Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany Abstract Most of our knowledge on human CNS circuitry and related disorders originates from model organisms. How well such data translate to the human CNS remains largely to be determined. Human brain slice cultures derived from neurosurgical resections may offer novel avenues to approach this translational gap. We now demonstrate robust preservation of the complex neuronal cytoarchitecture and electrophysiological properties of human pyramidal neurons *For correspondence: in long-term brain slice cultures. Further experiments delineate the optimal conditions for efficient [email protected] viral transduction of cultures, enabling ‘high throughput’ fluorescence-mediated 3D reconstruction tuebingen.de (TVW); of genetically targeted neurons at comparable quality to state-of-the-art biocytin fillings, and [email protected] demonstrate feasibility of long term live cell imaging of human cells in vitro. -
A Myelin Galactolipid, Sulfatide, Is Essential for Maintenance of Ion Channels on Myelinated Axon but Not Essential for Initial Cluster Formation
The Journal of Neuroscience, August 1, 2002, 22(15):6507–6514 A Myelin Galactolipid, Sulfatide, Is Essential for Maintenance of Ion Channels on Myelinated Axon But Not Essential for Initial Cluster Formation Tomoko Ishibashi,1,2,3 Jeffrey L. Dupree,4 Kazuhiro Ikenaka,1,3 Yukie Hirahara,5 Koichi Honke,6 Elior Peles,7 Brian Popko,8 Kinuko Suzuki,9 Hitoo Nishino,10 and Hiroko Baba2 1Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan, 2Department of Molecular Neurobiology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji 192-0392, Japan, 3Laboratory of Neural Information, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki National Research Institutes, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan, 4Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507, 5Research Institute, Osaka Medical Center for Maternal and Child Health, Izumi 594-1101, Japan, 6Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan, 7Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel, 8Neuroscience Center, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology and 9Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, and 10Department of Physiology, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan Myelinated axons are divided into four distinct regions: the served. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated a de- node of Ranvier, paranode, juxtaparanode, and internode, each crease in Na ϩ and K ϩ channel clusters, altered nodal length, of which is characterized by a specific set of axonal proteins. abnormal localization of K ϩ channel clusters appearing primar- Voltage-gated Na ϩ channels are clustered at high densities at ily in the presumptive paranodal regions, and diffuse distribu- the nodes, whereas shaker-type K ϩ channels are concentrated tion of contactin-associated protein along the internode. -
Oligodendrocytes in Development, Myelin Generation and Beyond
cells Review Oligodendrocytes in Development, Myelin Generation and Beyond Sarah Kuhn y, Laura Gritti y, Daniel Crooks and Yvonne Dombrowski * Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; [email protected] (S.K.); [email protected] (L.G.); [email protected] (D.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +0044-28-9097-6127 These authors contributed equally. y Received: 15 October 2019; Accepted: 7 November 2019; Published: 12 November 2019 Abstract: Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS) that are generated from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC). OPC are distributed throughout the CNS and represent a pool of migratory and proliferative adult progenitor cells that can differentiate into oligodendrocytes. The central function of oligodendrocytes is to generate myelin, which is an extended membrane from the cell that wraps tightly around axons. Due to this energy consuming process and the associated high metabolic turnover oligodendrocytes are vulnerable to cytotoxic and excitotoxic factors. Oligodendrocyte pathology is therefore evident in a range of disorders including multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease. Deceased oligodendrocytes can be replenished from the adult OPC pool and lost myelin can be regenerated during remyelination, which can prevent axonal degeneration and can restore function. Cell population studies have recently identified novel immunomodulatory functions of oligodendrocytes, the implications of which, e.g., for diseases with primary oligodendrocyte pathology, are not yet clear. Here, we review the journey of oligodendrocytes from the embryonic stage to their role in homeostasis and their fate in disease. We will also discuss the most common models used to study oligodendrocytes and describe newly discovered functions of oligodendrocytes. -
Astrocyte Cell Culture Preparation of Flasks: 1
Astrocyte Cell Culture Preparation of flasks: 1. Coat T75 flask(s) with 1 mg/ml of PureCol (Collagen) overnight 2. Remove solution, rinse flasks with sterile ddH20, set the flasks upright and allow to dry in culture hood for 2 hr Dissection: 1. Dissect P1-P3 pups: Remove brainstem, cerebellum and diencephalons in cold dissection buffer. Peel off meninges and transfer cortex to a 50 ml tube on ice, which contains 20 ml of cold dissection buffer. (Dissect 2 pups for 2 x 106 cells/flask). 2. Carefully pour tissue into a 10 cm dish and gently mince tissue with sterile scissors or razor blade. 3. Transfer tissue to back to 50 ml tube and add 5 ml 1X trypsin and 50 uL DNAse for 25 min at 37ºC. Swirl tube every 5 min. 4. Wash the cortices with Glial Medium twice. 5. Dissociate the tissue by gently triturating the cortices through a 5 ml or 2 ml pipette, followed by a fire-polished Pasteur pipette (3 X 3 triturations). Each time fill pipette with dissociated cells and transfer supernatant to a fresh tube. 6. Dilute cell suspension to 10 ml of Glial Medium, and pass through a 40 uM cell strainer. 7. Spin down the cells at 1700 rpm for 5 min. 8. Re-suspend the cells with 10 ml of Glial Medium, and count. 9. Seed 2 x 106 cells/flask in 15 ml Glial medium. ****(2.0 x 106 cells/flask = 1.33 x 105 cells/ml = 2.67 x 104 cells/cm2)***** 10. Change the medium each of the next two days by aspirating the medium, and then adding back 15 ml of fresh Glial Medium. -
Schwann Cells (Cell Culture/Laminin) SETH PORTER*T, Luis GLASER*T, and RICHARD P
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 84, pp. 7768-7772, November 1987 Neurobiology Release of autocrine growth factor by primary and immortalized Schwann cells (cell culture/laminin) SETH PORTER*t, Luis GLASER*t, AND RICHARD P. BUNGEt Departments of *Biological Chemistry and tAnatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and tDepartments of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33156 Communicated by Gerald D. Fischbach, July 20, 1987 ABSTRACT Schwann cells derived from neonatal rat proliferation. Because Schwann cells secrete laminin and sciatic nerve are quiescent in culture unless treated with specific form a basement membrane at an initial stage of neuronal mitogens. The use of glial growth factor (GGF) and forskolin ensheathment (21), it is important to establish the role of has been found to be an effective method for stimulating these components in the control of proliferation and differ- proliferation of Schwann cells on a poly(L-lysine) substratum entiation. while maintaining their ability to myelinate axons in vitro. We We report that repetitive passaging of Schwann cells find that repetitive passaging of Schwann cells with GGF and derived from neonatal rat can result in a population of forskolin results in the loss of normal growth control; the cells immortalized cells that, depending upon their duration in are able to proliferate without added mitogens. The immor- culture, display all or most ofthe functional characteristics of talized cells grow continuously in the absence of added growth a primary Schwann cell. It was found that both immortalized factor and in the presence or absence of serum yet continue to and primary Schwann cells secrete growth-promoting activ- express distinctive Schwann cell-surface antigens. -
Early Neuronal and Glial Fate Restriction of Embryonic Neural Stem Cells
The Journal of Neuroscience, March 5, 2008 • 28(10):2551–2562 • 2551 Development/Plasticity/Repair Early Neuronal and Glial Fate Restriction of Embryonic Neural Stem Cells Delphine Delaunay,1,2 Katharina Heydon,1,2 Ana Cumano,3 Markus H. Schwab,4 Jean-Le´on Thomas,1,2 Ueli Suter,5 Klaus-Armin Nave,4 Bernard Zalc,1,2 and Nathalie Spassky1,2 1Inserm, Unite´ 711, 75013 Paris, France, 2Institut Fe´de´ratif de Recherche 70, Faculte´deMe´decine, Universite´ Pierre et Marie Curie, 75013 Paris, France, 3Inserm, Unite´ 668, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France, 4Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, D-37075 Goettingen, Germany, and 5Institute of Cell Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), ETH Ho¨nggerberg, CH-8093 Zu¨rich, Switzerland The question of how neurons and glial cells are generated during the development of the CNS has over time led to two alternative models: either neuroepithelial cells are capable of giving rise to neurons first and to glial cells at a later stage (switching model), or they are intrinsically committed to generate one or the other (segregating model). Using the developing diencephalon as a model and by selecting a subpopulation of ventricular cells, we analyzed both in vitro, using clonal analysis, and in vivo, using inducible Cre/loxP fate mapping, the fate of neuroepithelial and radial glial cells generated at different time points during embryonic development. We found that, during neurogenic periods [embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5) to 12.5], proteolipid protein ( plp)-expressing cells were lineage-restricted neuronal precursors, but later in embryogenesis, during gliogenic periods (E13.5 to early postnatal), plp-expressing cells were lineage-restricted glial precursors. -
The Narrowing of Dendrite Branches Across Nodes Follows a Well-Defined Scaling Law
The narrowing of dendrite branches across nodes follows a well-defined scaling law Maijia Liaoa, Xin Liangb, and Jonathon Howarda,1 aDepartment of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520; and bTsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China Edited by Yuh Nung Jan, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, and approved May 17, 2021 (received for review October 28, 2020) The systematic variation of diameters in branched networks has minimized. Da Vinci’s law has been reformulated as the “pipe tantalized biologists since the discovery of da Vinci’s rule for trees. model” for plants, in which a fixed cross-section of stems and Da Vinci’s rule can be formulated as a power law with exponent branches is required to support each unit amount of leaves (13). two: The square of the mother branch’s diameter is equal to the Experimental support for scaling laws, however, is scarce because sum of the squares of those of the daughters. Power laws, with of the difficulties of imaging entire branched networks and because different exponents, have been proposed for branching in circula- intrinsic anatomical variability may obscure precise laws (14). Thus, tory systems (Murray’s law with exponent 3) and in neurons (Rall’s it is an open question whether scaling laws such as Eq. 1 apply in law with exponent 3/2). The laws have been derived theoretically, biological systems. based on optimality arguments, but, for the most part, have not To quantitatively test diameter-scaling laws in neurons, it is been tested rigorously. -
Clustering of Na+ Channels and Node of Ranvier Formation in Remyelinating Axons
The Journal of Neuroscience, January 1995, 15(l): 492503 Clustering of Na+ Channels and Node of Ranvier Formation in Remyelinating Axons Sanja Dugandgija-NovakoviC,’ Adam G. Koszowski,2 S. Rock Levinson,2 and Peter Shragerl ‘Department of Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642 and 2Department of Physiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262 Polyclonal antibodies were raised against a well conserved nodal regions(Black et al., 1990). The density of Na+ channels, region of the vertebrate Na+ channel and were affinity pu- in particular, is about 25 times higher at nodesof Ranvier than rified for use in immunocytochemistry. Focal demyelination at internodal sites (Shrager, 1989). There has been vigorous of rat sciatic axons was initiated by an intraneural injection debate over the mechanism of Na+ channel clustering during of lysolecithin and Na+ channel clustering was followed at myelination, particularly with respect to the role of Schwann several stages of myelin removal and repair. At 1 week post- cells, and studies have included both developing nerve and injection axons contained long, fully demyelinated regions. pathological conditions (Ellisman, 1979; Rosenbluth, 1979; Ro- Na+ channel clusters appeared only at heminodes forming senbluth and Blakemore, 1984; Le Beau et al., 1987; England the borders of these zones, and at widely spaced isolated et al., 1990, 1991; Joe and Angelides, 1992, 1993).There remain sites that may represent former nodes of Ranvier. Over the many interesting questions, particularly regarding remodeling next few days proliferating Schwann cells adhered to axons that occurs following myelin disruption. When axons are de- and began to extend processes. -
Myelin Impairs CNS Remyelination by Inhibiting Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cell Differentiation
328 • The Journal of Neuroscience, January 4, 2006 • 26(1):328–332 Brief Communication Myelin Impairs CNS Remyelination by Inhibiting Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cell Differentiation Mark R. Kotter, Wen-Wu Li, Chao Zhao, and Robin J. M. Franklin Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom Demyelination in the adult CNS can be followed by extensive repair. However, in multiple sclerosis, the differentiation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells present in demyelinated lesions is often inhibited by unknown factors. In this study, we test whether myelin debris, a feature of demyelinated lesions and an in vitro inhibitor of oligodendrocyte precursor differentiation, affects remyelination efficiency. Focal demyelinating lesions were created in the adult rat brainstem, and the naturally generated myelin debris was augmented by the addition of purified myelin. After quantification of myelin basic protein mRNA expression from lesion material obtained by laser capture micro- dissection and supported by histological data, we found a significant impairment of remyelination, attributable to an arrest of the differentiation and not the recruitment of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. These data identify myelin as an inhibitor of remyelination as well as its well documented inhibition of axon regeneration. Key words: regeneration; remyelination; oligodendrocyte precursor cell; myelin; differentiation; macrophage Introduction of myelin debris to efficient remyelination and experimental The adult CNS contains a precursor cell population that responds studies in which delayed phagocytosis of myelin debris is associ- to demyelination by undergoing rapid proliferation, migration, ated with a simultaneous delay of OPC differentiation (Kotter et and differentiation into new oligodendrocytes (Horner et al., al., 2005). -
Myelin Biogenesis Is Associated with Pathological Ultrastructure That Is
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.02.429485; this version posted February 4, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Myelin biogenesis is associated with pathological ultrastructure that 2 is resolved by microglia during development 3 4 5 Minou Djannatian1,2*, Ulrich Weikert3, Shima Safaiyan1,2, Christoph Wrede4, Cassandra 6 Deichsel1,2, Georg Kislinger1,2, Torben Ruhwedel3, Douglas S. Campbell5, Tjakko van Ham6, 7 Bettina Schmid2, Jan Hegermann4, Wiebke Möbius3, Martina Schifferer2,7, Mikael Simons1,2,7* 8 9 1Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany 10 2German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany 11 3Max-Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany 12 4Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Research Core Unit Electron Microscopy, 13 Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany 14 5Department of Neuronal Remodeling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto 15 University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. 16 6Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, 17 the Netherlands 18 7Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany 19 20 *Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] 21 Keywords 22 Myelination, degeneration, phagocytosis, microglia, oligodendrocytes, phosphatidylserine 23 24 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.02.429485; this version posted February 4, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.