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Full-Text (PDF) Vol. 13(1), pp. 35-40, January-June 2021 DOI: 10.5897/JPVB2020.0380 Article Number: 97546A566120 ISSN: 2141-2510 Copyright ©2021 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article Journal of Parasitology and Vector Biology http://www.academicjournals.org/JPVB Full Length Research Paper Prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthiasis among primary school pupils in Ipogun, Ondo State, Nigeria Mobolanle Oladipo Oniya1 and Oluwasegun John Jegede1,2* 1Parasitology, Environmental Biology and Public Health Unit, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, The Federal University of Technology, P. M. B 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. 2Disease Surveillance and Notification Unit, Primary Health Care Authority, Ondo State Ministry of Health, Akure, Nigeria. Received 20 January, 2020; Accepted 19 March, 2020 The prevalence of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis (STH) was investigated among pupils of three selected primary schools in Ipogun, Ifedore Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria. A total of 298 stool samples were collected from pupils across schools and examined for eggs of Soil- Transmitted Helminths (STHs) using concentration method. Results showed that 190 (63.8%) of the 298 pupils were positive for STHs. Ascaris lumbricoides was the most prevalent (25.5%) parasite in the pupils (n = 76), followed by Strongyloides stercoralis, 19.8% (n = 59) and hookworm, 17.8% (n = 53). Trichuris trichiura had the least prevalence of 0.7% (n = 2). Single infestation in the pupils accounted for 160 (84.2%) cases. Of the schools visited, the highest prevalence (74.2%) was recorded in Muslim Nursery and Primary School, followed by St. Jude (70.0%) and Morohunkeji Nursery and Primary School (50.0%). Statistically, there was a significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) prevalence of STHs in Morohunkeji School compared to the other schools in the study area. The prevalence (50.0%) recorded in both male and female pupils was the same (n = 95) while the prevalence of single infestation in the male pupils was 50.6% (n = 81), higher than that of female pupils, 49.4% (n = 79). The occurrence of co-infestation (or double infestation) in the female pupils was 53.3% (n = 16), higher than that of the male pupils, 46.7% (n = 14). The prevalence recorded across gender and statuses of infestation were statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). As a result of helminth infestation, there is need for routine deworming exercises for school-aged children, maintaining good environmental sanitation, as well as health educating of village dwellers in rural communities for effective control of STH in endemic communities. Key words: Helminthiasis, prevalence, soil infestation, school pupils, concentration method. INTRODUCTION Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STHs) are a group of soil contaminated with faecal matter containing the nematodes (parasitic) worms that afflict humans of eggs/larvae of the parasites, foodstuffs and/or water infective eggs or contact with larvae. STHs exhibit life supplies (Chhabra and Singla, 2009). The morbidity cycles that involve no intermediate host or vector (direct caused by STHs is most commonly associated with life cycle). They infect many animals and humans through infestations of moderate to heavy intensity (Neva and *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +2347061683686. Author(s) agree that this article remain permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License 36 J. Parasitol. Vector Biol. Brown, 1994; Nokes and Bundy, 1994). (SDGs). It is on these premises that the goal of this Previous research revealed that the main STHs which research work was established to assess the prevalence cause common clinical disorders in man are Ascaris of STH infestation among primary school pupils (school- lumbricoides (the large roundworm, which causes aged children) in the study area. Ascariasis), Trichuris trichiura (the whipworm, which causes Trichuriasis), and the blood-feeding hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus) which MATERIALS AND METHODS cause Ancylostomiasis. There is another species that infect humans; Strongyloides stercoralis which causes Study area Strongyloidiasis (Bethony et al., 2006). Recent estimates The study was carried out between January and September of of global prevalence suggest that A. lumbricoides infects 2012 in Ipogun (7° 191 N, 5° 51 E), a town in Ifedore Local 800 million people, while T. trichiura and hookworms Government Area of Ondo State, Southwestern part of Nigeria. The infect 600 million in sub-Saharan Africa, and majority of village is about 14 km away from Akure, the capital city of Ondo people infected were from Nigeria (Ogbe et al., 2002; State, and lies in the rainforest belt of Nigeria. The language of Hotez et al., 2009; Hotez et al., 2012). This significantly communication among dwellers is largely Yoruba. The occupation largely practiced by the majority of village inhabitants is farming with indicates the severity of public health risk among the cocoa being the major product, while other dwellers engaged people. themselves in various businesses (trading), and other self- Remarkably, factors including poverty, poor sanitation, employed occupational practices such as artisanship, privately- inadequate hygiene, illiteracy, ecosystem differences and owned enterprise; and as state civil service employees. There is a overcrowding are directly associated with the infestations stream called “Aponmu” in the village which serves as a major arising from the burden of STHs (Crompton, 1999). STH, source of water for domestic and recreational activities due to the inadequacy of potable pipe and borehole sources of water. traditionally endemic in rural areas, are increasingly becoming a public health concern in urban slums of cities present in tropical and sub-tropical developing countries Study design of the world (Bundy et al., 1988; Pullan and Brooker, 2012). The major endemic regions include Southern and Informed consent and ethical issues Southwestern China, Southern India, Southeast Asia, Ethical consent and permission was obtained from the Ondo State Sub-Saharan Africa; Central and South America (de Silva Ministry of Health, Akure; village head of Ipogun community, and et al., 2003). As established in the findings of this study, schools head and teachers in the village before embarking on the Savioli et al. (2002) had previously reported that school collection of faecal samples. children are more vulnerable to infestation because of their hygiene and play habits. Moreover, in 2006, it was Collection of stool samples estimated that there were 181 million school-aged children in Sub-Saharan Africa out of which 89 million The pupils of Nursery and Primary schools in Ipogun were recruited were infested with one or more parasitic worms (Hotez for the collection of samples. The subjects in the schools located in and Kamath, 2009). Infections arising from STHs among the community were randomly selected for the study. Faecal school-aged children result in malnutrition, intellectual samples were collected from 298 pupils in Saint (St.) Jude‟s, retardation, as well as cognitive and educational deficits Muslim and Morohunkeji Nursery and Primary schools respectively. All pupils in the schools were screened based on their class (WHO, 2005). Profoundly, such infections have insightful registers and their demographic data were documented. The effects on school performance, attendance and future distribution of well labeled, cleaned, and transparent plastic economic productivity of infected children (Bleakly, 2003; containers with tight-fitting lid was done with the aid of the class Miguel and Kremer, 2003). Also, infestations with STHs register. Instructions were given on how to introduce stool samples may increase the hosts‟ susceptibility to other important into the containers. After the stool collection exercise, the plastic containers with faecal samples were recovered and transported to illnesses, such as malaria, tuberculosis and HIV infection the Postgraduate Research Laboratory (PRL) of the Parasitology (Fincham et al., 2003; Le-Hesran et al., 2004). and Public Health Unit, Department of Biology, Federal University of In addition, hookworm infestations cause pathological Technology Akure, Nigeria; where they were analyzed for STHs. blood loss leading pregnant women and their foetus (offspring) to a higher risk of death during pregnancy and delivery (Drake and Bundy, 2001). In most STHs Laboratory analysis endemic areas, school-aged children suffer the greatest The concentration method (Cheesbrough, 1992, 2000; Gupta and burden; hence, due attention is focused on the health of Singla, 2012) was used to concentrate helminths eggs in 1 g of school children (WHO, 1995). If proper and prompt stool samples (human faeces) in the postgraduate research medical attention is not devoted to curbing STH among laboratory. The 1 g of stool sample collected was placed into a school-aged children, infections with STHs can thwart the small plastic container and mixed with 10 ml of normal saline using effort of a country to provide basic education for her an applicator stick to form a suspension. The suspension was vigorously mixed until the faeces were completely emulsified. It was children (Partnership for Child Development, 1997; then filtered with muslin cloth into another clean plastic container. Girum, 2005) thereby working against the realization of The filtrate was then poured into a test tube to make 10 ml and the United Nations Sustainable Development
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