LOOKING BACKWARD

HAWKEYELAND

IOWA CENTENNIAL COMMITTEE

Published by THE STATE OF Dea Moincs Robert D. Blue, Governor of Iowa IOWA CENTENNIAL COMMITTEE LOOKING BACKWARD ON HAWKEYELAND

Lester Milligan, Mason City, Chairman by William J. Petersen

Edith Wasson McElroy, Executive Secretary

Members

Active Ex Officio Ross Burman, Burlington Lloyd Cunningham, Des Moines J. N. Darling, Des Moines Ethyl E. Martin, Iowa City Ralph Evans, Davenport John P. Mullen, Fonda Mrs. Myrtle Fellingham, Council Bluffs Jessie M. Parker, Des Moines John W. Gannaway, Grinnel! Rodney Q. Selby, Des Moines Mrs. F. P. Gernand, Volga F. E. Sheldon, Mount Ayr Mrs. Dwight S. Humeston, Albia Ora Williams, Des Moines William J. Petersen, Iowa City Mrs. Robert Pike, City Mrs. R. R. Roberts, Britt Hugo Saggau, Denison Homer Stephens, Clarinda Bert Stolpe, Des Moines E. W. Williams, Manchester

Permission to reprint . . thin brochure, revised and much L enlarged, in an edition of 12,000 copiw Old Capitol at Iowa Citv hna been granted to the Iowa CentmniPl Corn- mittee by John Md& Co., Ottumwa. Iowa. and The Morrell Magazine in which it orighdy appePred.

Designed by Lawrence Oakley Cheerer LOOKINQ BACKWARD the Foxes, who had been driven across the Mississippi by the ON HAWKEYELAND French. Together the Sauk and Fox were too dangerous an A dozen years ago the writer reflect, could have demonstrated enemy and a French force of 84 was attending a Big Ten base- that the goes men accordingly set out from ball game at the University of back a long way, even in terms Montreal under Joseph de Noy- Iowa. Seated with some friends of English history. Perhaps he elles on August 14, 1734, to from the College of Engineering, would have recalled the stirring punish the Sauks and separate he was introduced as a history incident of the De Noyelles the two tribes. About 200 professor to an English woman expedition to Iowaland. As far Iroquois, Hurons, and Pota- who was seeing her first ball back as 1733 (in the reign of watomi "expressed the greatest game. During the course of the William IV) a~lda hundred willingness" to join the perilous game, the English woman po- years before the pmentset- expedition. litely inquired what history I tlement of Iowa began, a French Leaving the straggling French taught at the University. Upon soldier was killed while visiting village of Detroit on January 2, replying rather nonchalantly, a Sauk Indian village in northern 1735, the company of approxi- "Iowa History," she exclaimed . Fearful of French mately 250 men trudged west- with amazement: "Iowa His- vengeance, the Sauks fled west- ward through a desolate wilder- tory! Does Iowa have a pqd and joined their COUS~S, ness in the dead of winter, auffer- history?" ing much from cold and ex- . This naive reaction on the posure. Misled by the Kickapoo part of an English friend is Indians, whose principal village quite characteristic of the aver- * stood at the mouth of the Rock age foreigner's attitude toward river near present-day Rock the middle western scene. In- Island, the French finally deed, the average American reached the mouth of the Wapsi- dwelling along the Atlantic sea- pinicon where, instead of a large board often entertains similar Fox village they "found No- notions, more particularly if re- body." Upon learning that the siding east of the Hudson. It is Sauk and Fox had fled westward well known that the average to the "River with a fork," the New Yorker has the idea that weary expedition pressed onward Iowa is a town in Wisconsin and reaching the Raccoon Fork of that Hollywood embraces one- the Des Moines in mid-April. half of California. The geo- On April 19, 1735, De Noyelles graphical knowledge of the aver- *and his men fought the first age Bostonian is equally defi- Dr. William J. Peteraerr pitched battle between the red cient. Indeed, the Bostonian Research Associate, State His- man and the white man on Iowa torical Society of Iowa. would be slow to admit that any soil on the present site of the Lecturer in History, State American history took place University of Iowa. State capitol. In point of time that date might well be associ- west of the Hudson. Under such #Steamboat BiW' Petersen, an circumstances one auld-hardly - active member of the hva CM-' ated with a poem that runs: be expected to rebuff an in- tennial Co-ttee, ~rob&& has CTe~ulOUs~~~ii~h who more Iowa history at his finder tipa "By the -rude bridge that than anr other- - owa an. He is arched the flood, had arched her brows and -pnised--. as a spea&er of ability Their flag- to April's breeze queried "Iowa History! Does and ~ectuma fre~~ent&on his unfurled, Iowa have a history?" . favorite subjects-Mis s iss ippi ataamhtinrl and Iowa history. Here once the embattled ~~ttl~of the D~~ ~~j~~~ Re is the author of: Steemboat&g farmers stood, on the Uppa Miwiwippi; Iowa: The And fired the shot heard And yet, many an Iowa school- --mv- .--. ,fH- andA &fermce Qo4%- if given a few moments to Ouide to Iowa Hi;&. round the world." For the Battle of the Des of Waters. At that time Louis and wild game encountered, Moines, fought as it was on XIV occupied the French throne noted the general topography of April 19,1735, occurred 40 years and Charles I1 ruled over Eng- the country, and 'recorded in to the day before Lexington and land. On the Colonial scene the great detail the first meeting of Concord. But an Iowa school- Dutch retook from the red man and the white man boy would not ordinarily bring the British in 1673 while King on Iowa soil-held at the mouth I up Lexington and Concord when Philip's war broke out two years of the on June 25, I talking with an English woman. later. La Salle had not explored 1673. The Joliet-Marquette 4 the Mississippi and Pennsyl- expedition bears the same re- and Joliet Marquette vania had not been founded by lation to Iowa lhstory that the Actually, the written history that brave and altruistic Quaker voyage of Columbus does to 9 of Iowa goes back even further -William Penn. American history. It is one of the than the Battle of the Des The advent of Joliet and outstanding exploits in the his- Moines, back before Queen Marquette occurred only a half tory of the Mississippi Valley. Anne's war, back before the century after the landing of the advent of William and Mary in Pilgrims at Plymouth. There Prehistoric Man 1688. The written history of were no newspapers to record Confronted with such facts, Iowa begins on June 17, 1673, their exploits and 17 years were the average Englishman, if he when Joliet and Marquette with to pass before the first such their five intrepid French com- publication appeared in Boston. were to pause and reflect, would panions paddled out of the Fortunately both Joliet and doubtless recall the stirring days mouth of the Wisconsin and into Marquette ,kept a journal of of William the Conqueror, the the broad expanse of the Missis- their trip along the eastern chivalry of King Arthur and his sippi and began their epoch border of what is now Iowa. Knights of t.Round Table, or making voyage down the Father They ddbed the plpnt life the fantastic exploit* recorded

W& D&deYs map of 1718 when the Imwa oountry Uedto Ft~oe.A leeding P'n& outopr&hei.! Dek'de made a map that set the standard for the period and formed &ha baaah for mamy makmqaent map. It sholps ammirag knowledge of the Iowa wuntry, the murso of the Miw1*w&pi and rivera and their tributarim.

in that epic poem-1~wuZf. He, regiaa d northeastern hwa although ~~y along the might wen recall s-denge, rivals Stanchage in the stsprmit of hills overlooking those &ant hanging rocks which tude of its size and implicathia st re ax^. No other Iowa river archmiogists trace back to the And the Hopewe&, *oh io on* eqb the Little Sioux in the r-9~01itMcor early b*ons;e age. tirely prehistoric, C dis- qbcrof ancient sites. Caves Although. Iowa &uche~dwis a tinguished by the la* use d and rock aheltcis have been dis- reM5vely tlllwwked field com- copper for both weapons and awered along the gorges and (Leftto right) , noted Sauk chief and leader in the of 1832. He died in Iowa pared with other eater, it might ornammts. rades of the Cedar river and in 1838. The Black Hawk Purchase and Black Hawk coun* are named in his honor, even though ne- be wdl to point out that a8 early dqthboring streams. Enclosures, gotiated the first sale of land in Iowa by the Indians. KEOKUK, another famous Sauk chief. He negotiated J Evidence d the p-ce of the first sale of Indian land to the whites and visited in Washington, D.C., after the Black Hawk War. He as 1927 Dr. Chdes Reuben prehistork man f Iowa is ant- agricultural plots and garden died in Kansas in 1848. POWESHZEK, a powerful Fox chief, superior in rank to but subordinate to beds, pits, shell heaps, caches, Keokuk. He was recogmked as a leader of both the Sauk and Fox, and is said to have wielded a stronger re- Keyes of Cornell Caege had tested in thb large number of straining influence than Keokuk among his followers in preventing them from joining with Black Hawk. He identilied five distinct oul-ture~ dent&es bvd.Village workshops, cemeteries, mounds, lies buried in an unmarked grave in Kansas. (Lower) Grave of WAPELLO, a chief of the Foxes, who at his own request lies buried with General Street and members of the General's family, just offthe ChicMo, Burlington in Iowa-Algonkian, Oneota, and camp sites have been kund boulder effigies, trails, spirit (IY1 Quinoy Railroad's right-of-way at Agency, Iowa. The town of Wapello and Wapello are named in Effigy Mound, Mill Creek and thro- Iowa, wu;afly dang places, rock aminga and paint- his honor. -ell. The Effsgy Mwnd the second terraces of streams ings, stone dams and fish traps, and quarries have been found in coutin, the Chippewa, and the more dependent on his white among the fur traders on the various sections of the State. belonged to the brother for guns and powder, Upper ~ississi~~i.Manuel Liaa, In 1934 Dr. Keyes found the Algonkian or woddland stock. traps, percussion caps, knives, Joseph Robidoux, and Peter A. fktevidence of one prehistoric For a century and a half the blankets, tobacco, rum,earbobs, Sarpy were among the numerous culture superimposed an another Indian played an important role wrist bands and scores of mis- important fur traders on the near the mouth of the Upper in the economic life of Iowaland. cellaneous items. Their steadily Missouri river. Iowa river. It proved to be French and Spanish, English and mounting debts were usually Aa we shall soon see, a flood Siouan over Hopewell (which American, each enlisted the red paid to traders whenever a of dramatic Indian epiaodes fol- was a highly specialized phase of man in the fur trade. Such or- treaty was held whereby the lowed the advent of Joliet and the Algonkian, or woodland cul- ganizations as the American Fur Indian ceded their lands, and Marquette. These culminated ture), thereby demonstrating Company and the Missouri Fur the terms of such payments were in the Black Hawk War of 1832 that the ancient Hopewell cul- Company were largely depend- usually included in the treaty. and the speedy cession of all ture was more highly developed ent on the seasonal catch of the The names of George Daven- Indian lands in Iowa by treaties than the more recent Siouan Indian. The red man, on the port, Russell Farnham, and Her- signed in 1832,1836,1837,1838, culture. Such discoveries would other hand, became more and cules L. Dousrnan loom large 1842,1846, and 1851. The story indicate that archeologists may do- not end with the last yet be able to push the existence Indian don,however, for the of man in Iowa back a thouaand rkof the Tama Indiana in years and more, or before the 1856 and the Spirit Lake Mas- days of William the Conqueror sacre of 1857 are two of the most and possibly even fabulous King dramatic episodes in Iowa his- Arthur. tory. The pioneers have not forgotten the Indians of Iowa. The Indians of Iowa Powerful Iowa tribes, such as If the existence of prehistoric the Sauk and Fox, the Ioway, man in Iowa presents a challenge the Winnebago, the Potawatomi, to the imagination, the story of and the Sioux, are remembered the Indian in historic time is today through counties named packed with comparable ro- in their honor. Famous Indian mance. Although the exact chiefs like Black Hawk and niunber of tribes that have in- Keokuk, Poweshiek, Wapello, habit4 Iowa is not known, at The htlncig spdflaally dealinp with what is now Iowa was prepared Appanoose, Wineahiek, ~a&, Lea least 17 different have lived by Lt. Albert Miller and amompanied his Notea on Wiwonsin Ter- a Mahaska, and Decorah, are like- ritory, printed in Philadebhia in 1836. It was the fist book published .I Within the confines of the State on Iowa. The map and book were the result of the famous United wise immortalized in Iowa place the advent of Joliet and States Drapoon erpedition of1835, led by ColoneI Stephen Watts Kwny. names.

Marquette in 1673. Some of ' 8 I these tribes spent only a transi- Iowa Under France-1673-1762 concluded with the American often referred to as the Plains tory moment in Iowa. Thus the The coming of the white man Indians, who Marquette government in 1832 and 1833. Indians while the Algonkian are described as Woodland or Woods to Iowa was followed by vigor- recorded as having been driven Only the Ioway Indians are been Indians. The two stocks are ous efforts on the part of the across the Mississippi by the known to have associated French to tighten their grip on Iroquois, spent only a few yeara for a long time with the State divided thus on the basis of that bears their name, maintain- language, each tribe speaking a the land drained by the Missis- here. So, too, the Miami Indians, ing a permanent residence in the sippi river. A small but coura- who in 1690 begged Nicholas dialect of the parent tongue. area for 150 years. Thus, the Ioway, Winnebago, geous force of men--fur traders Perrot to help them mine lea&, Osage, Oto, Missouri, Omaha, and miners, soldiers and priests, had been pushed westward by The. Indians who contended Ponca, Sisseton and Wahpeton these same war-like savages. for the possession of Iowa repre- fanned out through the Upper belonged to the Dakotah or Other tribes, like the Winnebago sented two great stocks . . the Mississippi Valley. Since the and the Potawatomi, sojourned Dakotah or Siouan nation of Siouan stock. On the other hand Mississippi was the great high- in Iowa but a short tin& during nearly 50 tribes, and the Al- the Sauk and Fox, the Illinois, Thh map showa the evolution ofcounty boundaries in Iowa at the time way for exploration many of Iowa aohied statehood in 1846. The laat counties were established in these explorers left some record pioneer days, having agreed to gonkian nation of approximately the Ottawa, the Huron, the 1851, although there were some ohangea in names and boundaries move into Iowaland by treaties 70 tribes. Siouan Indians are Miami, the Kickapoo, the Mas- after that date. of Iowalanti. Thus, La Salle, a -. 6 border of whe is pow Iowa. dusky Indian allies launched Carver's book-Travels their attack on May 25, 1780, Through fhs Inferior Parts Cardinal lost his life while of North Ameriaa - was valiantly fighting to defend St. printed in London in 1778, and Louis. Jean Made Cardinal is soon went into rnany editions probably the only Iowan to give and several languages. Such his life in the cause of American was the caliber af men who independence. visited Iowaland on the eve of the American Revolution. More significant in Iowa hii- tory were the Spanish land Anoshcr notable man ad- grants. The ht permanent Cement and abg produata plants at MwnCity. Cenmnt ran&@next to ated w&h Iowa duriag the settler in Iowa was Julien Du- d in value, Cpta phts havia beon dov- in Csm, Gordq Polk, Soott, and Ja&wm oountiea. The manufaoture of day produofa ia gpdsh Weewas Jean Marie buque, who received permission wide& distributed in Iowa, althouph the industry has beon dealininp. car-. Cardinal mk!d lad from the Fox Indians to work In 1898 there were 349 produoera in 87 00unti.r; in 1929 them were only 53 planto operatizap in 31 aountiea. The value of olay produote mtwhd in p-** Dublkqw? county the lead mines around present- an all-tima hiph of over ten million doIlur in 1910 but by 1929 it had until driven out by the British ddhed to $5,791,175. Of the total valuo of Iowa mineral pnod~~ofion day Dubuque on September 22, d, in the epdmg of 1780. The fmm 1895 to 1938, sv1proxhuitely 49% came from 18% from oement, 1788. This was the same year I? 0 from ctrypduots, 8% from &pauin, 4% from heMd atone, and mtirh attack cm the lead mines Washington was elected presi- from sand ad#ravel. The avbia&e annual value nf minerd pm- dwtbn47 in Iowa bebeen 1939 and I944 inaludvo wacr $17,000,000. mean Mort to 0RW suc- dentdthaveryyeartheht isesd~eWogers69arkin two American settlements were sou^ IllWa 81nd at Win- made in the Old Northwest immediate podon of the he sold Louisiana to Thomas wanes. Cw&d epa$ a numk Ci- Tetritory-at Marietta and tract and planted his famous Jefferson in a treaty signed at of mhm aaped down the cinnati. On November 10, apple wchatd. Tbe Teaaon tract, Paris. France transferred Lower Mbimippi to warn the in- 1796, Governor-General Caron- by a d&on of the United' Louisiana to the in habitants of st. Louis of an delet supported Dubuque's pe- impending Britbh anslaught. States Supreme Court, has the a colorful ceremony at New tition to work his' "Mines of distinction of being the oldest Orleans on December 20, 1803. When the British and their Spain" by granting him a prince- legal land title in- the State of The-following spring, on Mar& stretchii ly tract of land some Iowa. On November 20, 1800, 10, 1804, Upper Louisiana was favorite d Louis sslnt miles along 21 the Mississippi Basil Gii was granted 6808% turned over to the United States MichtZ h w&h two wmpan- extending and inland about nine arpenta of land in what is now at St. Louis. Thus, dter 130 ~OM)-~IXW nm miles. Dubuque died on March Clayton county. The town of years under French and Spanish and AaWrM Augd4cq.tlore 24, 1810, after residing 22 yeara the upper Marquette and part of Mc- rule, the Iowa country came in Iowa. on mouth d Gregor are now located a under the control of the youthful Meanwhiie, Auguste Chou- portion of this tract. The Giard American Republic. they were captured by the Sioux teau had acquired about half of grant 'was upheld by the Re- and led cap- American Exploration tivity. Hennepiw'% books- Dubuque's land. After the Black corder of Land Titles at St. thoug$ filled with lies and h B@~~d-1762-1800 Hawk Purchase was opened to Louis in 1816. Thomas Jefferson lost no time %~~&&g@e French period settlers on June 1, 1833, the in finding out about the vast borrrtbwere vcdmble ti^ the The Louisiana Purchase hidtorian. heirs of Chouteau carried on a domain for which he had spent losing iight to establish their The Spanish retained posses- $15,000,000. In 1804 the Lewis Another Frenebcmam- claims based on the Spanish sion of Louisiana from July 24, and Clark expedition set out up Nicholas Per&-&u& 'W- grant to Dubuque. Their right 1769, until October 1, 1800, the Misaouri and in 1805 Zebu- madant d the Wetst,'' bit to it was finally denied by a when Napoleon forced Spain to lon M. Pie set out to explore the MWInckm hoar to &e deckdon of the United States sign the Treaty of San Ildefonso the Upper Mississippi. Both lead in the Oalemi-Dubuque Supreme Court, handed down retroceding the ialand of New expeditions returned to St. Louis area in 1690, a antxq W6re in Dmmber, 1853. Orleans and all territory west of in 1806. In the years that fol- D\obuqne. h the Mississippi to France. Na- lowed such military men as the advent of JuUm d Two other Spanish land &rants H~sa~tdthefwtmdeand~cutY~~&bJonathau were made in what is now Iowa. poleon's dream of an empire in Stephen H. Long, Henry At- Indians of Oho Upprr MWdppi Carver (1766) and Peter Pond Louis Honore Tollaon was grant- the west war, rudely broken by kinson, Stephen Watts Kearny, Valley is invtrluble. Le Sww akurdanarkof theledtradeaft516 h now the prospects of a new war with Albert Miller k,James Wen (1773)-l& a record of their Missiamppi VeUeg and ie one ed a-tract of land in what and Lahontan left a reaxd d travels along the northeastern 3rmwa'e moat histotio eiterr. Lee county in 1799. Temtook England and on April 30, 1803, and Edwin V. Sumner wrote Iowa. John James Audubon, Raccoon Fork in 1843. Other John Bradbury, John C. Luttig, noted military posts in Iowa- J. N. Nicollet, Pierre De Smet land included Fort Atkinson in and Maximilian-Prince of Wied, Winneshiek county; Fort Clarke are but a few of the many in Webster county, and Fort travelers who described the west- Croghan on the Missouri river ern border of Iowa. in Pottawattamie county.

Forts in Iowaland Territorial Jurisdiction Meanwhile, forta were being The half century between the established along the Missis- Louisiana Purchase and the sippi-Missouri and their tribu- achievement of statehood in Maytag assembly line in world's touies. The fist American mili- 1846 saw Iowa passing through a largest washing machine plant at series of changes in sovereign Newton. In 1929 the washing machine industry ranked third and subordinatd jurisdiction. 6n (next to meat packing and butter March 26, 1804, congress pro- making) in the value of products vided for the government of the in Iowa. It was close@ foIIowed by (Left to ridht) ROBERT LUCAS (1781-1853) was the Arst Nvernor of the Territory of Iowa-1838-f841. He printing and publishing of news- newly acquired territory be- was a leader in the Constitutional Convention of 1844. His home in Iowa City, Plum Grove, was dedicated papers and periodicals, general tween the and with suitable ceremonies by the State Conservation Commission on November 2,1946. Lucas county is named construction and repair of railroad in his honor. CHARLES MASON (1804-1882) was appointed chief justice of the Territorial Supreme Court oars, and foundry and machine the Rocky Mountains by di- in 1838. He handed down the dmiaubn in the "Case of Ralph" which was contrary to that of the Died Scott shop products. viding it into two separate juris- decision. Mason was one of the commissioners appointed to revise the laws of the State in 1848. He suocess- fully defended Iowa's boundary claims against Missouri before the United States Supreme Court. He was diction-the Territory of Or- demooratic candidate for governor in 1867. JAMES CLARKE (1812-1850) was third and last governor of the leans and the District of Louisi- Territory of Iowa--1845-1846. He was editor of the Iowa Territorial Gaxette at Burlington, a member of the Constitutional Convention of 18U and was appointed governor by President Polk. He died of cholera at Bur- detailed accounts of their ex- ana. The Iowa country formed lington. Clarke county is named in his honor. AUGUSTUS C. DODGE (1812-1883), delegate in Congress plorations in Iowaland. a part of the District of Louisi- from the Territory of Iowa and senator from Iowa (1848-1855)with George W. Jones, was intimately assdated with early Iowa history. Born at Ste. Genevieve, A&., he served in the Black Hawk War, acted as register of ana, which was placed under the the U. S. Land Offioe at Burlington in 1838, and as bripadier general of Militia in 1839. As our delegate in Through Many Eyes '2 ": jurisdiction of the governor and Congress he tried hard to secure the admi'swon of Iowa into the Union between 1844 and 1846. He was defeated c, &.& by James Harlan for the Senate in 1854 and lost to Samuel J. Kirkwood in the race for &overnor in 1859. He Some notable ~rivateindi- -- -iudaes - of the Territorv of Indi--- died in 1883 and lies buried beside his father in Aspen Grove Cemetery, Burlington. Skilled workers in Sheaffer Pen - viduals left equally vivid reports Company at Fott Madiwn-one of ana. It thus happened that a of the Iowa country. An the world's largest fountain pen future president, Governor Wil- factories. Pearl buttons at Muaaa- Permanent settlement had be- churches and temperance socie- Italian adventurer, G. C. Bel- tine, calendars at Red Oak, fur- liam Henry Harrison, kept an the Territory of Louiaiana. trami, journeyed up the Missis- naces in Marahalltown, sash, doors, eye on Iowaland from his capital Seven years later, in 1812, the gun on June 1, 1833, and by ties sprang into existence. The blinds, office furniture, and kin- Iowa country was included in 1836 the first Federal census fist newspapers, banks, jewelry sippi in 1823 aboard the Vir- dred products in the planing mills at Vincennes. In 1805 the Dis- ginia and chronicled the first along the Mississippit perfumery, trict of Louisiana was renamed the Territory of Missouri where revealed 10,531 people living in stores, bakery shops and drug steamboat voyage along the oosmetias, stoves, ranges, wind- it remained until Missouri was the Black Hawk Purchase. These stores were begun. The first ds,pumps, and a host of other eastern border of Iowa. Caleb products ant inanufactured in admitted into the Union as a people became a part of the public surveys were made in Atwater left a similar account of Iowa. State in 1821. newly created Territory of Wis- 1837; the first land offices were his trip as far as Prairie du consin in 1836 with Hmry established at Dubuque and Chien aboard the Red Rover in tary post in what is now Iowa Under Michigan and Dodge as their governor. In Burlington the following year. 1829. During the 1830's the was Fort Madison-erected in Wisconsin 1838 the Territory of Iowa was Forests were cleared, soil broken, famous American artist-George 1808, burned and evacuated dur- For the next 13 years, the established with Robert Lucas land plowed, seed sown, crops Catlin-recorded with brush and ing the War of 1812. Fort Ed- Iowa country was a political serving as the &st governor. harvested. Infant industries had pen the daily life of the Indians wards was built opposite the their beginnings-printing and t orphan, without a government dwelling in Iowaland. Two mouth of the Des Moines in of any kind. The real political Life in lomaland publishing, blacksmith, gun- famous English authors-Charles 1815, Fort Armstrorlg was lo- history of Iowa, imfar as it The period from 1833 to 1838 smith and cooperage establish- Augustus Murray and Captain cated on Rock Island in 1816, relates to the estabIiahmcnt of is one of begiigs in Iowa. ments, brick works, clay works, furnaces, Frederick Marryat-penned in- and at Prairie du counties, districts, judges, and The first murders and executions blast sawmills, grist teresting accounts of the Black Chien the same year. The fist actual representation of white took place. The fir& cities, town- mills, all attested the growth of Hawk Purchase in the mid- Fort Des Moines was set up at inhabitants in congress begins ships and counties were estab- the Black Hawk Purchase. thirties. Fredrika Bremer and the present site of Montrose in It was ona Peter Smith Hand Press, with its attachment to the Terri- lished. The first schools, acade- Many of the fist homes were the Prince de Joinville also 1834; a second by the same name such as pictured here, that the iht issue of the Du Buque Visitor tory of Michigan on June 28, mies and seminaries were built of logs, but rough lumber wrote impressions of eastern was erected at the mouth of the was printed. 1834. founded. The first lyceums, was soon made in the rude saw- in 1846 with them@bunch- mat and the women's rights caravans that moved westward statehood. In Robert Lucas, rimaurdt&pPwcrda~e crusade were in full swing, abo- to Oregon. The state was John Chambers and James tobothcoqmasndthtp&qde. lition was rampant, and religious actually to become the home of Clarke, the Territory had been mythe pawidmt's Bigfmhuo cults like the Millerites had a noted reformer-Amelia governed by a triumvirate of ndd! sprung up throughout the land. Bloomer who lived at Council executives of unusual ab'iity. . 4% DeWn3bcs 38,1%4& JElInea The repercussions of these Bluffs, and whose name became Augwtus C. Dodge, who had t*Folk tPrebilltRdxHi~ events were felt in the youthful associated with womm'a dress served as delegate to coqms hinw*eu*aaUI= Territory of Iowa even before it reform. Bloomer School in between 1841 and 1846, was @h*.f9 &at "cur d De- achieved statehood in 1846. Her CodBluirs is a fitting tribute later twice elected United States & st wmlt 100,m p8ppk sons enlisted in the Mexican to the woman who demonstrated - senator, proof poaitive of the War. Her legjslators perpetu- that "woman is a hrkd animal high regard in which he was ated the memory of that struggle and not, as she seems to be, a held both in Washington and at by naming Mills and Taylor church on casters." Iowans a home. Charles Mason, chief two-- of Iowa crtiill* ke- counties for heroes of the Mexi- century ago did not live in the justice of the Supreme Court mdtikhnticr. Theridman can War and Buena Vista, Cerro Atomic Age; they lived in an of the Territory of Iowa, was a dl lived along the Iialmld Gordo, and Pa10 Alto for famous era which has sometimes been man of rare brilliance. A gradu- dope and in northem Imnf&,al- victories won below the Rio called the "Fabulow Forties" ate of West Point, Mason stood though he had peramdd Grande. Across southern Iowa and is especially remembered by at the head of a class that con- to~d~proetofhfs~ from Naum to the mighty the slogan "Manifest Destiny." tained such men as Robert E. &at very year. Elcvon neW8- Miasouri streamed the Mormons The explosive elements at work Lee and Joseph E. Johnston. wpm && b&g lPwl~edin during the summer of 1846. In in that period were nevertheless His associates, Joseph Williims dlBl-Malong.*- ~MS * '- &- Iowa In z-y In M*- western Iowa the United States just as real, just as personal, and and Thomas S. Wilson, were ** *eer 8 &O t;&c de of 4q?l Xowa eitp mn- -, dppi riw towm-amd the86 Army recruited the Mormon just as far-reaching as those able jurists and solid thinkers Gtdamed-**- of fowa City la itat TersitaM l%xmdHi &Mlmp *e lad, battalion which was destined to facing Iowans a century later. who continued as justices of the the umhg of ~qpp#e$~k!tida!m,*e ~qpp#e$~k!tida!m,*e capital, the Iawa atate arPd new welle. Few march from Fort Leavenworth State Supreme Court. lmh'dinit-wia -, for elate- Giants in Their Day tha them were a cenkzpy ago who through Santa Fe to California. ThcmWbiCfSand hod, ttre C&w$gutional Con- cQuld&merthropyEhth+mirtd Fortunately there were strong, Denominational Schools shone horn tbet wm er$?zbd v~n%k&3of1.1844 encS 1846, tbrecmt the fwlm gfeaw af The Fabulous Fortiee able men, who guided Iowa in There wkre other forces at prior were the affoes to 1&39t objeots of M- trek south- the Hawkeye State. pride for dfbens adnews- ern Iowa. 'and.the outbrealc d During this same year many that important transition from work which reveal the character ha Iowans joined the innumerable a territorial status to that of of those early pioneers. The Pam. FaM4fd was plena- the Mhww, them * ' TheMedmm War hthe butakwdfdmmmym-t&it MtIyugb Iowa held promise we&-'- @&, The dl O.f~~~~inl&,~ u- yieldset ab&%b#3yMe live- d l;ld were deeply en- fgmasd in tho political, !mcids wa~ldd Qo sun wild. -Tbe~~~oO~larL~std eoohomic and religious umnt in the ~o'swsls~~to see that kmt the nation k TSld irr. twm- &mugh wen fernat. BROJLiCag War broke out in 1846 while $he d#i -8 g~~.Rertb- lMeakcm--dn-d bh-t Cry of "~-hUTPO* in 18?0d&w~~1tunt$llagDb or Figbt" &t&r wbddd aa' a that the AmM6q Prontiier oorn~sctmaty a~~gdrawn moved iwk&aard idto t%e up with mm!kt,m*. (En LISP- FAaiidm was @$amd Ahkmgb the TelTitu* pin- ~wemen@agod~yin dM.alivbg, they took a keen inter& in the dvities ' (Left) *#OldPioneerf #, the oripinal building on the Iowa W~dleyancampus at Mt. Pleasant. Constructed in e$puid abma th- The pdod was &o any terrftQly fTQm 1843, the buildinp i8 stiffin regular u8e. TM6 8obne i8 re roduced from a mural in the Mt. Plea8ant p08t omce, ancoftbe~€doPfulinthc Mkmi ~FAEU) a bound9lry. )WaShbWhtdirl~- painted by Dorothea Tornlinaon. (Ripht)The original gwa college building at Davenport. Iowa CoIIego was mtablished by the Iowa Band of Conpregationrf.mini.ters at Davenport in 1846 and opened it8 door8 in 1848. history of the Hewiceye State. AnewcomtWthwasa~m. The temperance move- It was consolidated with a etruggling oollege at Grinnell in 1859 and i8 now known a8 Grinnell CoIIe&e.

13 close to the heart of Iowa, having Agriculture moved only 30 miles in a north- The increase in agricultural westerly direction from Marshall production was just as phenome- to Story county between 1880 nal. During World War I1 the and 1930. average yearly corn production By 1940 the population had exceeded that of the entire become established. Fifty-sixof United States for the same years the counties showed an increase a century ago- With 25 Per cent in population between 1930 and of the grade "A" l&d in the 1940 while 43 revealed a de- United States located withiin the crease. During this period borders of Iowa it is not strange 1 there was an increase of only 2.7 that the Hawkeye State should %Thisreplioe of the first school in BuffaloCenter claims the first con- The first consolidated school in per cent in the State's popu- lead the nation in crop and live- Iowa is located near Montrose in solidated school in Iowa, and pm- Iowa stands in striking contrast to S~N'O~High Sohool at Dubuque. Lee County olw to the Miauk- sibly west of the Mississippi. Zt the madern Buffalo Center High Tipton started a public high school lation, largely due to the urban stock production. The average was ereoted in 1896 at a ooclt of in 1856 and the idea took root in sippi. Built of logs it was ee- School. In 1941 there were 407 con- such towns as Dubuque, Musoa- areas. When one considers the come from agriculture was 1% tabliehed by Dr. Zeaao Galland who about $15,000. The popularity of solidated school districts in Iowa, tine, Burlin#ton, Iowa City, and invited Berryman Jenm*nps to the school was quid& atteated by 387 of which operated a central tremendous growth of metro- billion dollars during the three its growth. In 1896 there were 70 Mount Pleasant before the Civil teaoh the three "RBDsand noeive school building. In 1941 a total of War. In 1876 Guthrie County High politan areas in neighboring Years preceding 1946, or more for compen~tionlodginpJ fuJ pupils in attendanoe in the rural 78,173 attended these school?, 45,- schools of the township. In 1898, School was established at Panora- states-, Wisconsin, than double the annual cash furniture, and board at the Gal- 172 of whom were transported in the only county high school in the land home, ao wefl as the privilege after the adoption of the central 9,247 busses employed by the con- Illinois, Mi88ouri-it can readily income from crops, livestock and of usinp the dootor's medid plan, there were 110 pupils. The State. In 1911 a new State law books. In 1941 there were still next year this number had in- solidated school system, at a cost of gave the privilege of free high be seen that Iowa has main- livestock products between 1924 8,326 one-room elementary schools creased to 133. A generation later $1,244,825 yearly, or an average of school training toall Iowa children. tained a well-balanced popu- and 1928. The growth of the in Iowa with 109,598 pupils. such schools were common. $27.56 per pupil for 9 months. There are over 950 high echoole in the Hawkeye State in 1946. lation growth. rruic,r bun- w I packing industry during the past

preacher and the circuit rider were 102,000 people in Iowa; in we& hard at work; the Metho- 1940 there were 2,538,268-a dists had eatablished the first growth equal to that of the 13 church in Iowa at Dubuque as original colonies between the set- early as 1834 and by 1846 almost tlement of Jamestown in 1607 all the large religious bodies of and the outbreak of the Ameri- present-day Iowa had won a can Revolution in 1776. There foothold. Schools and academies were more than twice as many were being established, many of people living in Polk county in them spneored by various de- 1946 as there were settlers in nominations. The Methodists Iowa a century ago. had laid the foundations of Iowa The population of Iowa in Wesleyan at Mount Pleasant in 1940 was 57.3 per cent rural but 1842 and the Iowa Band had 1,084,231 peoph were living in established Iowa College (now the 89 towns that contained Grirmell) at Dw~porkin 1846. over 2,500 inhibitants. The ,Bhany ins* established overwhelming majority of these prior to the Civil War hme people were native-bom Ameri- The Little Brown Churoh in the The Methodiets built the fist The Lineal descendant of the first St. Anthony's Chapelnear Festina. ceased to &&'%lit such schwb Vale near Nashua is Iowa's beet ohurch in Iowa at Dubuque in church in Iowa, founded in 1834, is Built to minister to the needs of cans-the Sate foreign popu- known adtnost beloved religiouo 1834. The original subscription St. Luke's Methodist Church at two families, it seats only eight as the University of Dubuque, lation having aoared from 20,969 shrine. The buiidtrgJ dedioated on paper called for a house of hewn Dubuque. Built in 1897 at a aost of people and is the sdest church Cornell, Low, and Luther col- Deaember 29, 1864 was designed logs, 20 by 26 feet, one story high, almost $100,000, its architecture in Iowa. The cornerstone of the .in 1850 to 324,069 in 1890, after and built by the kernrend J.'K. and coating in "good plain style" and sire stand in shatp oontraat to first Catholic churoh in Iowa was leges, stand as monuments to which it plummeted to 117,245 Nuttzinp. The eu~n& from whioh about $255.00. Seventy donors con- the little log cabin that served the laid at Dubuque in 1835. Com- the vision, the faith, and the the ohuroh derives it8 name, was tributed sums ranging from $25 pioneers. The Methodists are the pleted as St. Raphael's church in in 1940. The Germans con- co-osed bp Dt. William S. Pitk, by Woodbury Masaey to 12% oents most numerous of the Protestant 1837, it became the Cathedral of labors -pion-. stituted one-third of all foreign- who visited the spot in I857 and by Caroline Brady. Five men and bodies in Iowa, host equaling the Territory of Iowa with the was so moved by its beauty that, seven women made up the mem- I .:I-arL ers while the Swedes, Danes, the Catholics in numbers. They arrival of Bishop Loras in 1839. Growth upon his return to Wisconsin, he bership of the first ohurch. It was founded such oolleges as Iowa The Trappist Abbey of New Mel- Populatiorr Norwegians, ' and Dutch com- oomposed the muw'o and wrote the used as a place of worship for Wesleyan at Mt. Pleasant, Cornell leray and the Grotto at West Bend A century has seen tremendous words. In the sprine of 1864 Dr. various denominations, housed at Mt. Vernon, Upper Iowa at are other famous Roman Catholic bined to make up another third. Pitts sang the song in the un- several terms of court, served as a Fa ette, Simpson at Indianola, and shrines that oan be found in changes in Iowa. In 1846 there The center of popdation lay Aniahed chapel for the first time. schoolhouse, and civic center. Mgningside at Sioux City. beautiful Hawkeyeland. were familiar with buffalo and three average towboats could Mississippi Valley is said to have Indian trails, the canoe, the push as much freight upstream surpassed that of the entire pirogue, the barge, and the keel- in single trips as the four boats British Empire! Today oil and boat, as well as with the steam- of the Diamond Jo Line trans- coal form the dominant cargoes, boat, the stagecoach, and the ported annually during the although small amounts of grain covered wagon. Thus, in the period from 1900 to 1910. Be- and manufactured products are space of a century Iowans have tween 1823 and 1848 approxi- shipped downstream. witnessed the transformation of mately 365 dserent steamboats their state from the most primi- made about 7,645 trips to the Rafting and Lumbering tive modes of transportation and Galena-Dubuque lead mines and Between 1865 and 1905, raft- communication to streamlined carried downstream 236,000 tons ing on the Upper Mississippi cars, trains, busses, planes, radio of lead. Today the Dubuque- r o s e to a 1m o st unbelievable and television. built Herbert Hoover could heights. The forests of vis- easily transport this entire lead consin and Minnesota furnwed Mississippi Steamboa tin& cargo down in a single season, the raw products which were ' The made the first figuring 23 trips with 10,000 floated or pushed downstream to steamboat trip up the Missis- tons to a trip. Actually, the Dubuque, Clinton, Davenport, sippi between St. Louis and tonnage on the Upper Missis- Muscatine, Burlington, Fort what is now Fort Snelling in sippi in 1946 equaled that of the Madison, and Keokuk, adding 1823, ten years before perma- entire Mississippi systv a cen- tremendous wealth to these river nent settlement began in Iowa- tury ago. And in the 1840's the towns as well as to the smaller land. Until 1850 lead was the steam tonnage employed in the Mississippi ports. By 1910 the dominant cargo, although the Indian, the fur trader, the = 4 ,> .. . -. soldier, the excursionist, and the ' ,-I' .Arn-w&k*. immigrant also attracted steam- quarter century attests the stra- Louisiana. It should be noted duced in the whole of the United boats upstream. Between 1850 tegic location of Iowa in the that these are pre-World War States a century ago. - and 1870 the passenger traflic heart of the brn Belt.. 11 figures. SiRce 1923 Iowa has ranked predominated as hordes of im- fourth among the states in meat migrants swarmed into Iowa Land Values Industrial Growth packing. Better than one-fourth and the Upper Mississippi Valley. of the value of Iowa's manu- Equally striking has been the The same amazing contrasts The era of the seventies ushered can factured products arises from change in land values during the be seen in manufacturing. in the grain trade, the direct re- this industry, hence its impor- past century. In 1803 the For many years Newton and sult of immigration. By 1890 tance cannot be over emphasized. Federalists fairly scorched Jasper county have done their the era of decline had set in Sioux City has led all Iowa rhomas Jefferson for spending part to keep the world clean by which culminated in the sale of cities in meat packing since 1901 $15,000,000 for the "worthless" manufacturing washing the Diamond Jo Line steamers and is the fourth largest live- land he had acquired in the machines. In 1939 the value of to the Streckfus Line in 1910. stock market in the United Louisiana Purchase. In 1845 the manufactured goods pro- Thereafter only excursion and States. Such names as Morrell, Am Whitney waa fairly hooted duced in Jasper county was government boats were to be Rath, Decker, and Sinclair, by congressmen for offering 15 $27,000,00O-equal to the prin- seen on the Upper Mississippi when combined with Armour, btsan acre for land along the cipal and interest spent on the until the inauguration of the When Wilson, Swift, and Cudahy, ac- light-of-way of his projected Louisiana Purchase. one Federal Barge Line in 192 7. tkanscontinental railroad considers that Jasper county, count in large measure for duough northern Iowa. A too, is a mere pinprick in the Iowa's high standing as a meat By the outbreak of World &ntury later, in 1939, the value Louisiana Purchase, and by no packing state. War I1 trac on the Upper Mississippi had grown to giant bk farm lands and buildings in means leads the 99 counties in Transportation l;)ickinson county (the smallest manufacturing, this feat is in- and Communioation proportions, eclipsing that car- cbunty in the Hawkeye State deed notew01-thy. During World ried in the palmiest days of Quaker Oats at Cedar Rapids. Oats, the seoond most important Iowa Transportation and communi- crag, has always been associated primarily with the feedine of livest&. Uld a mere pinprick in the War I1 Iowa manufacturing cation have been important fac- steamboating. A few compari- Oats have also, howeverDbeen important as a oereal for human con- Shuisiana Purchase) was $19,- passed the billion dollar mark in sons between old time steam- sumption. A number of large cereal plants have been established in tors in Iowa's agricultural and Iowa, including the lareeat rolled oats mill in the world at Cedar Rapids. 749,068, or greater than the valuation, which represented a industrial growth. The pioneers boating and modern towboating Meat paaking, butter makingD and food prowasin$ are basic Iowa otiginal purchase price of all greater amount than that pro- in the Black Hawk Purchase may prove interesting. In 1946 industries. Sta$eeua& and cade, Monticello, Anamosa, later, Johp Plumbe, Jr., a vision- work was resumed after 1865. Covered Waen Iowa City, Crawfordsville, and ary Dubuquer, proposed a rail- A mad race across the state en- The stagecoach and the Mount Pleasant. In 1946 it road from the Great Lakes to sued as four railroads sought to covered wagon are symbols of would cost more to pave a single the Pacific Ocean via Dubuque. be the first to connect with the pioneer travel ovhd. The mile of highway. , Delegate Union Pacific at Council Bluffs. first settlers in the Black Hawk to Congress from the Territory The race was won by the North From Mud Road to Pur6haw were intdy htsr- of Wisconsin, presented a pe- Western on January 22, 1867. Paved Highway ested in &, d- mu@ tition in the House of Repre- Two years later, in 1869, the mee in the T&Qa taws to During the first few years of sentatives on May 21, 1838, Rock Island and Burlington the subject ofmade* fdm, ad statehood the graded and plank praying for the survey of a route railroads reached Council Bluffs. bridges. The esAy roads fre- road system was in vogue. The between Dubuque and Milwau- The Illinois Central, which ar- quently BIEowed the OM bdfdo "Good Roads" movement was kee. It was-not until February rived at Sioux City in 1870, trail8 -4 Indian pa&, &i&g inaugurated in 1884; 30 years 22, 1854, however, that the first made connections with the the~~~~~d~mwhtFelater Iowa had over 100,000 railroad (the Rock Island) linked Union Pacific the following year. it w . The first. road miles of roadway established the Atlantic with the Missis- Between 1880 and 1890 fully ~~ on a map waa the and maintained by county and sippi. In 1855 railroads tapped 3,435 miles of track were con- Chain dm Yoyage~n)found on township officials. The creation the Mississippi opposite Du- structed. When the peak of WItlh DdMe's maps of 1103 of the Iowa State Highway Com- buque, Clinton, and Burlington. over 10,000 miles of track had and 1718. (See map, page 5). mission in 1904 was an impor- Two years later, in 1857, the been reached in 1914, no point Tbb road of the French fur tant step in the movement to- iron horse sIaked its thirst in the in Iowa was more than 12 miles Mc- tradws cwased northern Im ward a uniform road system. Father of Waters opposite from a railroad. There were 13 Gregor. Five of the 10 railroads &am the math of the Wiscan- The Commission was strength- railroads in Iowa in 1946 with a ened in 1913. In 1919 a law was linking the Mississippi with the sin ta the Big Siciux, s%irting total of 9,300 miles of track. passed making all main thor- Atlantic before the Civil War lakt Oko?xoji as it wended The Rock Island, the Milwaukee, weatward. The Chemin des oughfares between towns of 1000 reached the Father of Waters ' ;,- dih.'. .,L: ,,Am the North Western, and the Voyageurs might well dcaig- population or more primary opposite Hawkeyeland. be Burlington were the "Big Four" r 4d rd W'lt*' rr 3% p.Wu md Mmm. de- mtcd as the &st river-to-river roads. Hard surface highways Ground was broken for the of Iowa railroads, embracing ~~tSWusedroad in Iowa. developed out of the substitution first railroad in Iowa at Daven- as a supply 1Pm after of the automobile for "old port in 1853. By 1860 there were almost 7,000 miles of track. The The contrast betawn those rtraCidW81:. As~c~hclrrse Dobbin." In 1920 there were over 500 miles of track in the railroads formed the backbone dyTerritorial roacEs and our only 25 miles of paving and 624 Hawkeye State. The Civil War of Iowa transportation during tagdmm paved highways b tre- thr: bg 91;ow City this traffic wasqW- miles of graveled road in Iowa; halted railroad construction but World War 11. bmtk 1y ~RN~ESXAout. For 60 y-8 mendous. The first public pad in 1946 there were 5,496 miles frrpaIT &t& akmg the Missouri tmw in Iowa was provided for bh an of paved rural roads and 821 act af the Legislative Aammbly miles of pavement extension in of the Territory of Wimsin in cities and towns. In addition, 1836. .Between 1838 and 1846 there were 742 miles of bitumi- nearly 200 &al legidative acts nous roads, and 2,381 miles of wtre passed authorizing the lo- graveled road in Iowa. During cation of roe&. During this the last decade the farm-to- d same period the legislators market road movement assured passed 10 general acts laying farmers that rural Iowa would down aome of the rules for eventually be out of the mud. viewing, sutv-* loeat-, con- Wattrtwac Qmqs~mcrci, .once structing, and maintainme; thw The Iron Horse in Iowa early highways. 3@itmy &a6 The history of American rail- wtre pvWd tor b~ Chgres- ally taquirmed up &at -am to road construction is not much cw began to in 1856 pre Ddgt. The a,whal of sid -Ition. In 1839 older than the story of Iowa. In khe mwt 0- rahads quickly eliminated any twenty thmand dollars was 1830, three years before the - The Antoine LeClaire, a pioneer Rock Island locomotive, is ma lo be dd tftith m me*hks pkpect of m waterways d9 & ddefor a military mad from pioneers entered Iowaland, there the first railroad engine ferried across the Mississippi into Iowa. Since Ddmque to the demb~unrd- the Rock Island was the first railroad to reach the Mississippi (1854). dry gaodr, hcbau'es gad vtlopmelzt oa interior Iowa were only 32 miles of railroad in it was natural that the first bridge across the Father of Waters should amunoditk vdued at $?OsOOO. sfmama. *of Misaorzri by waycrfCt~- ,the United States. A few years bracket Davenport and Rock Island in 1856. "Model T" before 1920. In a agriculture and industry, trans- listed in Who's Who in Amer- quarter century 23 radio stations portation and communication. ica. Since 1899 the Hawkeye have been established in Iowa. In religion and education, in the State has increased from 1.83 The age of television was close cultural growth of its citizens, per cent of those listed in Who's at hand in 1946. Iowa has shown marked progress. Who in America who were Iowa is just as richly endowed Since 1870 the Hawkeye State born in Iowa to 4.42 per cent with other forms of transporta- has led the nation in literacy. in 1938-the greatest gain of tion. The automobile, the bus, Not only has it led in the any State in the Union! Such and the truck have taken over democratic education of the figures speak well of the rich their share of traffic and will ~nassesbut it has also led in the cultural tradition, the hefamily continue to grow in importance. development of leadership. Thus, environment, and the splendid The second century of Iowa in 1908 Iowa ranked 18th among educational facilities afforded history will doubtless witness the states as the birthplace of her youth during the past half equally spectacular changes in persons distinguished enough century. Although three great both transportation and to be listed in Who's Who in State schools have accounted communication. America. Twenty years later for a little over half of the college Iowa ranked 19th in population graduates during the past decade (Left to right) JAMES HARLAIV (1820-1899) Wa8 thrioe elwted senator from Iowa, serving from 1855 to 1873 Literacy - Learning but 7th among the States in the the role of the denominational exoept for a brief period as Searetar-of the Interior in Lincoln's Cabinet. Born in Illinois, Harlan graduated from Aabury UnaNversityin 1845. He oame to Iowa City in 1846 and studied law. In 1849 he waa nominated Since 1846 Iowa has gone to Union in the number of people colleges in Iowa has been equally Superintendent of Public Znatruction and in 1853 waa namedpresident of Iowa Wdeyan Universiw at Mount the front in things other than born in the State who were vital, and is reflected in the Pleasant. Harlan's monument standa in the HaZl of Fame in Washington. He died at Mount Pleasant. SAMUEL J. KIRKWOOD (1813-1894). The fifthgovernor of Iowa served two terms duru the Civil War and beoame one of Iowa'a most loved chief executives. Kirkwood was born in and eduoeted in Wash- inpton, D.C. He moved to Ohio, farmed, stu&ed law, then entered Ohio politics. He oame to Iowa in 1855 and established a mitl on the outskirts of Iowa City. He was thriw elected senator and senad as Searetary of the Interior under Quiiekd. Kirkwood died at Iowa Ci . His monument, with Harlan's, stadin ,the nation's oapitol in Waahinpton. WILLAM BOYD ALLZSON%829-1908) who served as senator from 1873 to 1908, one of the longest terms on reoord, came to Dubuque from Ohio in 1857. In 1860 he was delegate to the National Republiaan convention that nominated LincoZn. He served on Governor Kirkwood's staff;was thrioe deated to Congreas before beginning his 36-year &ermas senator. He was co-author of the Bland-Allison bill, was three times offereda oabinet post, and almost won the Republican presidential nomination in 1888. ALBERT BAIRD CUM S (1850-1926) seventeenth &overnor of Iowa, was born in Pennsylvania in 1850 and oame to Iowa when 2dyarsold. He studied law ahd won fame by representing Iowa farmers in their battle against the barbed-wire syndicate. Cumrnins served three terms as governor (1902-1908) and three terms as senator (1908-1926). His name was asaoaiated with the &oh-Cumnu'ns bin. He succeeded Calvin Coolidge aspresident of the Senate in 1923, and died shortly after his defeat for the Senate by Smith W. Brookhart in 1926.

Bridges Mississippi bridges have been ton, and ~uscat&e. The first From' pioneer days bridges completed since 1930. Iowans telephone lines were constructed have formed an important link are proud of the structures in Iowa around 1878. Today in Iowa's transportation and spanning the Father of Waters there are 570,000 telephones in communication system. The at Bebendorf, Sabula, Mar- Iowa, or one for every five first bridge acroas the Missis- quette, and Lansing. Davenport persons. One of the first airplane has the only four-lane bridge flights in Iowa was made by sippi joined Davenport with (Left to right) ANSEL BRIGGS (1806-1881) was elected first governor of the State of Iowa and served the cus- Rock Island in 1856. The firet across the Mississippi while the Thomas S. Baldwin at Iowa tomary four-year term. Vermont born, a resident ofOhio from 1830-1836, Briggs came toIowa in 1836, settling beautiful structure at Dubuque City in 1910. In 1946 three at Andrew in Jackson County. He ran severalstage routes and took contracts for carrying the mails. In 1870 bridge across the Missouri united he moved to Council Bluffs. JAMBS W. GRIMES (1816-1872) was elected third governor of Iowa in 1854. Council Bluffa with Omaha in is a marvel of engineering skill. national airlines served Iowa. Grimes was the first and only Whig to win that offioe. A native ofNew Hampshire and a Dartmouth graduate, Airports costing millions of dol- he had come to Burhgton in 1836. Grimes served several terms in the Legislative Assembly and the General 1873. Clinton had its first rail- Assembly. He was a railroad enthusiast, a temperance leader, and bitterly opposed the spread of slavery. road bridge in 1865; similar Telegraph - Telephone lars have been constructed in He founded the Republican Party of Iowa in 1856, served as senator, voted "not guilty" at the trial for the Television several communities and almost impeachment of Andrew Johnson. He died at Burkhgton in 1872. WILLIAM LARRABEE (1832-1912) was structures spanned the Missis- elected twelfth governor ofIowa, serving two terms-1886-1890. A native of Connecticut and a school teacher, sippi at Burlington and Du- The story of other forms of ' every tom has its own m* Larrabee came to Clayton County in 1853 and resumed his teaching. He engaged in farming, milling, and trtulspo~ationand Or hding field. Since the do~e banking, was elected state senator in 1867 and served in that body for 18 years. While governor, Larrabee buque in 1868. A comb'ination distinguished himself for his firm stand on railroad legidation and his stern fight against the liquor tr&c. railroad and highway bridge was cation is equally spectacular. In of World War 11 such WuPs as ROBERT D. BLUE (1898- ) the twenty-ninth governor of Iowa, was elected by the Republicans in 1944 1948 I~~~~ will observe the the "Flying Farmers" have and re-elected in 1946. Born at Eadle Grove, Blue attended Iowa State College, and graduated from the College built at Keokuk in 1870. Other of Law at Drake in 1922. Blue served eight years as state representative (1935-1943)and one term as Lieutenant great bridges were constructed 100th anniversary of the arrival 8pNng to pro-me and it Governor. He is the twenty-third Republican governor to hold officesince Ralph P. Lowe was elected in 1857. of the telegraph at such tow- may not be long before airplan- Five Demoarata have been eleated governor and one Whig (Grimes) held the office. Governor Beryl F. Carroll before the dawn of the 20th (1909-1913) waa the first Iowa-born chief executive. Century. Some of the hest as Dubuque, Keokuk, Burling- will be as commonplace as the established at Buffalo Center in the first newspaper printed in white man, chronicling 173 years 1896. Today, the public grade Iowa. This pioneer press was of history before it achieved and high schools of the state destined to print the first news- statehood in 1846, Iowa can enroll an average of half a mil- paper in Minnesota Temtory at point with pride to a record of lion students per year. The St. Paul in 1849 and the first notable achievements. A leader numerous junior colleges, to- newspaper in Dakota Temtory in such basic things as agricul- gether with a State University at at Sioux Fall-the Dakota ture and industry, her people Iowa City, a State Agricultural Democrat-in 1859. Three are prouder perhaps of Iowa's College at Ames, and a State years later, in 1862, the Sioux rich history, her sturdy, am- Teachers College at Cedar Falls, Indians raided Sioux Falls, bitious sons and daughters, and afford the youth of Iowa ad- burned the town, and destroyed her religious, social, and cultural vantages undreamed of a cen- this historic printing press. To- attainments. Nor have her tury ago. day, in the Masonic Museum at virtues gone unrecognized by Sioux Falls, can be seen the unbiased non-resident critics. The Press twisted remains of the old Smith Surely a state that was acclaimed One might continue to ex- hand press that Dakotans point by Walter Damrosch to be the plore scores of interesting ave- to with pride as the one which "most musical state in the nues that make up the colorful printed the first newspaper in Union" has much for which it story of Iowa. Thus, in 1836 three diierent Commonwealths! can be proud. Fabulous as has John King bought a second hand ~d ~6;9ast&nGoldfinch or Wild CandYy. The Forty-fifth General As- It is of such stuff that the be" her during the first aembly, by a ooncurrent resolution adopted March 22, 1933, desi-ted printing press at Cincinnati, warp and -f of Iowa history century of Statehood it is likely the Eastern Goldfinchas the officialIowa bird. Among the many birds brought it to the Black Hawk. aommon in Iowa are the English sparrow, blue jay, bluebird, cardinal, is fashioned. Home of the red that Iowa will continue to chickadee, red-winged blackbird, robin, starling, quail, pheasant, Purchase and on May 11th man for at least a thowand prosper through her second cen- mourning dove, woodpecker, whippoomill, wren, oriole, iasued the Du Buque Visitor, rose-breasted grosbeak, catbird, brown thrasher, meadow-lark, night- years before the coming of the,, tury as a sovereign state. hawk, titmouse, nuthatch, great horned owl, and several species of hawks, wifd duck@,and other migratory water birds. large number of their graduates Davenport in 1846, a member of miliar with a passage from the sprinkled among the business the Iowa Band of Congrega- Ordinance of 1787 which read: and professional men and Pvomen tional ministers placed a dollar "Religion, morality and know- who serve as leadera in every on the table to be used for the ledge, being necessary to good Iowa community. establishment of a Christian government and the happiness college in Iowa. Out of Iowa of mankind, schools and the Religion College at Davenport grew Grin- means of education shall forever Iowa-home of the "Little nell College, an institution that be encouraged." The first school Brown Church" and birthplace has stood at the forefront among in Iowa was taught by Berryman of "Billy" Sunday, has some- the educational institutions, not Jennings at Nashville in what is times been called a "Bible Com- only of Iowa, but of the nation now Lee county in 1830. Be- . monwealth." A year after as well. The story of the ginning with 1839 sdhools began permanent settlement began the founding and growth of her to be established in accordance Methodists erected the first Christian colleges is one of the with the terms set forth in the church in Iowa at Dubuque. The most inspiring chapters in Iowa first public school law. Most of Baptists organized their first history. these were log {cabin schools. church at what is now Danville When Iowa became a State in in October of 1834. Eight years Education 1846 there were only about 100 later, in 1842, the Methodists Although the Christian minis- public schoolhouses, or not laid the foundations for Iowa ters played an important role in nearly enough to take care of The Wild Roerx, The Wild Rose was officially designated as the flower the 20,000 children of school age. of the state by'fhe Twenty-sixth General Assembly in extraordinary Wesleyan College at Mount education, public education was seeelon. The resolution was adopted May 7, 1897. Among the wild Pleasant-the first institution of not overlooked by the pioneers. The first public high school was flowers still common to Iowa are the dandelion, daisy, bluebell, brown- started at Tipton in 1856; the . eyed Susan, Dutchman's-breeches, anemomNes,honeysuckles, lady'a- higher learning in Iowa. Exactly The first settlers in the Black dippers, violete, bloodroot^, Jack-in-the-pulpit, trillium, phlox, and a century ago at a meeting at Hawk Purchase were quite fa- first consolidated school was 1 ' - wild geranz'um. -. The act providing for the Great Seal of the Territory 0n"~ebruar~25, 1847, Governor Ansel Briggs ap- of Iowa was approved by Governor Robert Lucas on proved an act directing the Secretary of State to January 4,1839. The design is credited to William B. procure a Great Seal of the State of Iowa. The Conway, Secretary of the Territory. The engraving designer and engraver are unknown. The first die, was done by William Wagner of York, Pennsylvania. reproduced above, was used from 1847 to 1856.

The Iowa Territorial Centennial Stamp. Of the 47,- The Iowa Statehood Centenniel Stamp. Of the 064,300printed, 245,200 were aold at Des Moinea and at 125,000,000 printed, 1,067,000 were sold and 517,505 f the State Fair on the first day of issue on August 24, "first day covers'' were cancelled on the first day 1938. There were 209,860 "fist day covers" cancelled. of issue at Iowa City on August 3, 1946.

The Iowa ~ann6.On March 29,1921, the Thirty-ninth General Assembly adopted a resolution designating a design for a flag to be known as the "State Banner." The banner was designed by Mrs. Dixie C. Gebhardt of Knoxville for the Iowa Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. It consists of three vertical stripes of blue, white and red, with the blue stripe nearest the staff and the white stripe in the center, de- picting a spreading eagle bearing in its beak blue streamers on , xae reveme"and obverse of theiZowa Statehood Cen- which is inscribed in white letters the state motto, "Our liberties ' ..* tennial Commemorative Ha@ Dollar. Deeigned by we prize and our rights we will maintain." The word "Iowa" Adam Peitsof Philadelphia, 100,000 were minted, placed in red letters is just below the streamers. on sale on December 16, 1946, and the entire lot eold out (nine-tenths to Iowans) by the time the Iowa Centennial Committee made its formal report to the General Aesemb& on March 31,1947. Old Zion Church, Bur- lington, served the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Iowa located at Bel- i for three sessions (1838- 1841). A Fourth of July celebration was held in Old Zion in 1839, over which Robert formed a part of Lucas presided, Augus- this great Terri- tus Caesar Dodge read tory and half of I the Declaration of In- dependence, and James W. Grimes was orator Hawk Purchase. Governor convened the of the day. Governor first legislature in this modest frame atructure which Lucas conferred with was restored in 1924 and is now preserved as a state the Sauk and Fox In- historical park. Numerous laws were passed during dians here in 1840 and a 46-day session, many of which applied directly to the Hies brothers the Iowa wuntrp.. One of these laws arovided that heard their death sentence read from the pulpit in 1845. the next Legislative session should be-held at Bur- Old Zion gave way to a theater in 1881. lingtori pending the erection of buildings at Madison.

1846 IOWA 1946 1

This desi2n for a state centennial stamp was conceived shot tower at Dubuque, Fort Atkinson (1840-1849), Fort by Dr. William J. Petersen and drawn by E. K. Larswn, Des Moines (1843-1846), the Mormon Trail of 1846 with Jr., an art major at the State University of Iowa and a covered wagon passing over it, the Potawatomi leaving from Davenport. The design shows Old Capitol at Iowa Iowa according to the Treaty of 1846, and the bushel City,, the original old Zion Church at Burlington, the basket symbolical of Iowa's agricultural wealth. The first M~ssissippiriver bridge at Davenport (1856), the line shows the western extension of counties in 1846.

The Old Stone Capitol at Iowa City. Site selected in 1839: cornerstone laid bv &vbrnor ~ob&t.~ucason July 4,1846. The architect was Jphn Francis Rague. The Constitutional Conventions of 1844 and I846 were held in this building. The Republican Party of Iowa was formed here in 1856 and the Constitution of 1857 drawn up and adopted in Old Capitol. After serving as the State capitol 11 years the building was turned over to the State U~.veiSityin 1857 and is now used as the administration building.

State Capitol at Dee Moines. Governor Grimes procIaimed Des Moines the State capital in 1857. The Thirteenth General Assembly created a commission in 1870 which selected the desi$n and commenced work. The building was 15 year8 in process of building. The legislative halls and many of the state officeswere in use when dedicated in 1884 but the work was not completed until 1886. The cost was $3,296,256.