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ISAAC NEWTON and HIS PROGRAMME of PURIFICATION a Dissert UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE THE POLICE IN DIFFERENT VOICES: ISAAC NEWTON AND HIS PROGRAMME OF PURIFICATION A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Gabriel Vincent Rupp Norman, Oklahoma 2005 UMI Number: 3176317 UMI Microform 3176317 Copyright 2005 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 THE POLICE IN DIFFERENT VOICES: ISAAC NEWTON AND HIS PROGRAMME OF PURIFICATION A Dissertation APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH BY ____________________________ Dr. David Mair, Chair ___________________________ Dr. Kathleen Welch ___________________________ Dr. Catherine Hobbs ____________________________ Dr. Ronald Schleifer ___________________________ Dr. Peter B arker © Copyright by Gabriel Vincent Rupp 2005 All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS So many people have assisted me in this project that to list them all would require a companion volume, longer, and argu ably more meaningful, than the dissertation itself. Nonetheless, some deserve specific mention. First and foremost is my spouse, Kelly Rogers Rupp. Her brilliance in many things, from critical inquiry, to composition, to editing, has supported and sustained me. In short, she is the vibrant co -author of my life itself. Without her, the chapter entitled “dissertation” simply would not be written. My greatest joy in the process has been in working with her with language, philosophy, and rhetoric. I would also like to thank my committee members. David Mair, my chair, has been a model of mentorship. Beyond his considerable scholarly expertise, David is a true intellectual: an ethical balance of mind, heart, and hand. Catherine Hobbs as well has provided a model of progressive education at its most exhilarating: her stance towards the Enlightenment is one I try to emulate, one always and everywhere of recovering ethical possibilities. Kathleen Welch provided both passion and precision for my rhetoric, helping me “ look crookedly” at the enterprise of science. Ronald Schleifer, my sensei of (post)structuralism, has consistently encouraged my work in science and literature, providing not only expertise but also a much -needed sense of “rigorous play.” Peter Barker, my “outside” member, has been, though his teaching, scholarship, and gentle humanity, the primary inspiration for my desire to do “history.” Other folks also assisted. Michael Knight, mentor and friend, started a conversation with me about science many yea rs ago and demanded that I respond. A decade and a dissertation later, and I am still responding. My children, Zacharia and iv Alexandra, have not only been patient but also intellectually challenging, arguing with me about incompleteness, uncertainty, and et hics. My old friend and fellow “outlaw” intellectual Jeff Powell has been a cornerstone in my social support in this process, providing counsel, wisdom, and brotherhood when I needed it most. My dear friend Brent Wilcox also has been instrumental in helpin g me survive this effort, listening to endless Newton tales and frequently providing critical insight. John Green has reminded me throughout that one lives the revolution. I also wish to thank my students, past and present. They are the breath of scholarsh ip, without which the work is meaningless. Finally, I wish to thank my deeply missed friend and mentor Michael Flanigan. Thanks, man. Wish you were here. v IN MEMORIUM Michael C. Flanigan April 5, 1936- May 15 2002 vi Table of Contents Acknowledgements iv In Memorium vi Table of Figures viii Abstract ix Chapter One 1 Introduction 1 Chapter One Works Cited 26 Chapter Two 28 Newton’s Natural Philosophy: Crypticity, Oneness, and Pu rification 28 Chapter Two Works Cited 95 Chapter Three 99 From M other’s Lap to the Shoulders of Giants: The Fine and Private Place of Newton’s Book of the Self 99 Chapter Three Works Cited 120 Chapter Four 122 The Minting of a Theologian and the Theologian at the Mint: Alchemical Christ, Scientific Prophesy, and the Rule of Gold 122 Chapter Four Works Cited 160 Chapter Five 163 Isaac Newton and Niels Bohr: Knights of the Absurd 163 Chapter Five Works Cited 187 Chapter Six 189 Constellation, Uncertainty, and Incompleteness: Projecting a History of the Future 189 Chapter Six Works Cited 227 Works Cited 231 vii TABLE OF FIGURES FIGURE ONE : T RADITIONAL STRUCTURING OF NEWTON ’S REPRESENTATIONAL SYSTEMS ............................. 5 FIGURE TWO : C ONTEMPORAR Y STRUCTURING OF NEWTON ’S REPRESENTATIONAL SYSTEMS ........................ 6 FIGURE THREE : N EWTON ’S SYSTEM OF REPRESENTATIONAL SYSTEMS ................................ ........................ 14 viii ABSTRACT This work positions Isaac Newton’s three areas of inquiry —Natural Philosophy, alchemy, and theology —as three inter -locked “literacies,” each with its own corrupt text and purifying method of reading. Newton’s natural philosophical literacy, a method of purifying reading the book of nature, is driven by coded concepts, including crypticity, Oneness, and purification, drawn from Newton’s heretical Christianity. Those concepts also drive his interactions with the Royal Society and his contemporary Enlightenment scientists. Newton’s alchemical literacy, a transmutative method of reading the book of self, is expressive of both Newton’s will to superiority and his ambivalent and complex placement of the female in his system of representation. Newton’s theological literacy, a purifying method of rea ding scriptures, employs a hermeneutics using criteria of Enlightenment science to purge scripture of idolatrous complexity. That theological literacy Newton extends to the world of politics in his work at the London mint, where he purifies the mint of inefficiency and the underworld of counterfeiters. Newton’s overall method of working in seemingly opposed systems of representation is juxtaposed to Niels Bohr’s “Unity of Knowledge,” with both demonstrating a Kierkegaardian “dance of the absurd” in their productive use of contradiction. However, Bohr’s complementarity accounts for and goes beyond the limits of Newton’s approach. Employing Bohr’s complementarity as meta -epistemological frame, Walter Benjamin’s method of constellation, Werner Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, and Kurt Gödel’s incompleteness theorem are positioned as three post Enlightenment responses to Newton’s characteristics of science outlined in his “Rules of Reasoning.” Mutually ix exclusive yet interdependent, these epistemological complementarities are framed as possibilites for construction of a human(e) science x CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION In 1696, Sir Isaac Newton, already famous for his Principia , left his sinecure as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Trinity College, and went to London to work for the national mint, where in a few years he would rise to the position of warden. Unsurprisingly, given his overt commitment to the principles of Enlightenment science, the obsessively methodological Newton began with time -management studies, carefully calculating each laborer’s tasks with an eye towards maximizing efficiency of the mint- as -machine. Surprisingly, given Newton’s almost legendary withdrawal from social activities, he also developed and ran a kind of Gestapo aimed at ferreting ou t counterfeiters, even going as far as wearing disguises himself, and mingling with London’s notorious underclass (White 253-255). For some, this small footnote of history is a sidelight to Newton’s life, much less significantly related to the development of his ideas. At worst, the incident is a cluttering of the view of Newton as the romantic genius par excellence , who by definition operates in a lofty isolation, free to contemplate the music of spheres, without the especially cacophonous noise of the lowly masses. However, if one begins with the assumption that the nineteenth century view of the Enlightenment genius is a deceptive construction allowing for a radical desocialization of the formulation of ideas, this seeming sidelight to the story of Newton takes on different, and certainly more sinister, significance. By looking at Newton’s work at the mint outside of the “terministic screen” of the Romantic genius, it appears reflective not of a tangent to Newton’s course as a major figure of the early modern period but as that course’s culmination, in that crucial elements of 1 Newton’s ideas, drawn not only from his much touted Natural Philosophy, but also from his more clandestine studies in alchemy, and more importantly, his highly secretive work in Arian theology, come to a kind of materialized fruition in this episode, and Newton’s hand is revealed: “he do[es] the police in different voices,” as T.S. Eliot first titled his Wasteland. Eliot’s original title seems particularly apt for this work on severa l levels. First, implied in my general argument is that the modern —that which Eliot describes as a kind of desert of meaning, place, and agency —is informed greatly by Newton’s works and their reception. That the modern is in part a “wasteland” is due, given “Newtonism’s” unmistakable extensions into all disciplines, to Newton’s work itself as a system of thought that is easily appropriated for dehumanizing ends. Secondly, the recovery of Pound’s erasure of Eliot’s original title, a title conjuring not a gra nd image of devastation
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