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Evolution Evolution: a Critique and Evaluation EVOLUTION EVOLUTION: A CRITIQUE AND EVALUATION Prepared by Ner Le’Elef EVOLUTION: Page 1 EVOLUTION Prepared by Ner Le’Elef Publication date ‎December 2, 2012 Permission is granted to reproduce in part or in whole. Profits may not be gained from any such reproductions. This book is updated with each edition and is produced several times a year. :Other Ner Le’Elef Booklets currently available AMERICAN SOCIETY BOOK OF QUOTATIONS HILCHOS MASHPIAH HOLOCAUST JEWISH MEDICAL ETHICS JEWISH RESOURCES LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT ORAL LAW PROOFS QUESTION & ANSWERS SCIENCE AND JUDAISM SOURCES SUFFERING THE CHOSEN PEOPLE THIS WORLD & THE NEXT (WOMEN'S ISSUES (Book One (WOMEN'S ISSUES (Book Two For information on how to order :additional booklets, please contact Ner Le’Elef P.O. Box 14503 Jewish Quarter, Old City, Jerusalem 91145 E-mail: [email protected] Fax #: 972-02-653-6229 Tel #: 972-02-651-0825 EVOLUTION: Page 2 EVOLUTION: A CRITIQUE AND EVALUATION Table of Contents Page SUGGESTED SHIURIM WHICH CAN BE CULLED FROM EVOLUTION NOTES 10 CHAPTER A: EVOLUTION 11 i-Description 12 CHAPTER B: CRITIQUE: THE ARGUMENT FROM DESIGN 14 i-Introduction 15 ii-High Improbability 20 iii-The Molecular Challenge - Complexity and Inter-Relatedness 23 iv-Life - Principles of Complexity 24 a-Complexity 24 b-Organization 24 c-Uniqueness 24 d-Emergence 25 e-Holism 25 f-Unpredictability 25 g-Openness, interconnectedness and disequilibrium 25 h-Evolution 25 i-Teleology or teleonomy 25 j-Autonomy 26 k-Reproduction 26 l-Metabolism 26 m-Nutrition 26 n-Growth and Development 26 o-Information content 26 p-Hardware/software entanglement 27 q-Permanence and change 27 v-The Tree of Life Seems to Have Direction 27 vi-The Beginnings Of Life 29 vii-Later Developments 43 a-Cumulative selection 46 b - The argument from design is unproven 48 c - The world did evolve - therefore the difficulties are only apparent 49 viii-The Extinction of the Dinosaurs 51 EVOLUTION: Page 3 ix-Man 52 x-The World Seems to Have Been Pre-Programmed for Life 56 xi-The Principle of Plenitude 77 a-Microbes 78 b-Unicellular Organisms (Protozoa) 78 c-Insects 78 d-Animals 78 e-Viruses 78 f-The eye 78 g-Others 78 xii-Secular Bias 80 CHAPTER C: EVOLUTION AND CREATION 85 b - Judaism does not object to a concept of evolution per se, but requires certain conditions: 87 The Creation 89 89 The Creation of Man and Woman 97 Compatibility of Order and First Beginnings 105 CHAPTER D: CRITIQUE - OTHER MISCELLANEOUS ISSUES 106 i-Missing Fossil Record 107 ii-Failure to Observe in Laboratory or Outside 110 iii-Failure to Make Predictions & Tautologies 112 a-Predictions 112 b-Evolutionists 113 c-Too Broad 114 iv-DNA 114 v-Failure to Account for Utility of Intervening Stages 114 vi-Failure to Explain Similar Features in Different Animals 116 vii-Failure to Explain Molecular Similarities and Differences 116 viii-Social Darwinism 117 ix-Conflicting and Mistaken Theories 118 CHAPTER E: TIME 123 i-The Conflict and Its Solution 124 a-Critiquing carbon dating does not solve the problem EVOLUTION: Page 4 124 b-Summary of the solution 124 127 פשוטו מידי יוצא מקרא אין)) ii-Pshat and Drush iii-Time Created, Therefore Not Absolute 129 iv-Approach 1: Time Different From Differing Perspectives 130 v-Approach II: We Cannot Apply Any Scientific Concept (Including Time) to the six Days of Creation 134 vi – Approach III: Beginning of Creation Prior to First Day 134 vii-Approach IV: Current Scientific Theories on Age of the Universe and of Beginnings of Life Inaccurate 135 APPENDIX A: INTRODUCTION 139 i-The Source and Scope of the Discussion 140 ii-The Counter-claim of the Skeptic 140 APPENDIX B: WATER 141 i-Introduction 142 ii-Water Expands When Frozen 142 iii-Water Retains and Absorbs Heat Slowly 142 iv-The Amount of Heat Required to Raise the Temperature of Water is High 142 v-Water Has the Highest Capacity to Conduct Heat 143 vi-Water Has High Surface Tension 143 vii-Water Dissolves Things Easily 143 viii-Water is Only Moderately Reactive With Other Substances 143 ix-Water Has Just the Right Viscosity 143 x-Diffusion Across Water is Very Rapid 144 xi-The Density of Water 144 xii-Miscellaneous 144 xiii-Combinations 144 a-Weathering 144 b-Preserving Large Bodies of Water on the Surface of the Earth 145 c-Temperature Regulation in Man and other large beings 145 xiv-Conclusions 146 APPENDIX C: LIGHT 147 EVOLUTION: Page 5 i-Introduction 148 ii-Light Energy is Just Right to Activate Chemical Reactions in Living Things 148 iii-The Atmosphere Lets Through Just These Substances 148 iv-The atmosphere Lets Through a Tiny Bit of Ultraviolet Radiation 148 v-Sunlight is Just Right for Vision 149 vi - Solar Energy 149 vii - Distance of the Earth from the Sun: 150 APPENDIX D: THE EARTH 152 i-All Elements Required by the Earth 153 ii-Constancy and Co-ordination of all of Earth's Systems 153 iii-Earth Just Right 153 a-Size 154 b-Temperature 154 c-Earth's Interior 154 iv-Conclusions 154 APPENDIX E: CARBON 155 APPENDIX F: OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE 159 i-The Most Common Chemicals React to Produce the Most Energy 160 ii-The Atmosphere Contains the Right Balance of Oxygen 160 iii-The Solubility of Oxygen Just Right 160 iv-Atmospheric Pressure Just Right 160 v-Conclusions for Oxygen 161 vi-Carbon Dioxide 161 vii-Carbon Dioxide Perfect for Toxic Waste Disposal 161 viii-Conclusions for Carbon Dioxide 162 APPENDIX G: DNA 163 i-DNA Allows Living Beings to Self-replicate 164 ii-Properties of DNA 164 a-It is highly stable 164 b-It is flexible (mestable) 164 c-It is highly compact EVOLUTION: Page 6 164 iii-Retrieval of Information 165 iv-DNA Has the Best Number of Base Pairs 166 APPENDIX H: PROTEINS 167 i-General Properties of Proteins 168 ii-Diversity 168 iii-Dual Function: Change and Regulation 169 iv-Self-regulation 169 v-The Fitness of Proteins for DNA Recognition 169 vi-Conclusions 169 APPENDIX I: IRON 171 i-Purpose 172 ii-Oxygen Transport 172 iii-Summary of Factors Involved in Oxygen Transport 172 APPENDIX J: THE CELL 174 i-The Complexity of the Cell 175 ii-Lipids 175 iii-Cell Adhesion and Movement 176 iv-Crawling 176 v-Osmosis 177 vi-The Intelligence of Cells 177 vii-Cells Combine All the Fitness Criteria of Life 177 APPENDIX K: THE GALAXIES AND THE LAWS OF PHYSICS 179 i-The Expansion of the Universe Just Right 180 ii-Supernova perfectly spaced 180 iii-The Energy Level of Certain Atoms 181 iv-Gravity Just the Right Strength 181 v-The Strong Force Just the Right Strength 181 vi-A Perfect Ratio of Matter to Energy 181 vii-Uniformity of the Universe 181 viii-Summary 183 APPENDIX L: MAN'S UNIQUENESS 185 i-Introduction 186 ii-Intelligence 187 iii-Language 187 iv-Vision 188 v-Unique hands 188 EVOLUTION: Page 7 vi-The Ability to Control Fire 188 vii-Man Built to Understand the World 189 viii-Conclusions: Alternative Possibilities 190 APPENDIX M: CONCLUSIONS 192 i-Summary of the Above 193 ii-The Argument from Design 194 a-The conditions preceded life 194 b-They are cumulative 194 c-The argument is the best explanation we have 194 d-The cosmos is uniquely suited for life 194 e-The argument is highly falsifiable 194 f- Scientists who support these views 195 APPENDIX N: TIME 196 i-Carbon Dating 197 ii-Other Dating Techniques 198 iii-Slowing Down 199 iv-Conflicting Theories 199 APPENDIX O: THE TIME-LINE ACCORDING TO EVOLUTION 201 APPENDIX P: PUBLIC OPINION, RELIGIOUS, EDUCATIONAL AND OTHER BODIES 204 i-Catholicism 205 ii-Christian Fundamentalism 206 iii-Positions Of Educational, Legal And Other Bodies 206 APPENDIX Q: READINGS 210 i-Quotes 211 ii-Readings 212 iii-Extra Sources 213 EVOLUTION: Page 8 SUGGESTED SHIURIM WHICH CAN BE CULLED FROM EVOLUTION NOTES 1. A Jewish Approach to Evolution - Chapter C i - vi 2. The Anthropic Principle - (The world seems to show design and purpose). Science: Chapter C k i Evolution Chapter B i-xi Evolution Appendix A - M (see in particular A ii and M ii) 3. Evolution Critique - Chapters B and D 4. The Age of the Universe - Chapter E (See also Appendices N and O for background material) EVOLUTION: Page 9 CHAPTER A: EVOLUTION i-Description EVOLUTION: Page 10 CHAPTER A: EVOLUTION random genetic mutation, i.e. a change in the genotype (genetic makeup). A i-Description chromosome (which contains the genes) may "accidentally" lose or gain or The idea that all organisms have exchange some genetic material. The developed from a single simple form dates changes that take place do so in the form back to the Greeks (Anexemander and of many very small changes which take Empidoceles). What Darwin offered was place over very long periods of time. an explanation, natural selection, of how The theory of evolution usually that had come about. Darwin stated that referred to today has since the fifties been the mechanism of natural selection is called the Synthetic Theory of Evolution through random selections1 that are (sometimes called Neo-Darwinism) so hereditary. An animal may have a random called because it combines Darwin's theory change and per chance, that change may with the Theory of Genetics and a number make that animal more adaptive to the of other things besides. environment. Since the environment does not have enough resources to sustain all Anti-Religious the different strains of species, only the fittest (i.e., the best adapted to their There is no question that evolution was an environment) will survive.
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