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Asian Primates Journal a Journal of the Southeast Asia, South Asia and China Sections of the IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Volume 8 Number 1 2019 ISSN 1979-1631 Asian Primates Journal A Journal of the Southeast Asia, South Asia and China Sections of the IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group SeAPA Southeast Asian Primatological Association Asian Primates Journal A Journal of the Southeast Asia, South Asia and China Sections ASIAN PRIMATES JOURNAL is made of the IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group possible by a Primate Action Fund administered by Global Wildlife Con- EDITOR-IN-CHIEF servation under a grant from the Mar- Ramesh Boonratana got Marsh Biodiversity Foundation; IUCN SSC PSG SE Asia (Regional Vice-Chair) / Mahidol University International College and produced in collaboration with EDITORS IUCN Species Survival Commission and SeAPA (Southeast Asian Prima- John R. Fellowes IUCN SSC PSG SE Asia / China & UK tological Association) Christian Roos IUCN SSC PSG SE Asia (Regional Vice-Chair) / German Primate Center, Germany Jatna Supriatna IUCN SSC PSG SE Asia (Regional Vice-Chair) / University of Indonesia, Indonesia EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS Nurhafizie binti Mohamad Hapiszudin Bukit Merah Orang Utan Island Foundation, Malaysia Rosimah binti Roslan Bukit Merah Orang Utan Island Foundation, Malaysia EDITORIAL BOARD Noviar Andayani Wildlife Conservation Society, Indonesia / University of Indonesia, Indonesia Warren Y. Brockelman Mahidol University, Thailand Michael A. Huffman Primate Research Institute, Japan Ajith Kumar National Centre of Biological Sciences, India Le Xuan Canh Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Long Yongcheng IUCN SSC PSG China (Regional Vice-Chair) / The Nature Conservancy, China Russell A. Mittermeier SeAPA IUCN SSC PSG (Chairman) / Conservation International, USA Southeast Asian Anna Nekaris Oxford Brookes University, UK Primatological Anthony B. Rylands Association IUCN SSC PSG (Deputy Chairman) / Global Wildlife Conservation, USA Myron Shekelle The Asian Primates Journal wishes to acknowl- Western Washington University, USA edge the following persons and agencies/insti- tutions for disseminating or covering the costs Ian Singleton of dissemination of the journal in the following Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Program, Indonesia countries: Barth Wright China Bosco Chan & Kadoorie Conservation Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, USA China, Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden India Dilip Chetry & Aaranyak LAYOUT Ajith Kumar Pratchaya Leelapratchayanont Japan Michael Huffmann Mahidol University International College, Thailand Indonesia Rahayu Oktaviani & Javan Gibbon Research and Conservation Project COVER PAGE Lao PDR Wildlife Conservation Society Lao PDR Malaysia Sabapathy Dharmalingam & The Bukit Juvenile Borneon Orangutan Pongo pygmaeus at Bukit Merah Orang Utan Island, Malaysia. Photo Merah Orang Utan Island Foundation by Rosimah Roslan. Justine Vaz & The Habitat Foundation Singapore Vilma D’Rozario & Jane Goodall Institute Singapore Sri Lanka Charmalie Nahallage Vietnam Le Xuan Canh & Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources GUEST EDITORIAL: PROTECTING WILD PRIMATES DURING THE NOVEL CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC AND BEYOND The World Health Organization has declared a global public M., Hanamura, S., Inoue, E., Nakamura, M., Huffman, M.A., health emergency in response to the Novel Coronavirus Jiang, B. and Nishida, T. 2008. Descriptive epidemiology of (COVID-19) Pandemic. Wild Western Chimpanzees Pan fatal respiratory outbreaks and detection of a human-related troglodytes verus Schwarz have experienced respiratory metapneumovirus in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at outbreaks following infection by human coronaviruses Mahale Mountains National Park, western Tanzania. American (Patrono et al., 2018) and it is highly probable that other non- Journal of Primatology 70: 755–765. human primates are similarly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, the Köndgen, S., Kühl, H., N’Goran, P.K., Walsh, P.D., Schenk, virus causing the human disease referred to as COVID-19. S., Ernst, N., Biek, R., Formenty, P., Mätz-Rensing, K., COVID-19, SARS, Ebola, and Avian Flu are some examples Schweiger, B., Junglen, S., Ellerbrok, H., Nitsche, A., Briese, of zoonotic diseases that have jumped from wildlife species T., Lipkin, W.I., Pauli, G., Boesch, C., and Leendertz, F.H. into human hosts. This is made possible as wildlife is brought 2008. Pandemic human viruses cause decline in endangered into closer contact with humans through consumption, trade great apes. Current Biology 18: 260–264. for various purposes, habitat loss, and habitat fragmentation. Palacios, G., Lowenstine, L.J., Cranfield, M.R., Gilardi, K.V., Scientific research, nature tourism, and current conservation Spelman, L., Lukasik-Braum, M., Kinani, J.F., Mudakikwa, and management paradigms all have the capacity to subject A., Nyirakaragire, E., Bussetti, A.V., Savji, N., Hutchison, S., habituated wild primates to risks of human pathogen exposure. Egholm, M., Lipkin, W.I. 2011. Human metapneumovirus The IUCN Best Practice Guidelines for Health Monitoring and infection in wild mountain gorillas, Rwanda. Emerging Disease Control in Great Ape Populations (Gilardi et al., 2015), Infectious Diseases 17: 711–713. were developed in response to a series of mortality events in Parsons, M.B., Travis, D., Lonsdorf, E.V., Lipende, I., habituated apes linked to human respiratory virus exposure Roellig, D.M., Collins, A., Kamenya, S., Zhang, H., Xiao, (Kaur et al., 2008; Köndgen et al., 2008; Palacios, 2019), L. & Gillespie, T.R. 2015. Epidemiology and molecular and a greater recognition of the ease of wild ape exposure to characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in humans, wild human enteric pathogens (Rwego et al., 2008; Parsons et al., primates, and domesticated animals in the Greater Gombe 2015). Fortunately, the majority of these guidelines are broadly Ecosystem, Tanzania. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 9: applicable to habituated primates and are particularly relevant e0003529 to the current COVID-19 pandemic. Patrono, L.V., Samuni, L., Corman, V.M., Nourifar, L., The current COVID-19 pandemic should be considered a Röthemeier, C., Wittig, R.M., Drosten, C., Calvignac-Spencer, potential threat to the health of wild primates. There is no such S. and Leendertz, F.H. 2018. Human coronavirus OC43 thing as zero disease risk and taking measures to prevent or outbreak in wild chimpanzees, Côte d´Ivoire, 2016. Emerging control disease will never eliminate all risks, but implementing Microbes & Infections 7(1):1–4. these best practices should substantially reduce the risks that human activities pose to primate health and signal a clear Rwego, I.B., Isabirye-Basuta, G., Gillespie, T.R. and commitment to primate conservation. Goldberg, T.L. 2008. Gastrointestinal bacterial transmission among humans, mountain gorillas, and livestock in Bwindi References Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Conservation Biology 22: 1600–1607. Gilardi, K., Gillespie, T.R., Leendertz, F.H., Macfie, E., Travis, D.A., Whittier, C. and Williamson, E. 2015. Best Practice Thomas R. Gillespie Guidelines for Health Monitoring and Disease Control in Great Ape Populations. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN SSC Primate Departments of Environmental Sciences and Environmental Specialist Group. Health, Emory University and Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta GA USA. E-mail: [email protected] Kaur, T., Singh, J., Tong, S., Humphrey, C., Clevenger, D., Tan, W., Szekely, B., Wang, Y., Li, Y., Alex Muse, E., Kiyono, 2 Asian Primates Journal 8(1), 2019 AGE-SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE DAILY ACTIVITY AND DIET OF WEST JAVAN LANGUR Trachypithecus mauritius IN THE PANGANDARAN NATURE RESERVE, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA: A PRELIMINARY REPORT Suci Widia Zul Asri1, Kanthi Arum Widayati1, Yamato Tsuji2* 1 Department of Biology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, West Java, 16680 Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected] 2 Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Aichi, 4848506 Japan. E-mail: [email protected] * Corresponding author ABSTRACT In ecology, the study of age-sex-class differences is useful for understanding foraging tactics of target species. However, few studies have addressed this in Asian colobines. In this study, we undertook a preliminary field survey over a period of two months in 2016 in the Pangandaran Nature Reserve, West Java, Indonesia, to compare the activity budget and dietary composition between different age-sex classes of wild West Javan Langur Trachypithecus mauritius (Griffith). Our results showed that the langurs spent more than half of the daytime resting. The adults spent a higher percentage of time resting and feeding, while the juveniles spent more time moving and other activities such as play. This could be attributed to age-sex differences in reproductive biology, parental investment, and development. Although the langurs fed on 51 plant species (65 items), a few plant species contributed most to their diet. The item-level dietary overlap (%) was low between adult males and other classes, which may be attributed to age-sex difference in nutritional requirements. There was no clear age-sex difference in the consumption of leaves and fruits. Keywords: activity, age-sex classes, dietary habits, folivorous, Trachypithecus INTRODUCTION and this process requires a longer time for efficient Colobine monkeys are a major primate group in digestion. Africa and Asia which are predominantly folivorous. Several studies have examined age-sex differences Studies have shown that the staple diet of many in feeding and other activities of primates. The variation Asian colobines
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