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El Cultivo Del Hule En México

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El Cultivo Del Hule En México Libros Técnicos: Serie Forestal Programa Forestal Colegio de Postgraduados EL CULTIVO DEL HULE EN MÉXICO Gustavo E. Rojo Martínez Rosa Martínez Ruiz Jesús Jasso Mata M. en C. José Concepción Castro Robles Rector Lic. Ismael Gámez Robles Secretario General Lic. Marco Antonio Flores Flores Coordinador General Educativo Lic. Carlos Ernesto Villa Panquián Coordinador General Administrativo Dr. Ernesto Guerra García Coordinador de Investigación Lic. Juan Antonio Delgado Morales Coordinador Unidad Mochicahui Lic. Rosario Rochín Napus Coordinador Unidad Los Mochis Lic. María de Lourdes Osuna Moreno Abogada General Ma. Lourdes Burgos Zazueta Vinculación y Extensión Universitaria Libros Técnicos: Serie Forestal El cultivo del Hule en México 1ª edición, México, 2011. D.R. © Gustavo E. Rojo Martínez Rosa Martínez Ruiz Jesús Jasso Mata Diseño de portada: Gustavo E. Rojo Martínez. Apoyo: Elvia N. Rodríguez Sauceda. ISBN: 968-899-345-1 Impreso y hecho en México Printed and made in Mexico Publicado por: Universidad Autónoma Indígena de México Benito Juárez # 39, C. P. 81890 Tels. (698) 89 2 00 42 Ext. 120. Mochicahui, El Fuerte, Sinaloa. www.uaim.edu.mx Colegio de Postgraduados. Campus Montecillo Programa de Forestal Km. 36.5 Carr. Fed. México-Texcoco, Montecillo, Edo. de México Tel.: 01 595 95 2 02 00 Ext. 1887. Tel. Directo 58 04 59 88 Ext. 1887 Fax.: 58 04 59 88 Ext. 1850. Este libro no puede ser fotocopiado ni reproducido total o parcialmente por ningún otro medio o método sin la autorización por escrito de los editores. Libros Técnicos: Serie Forestal El cultivo del Hule en México Gustavo E. Rojo Martínez Rosa Martínez Ruiz Jesús Jasso Mata Programa Forestal Colegio de Postgraduados5 CONTENIDO INTRODUCCIÓN 1 PARTE I: ANTECEDENTES DEL CULTIVO DEL HULE 5 CAPÍTULO I: HISTORIA Y DESARROLLO DEL HULE NATURAL EN EL MUNDO 7 Orígenes históricos 7 Plantaciones comerciales de hule en el mundo 9 Introducción de plantaciones y consumo de hule natural 9 Madera de hule 21 Fase comercial 23 Las existencias de madera de hule 23 Utilización y extracción 24 Producción y consumo de madera 25 Mercados de explotación 27 EL HULE EN MÉXICO 27 Historia del hule en México 27 Superficie, productividad y nivel tecnológico 32 Demanda y oferta nacional del hule natural 37 El hule en cifras 37 Comportamiento de las importaciones 38 Análisis de la información en la industria hulera 40 Oferta nacional 44 Calidades y precios de mercado 48 Perspectivas del mercado del hule en México 50 Situación del beneficiado del hule en México 50 Oportunidades y problemas en la comercialización del hule en México 54 PARTE II. EL ÁRBOL DEL HULE 57 CLASIFICACIÓN TAXONÓMICA Y DESCRIPCIÓN DEL ÁRBOL DEL HULE 59 Generalidades 59 Clasificación taxonómica 62 El género y su subdivisión en especies 63 Descripción general del Hevea 65 Número de cromosomas en relación con la taxonomía 67 Anatomía y morfología de árbol 67 Raíz 67 Tallo 69 Madera 71 Aspectos generales 71 Sistema foliar 73 Biología floral 75 Transporte y longevidad del polen y sistema de apareamiento 76 La fecundación 77 Desarrollo del fruto y la semilla 77 La germinación 79 Aspectos anatómicos y citológicos del tejido laticífero 80 Función de la madera en la alimentación de los laticíferos 82 El látex: citoplasma laticífero 83 Los órganos del látex 83 Las partículas del látex 83 Los lutoides 84 Requerimientos ambientales 84 Principales causas de la baja productividad del hule 88 Relieve 88 Profundidad 88 Propagación y producción de plantas de hule 89 VIVERO 91 Viveros de piso 91 Selección del terreno 91 Preparación del terreno 92 Marcos de siembra y densidad 93 Riego 93 Selección de semillas 93 Traslado de semillas germinadas al vivero 94 Mantenimiento 94 Control de las enfermedades de hojas 94 Protección contra los daños causados por animales e insectos 95 Fertilización 95 Vivero de material desarrollado 95 Selección del terreno 96 Preparación de las bolsas 97 Dispositivo y densidad 97 PRODUCTIVIDAD EN PLANTACIONES 98 Introducción de la productividad en plantaciones 98 Produccion de plantas injertada 99 Jardín de multiplicación 101 Establecimiento y manejo de plantaciones en desarrollo 104 Preparación del terreno 104 Trazo y trabajos anti-erosión 104 Establecimiento de coberteras 104 Apertura de cepas (ahoyadura) 105 Casos de replantaciones 105 Plantación 107 Material de siembra aceptable 107 Previsión del replante 108 Transplante 108 Mantenimiento de plantaciones en desarrollo 108 Podas 109 El control de malezas 109 Control manual 110 Control químico 110 Control mecánico 111 Fertilización 111 Arrope 111 Control de plagas y enfermedades 112 Guardarayas 112 Labores de replante 112 Cuantificación de fallas 112 Reapertura de cepas y replante propiamente dicho 112 Plantaciones que inician la explotación 113 La estimulación del hule 117 Pica ascendente con estimulación 118 Plagas y enfermedades 120 Plagas 120 Enfermedades del hule 121 Mal Sudamericano 121 Mal suramericano de las hojas y el concepto de zonas de escape 122 Agente causal 122 Importancia económica 122 Distribución geográfica 123 Síntomas 124 Epidemiología 124 Áreas de escape 124 Control del mal suramericano 125 Control por medio de resistencia de plantas 125 Control por injerto de copa 125 Efecto depresivo 126 MEJORAMIENTO GENÉTICO 128 Historia del mejoramiento del Hevea 128 Recomendaciones actuales para los plantadores 135 Los portainjertos 137 Esquema de selección 138 Selección de padres 138 Cruzas 139 Práctica de la selección dentro de una población procedente de cruzas 139 Selección llamada en “vivero” 140 Selección en campo de clones a pequeña escala 140 Campos comparativos de clones a gran escala 142 NUEVAS PERSPECTIVAS DE MEJORAMIENTO 143 Búsqueda de líneas puras y creación de híbridos de primera generación 143 Mutaciones y poliploidía 144 Bosquejo del proceso de mejoramiento genético para hule enfocado a producción de látex-madera 145 Variabilidad del material inicial 145 Selección de árboles madre y clones primarios 149 Familias de plantas francas primarias y los clones secundarios que se derivan de ellas 149 Genotécnia de la resistencia a enfermedades 154 SISTEMAS AGROFORESTALES CON Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg. EN EL SURESTE MEXICANO 156 Modelo 1 159 Modelo 2 160 Modelo 3 163 Modelo 4 164 Modelo 5 y 6 165 EL SISTEMA DE ASISTENCIA TÉCNICA 166 Breve descripción de la situación actual 166 Propuesta del modelo de asistencia técnica 170 Transferencia de los servicios de asistencia técnica 171 Perfil del técnico extensionista 172 Áreas temáticas y tipos de servicios 173 Temas posibles para validación de tecnología 174 Temas posibles para el desarrollo de nuevos componentes tecnológicos y conocimientos 176 Desarrollo de los Recursos Humanos 177 Desarrollo de la Producción-Transformación-Comercialización 178 Propuesta de intervención en apoyo a la comercialización y fortalecimiento empresarial 180 Comercialización de hule y fortalecimiento empresarial para su procesamiento 182 Comercialización de otros productos agropecuarios 182 Fortalecimiento empresarial 183 PARTE III. CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LAS ZONAS ÓPTIMAS PARA EL CULTIVO DE HULE EN MÉXICO 185 Introducción 187 CARACTERÍSTICAS GEOGRÁFICAS 188 El relieve 188 Hidrología 188 El clima 189 RECURSOS BIOFÍSICOS 190 El suelos 190 La vegetación 192 Procesos productivos 194 Usos de la tierra 194 Los sistemas agrícolas 195 Los sistemas ganaderos 197 Los sistemas forestales 198 La tenencia de la tierra 199 SITUACIÓN AMBIENTAL 201 La biodiversidad 201 Estado de los recursos naturales 202 Aspectos sociodemográficos 203 Demografía y situación social 203 SITUACIÓN EDUCACIONAL 205 Área de estudio (población objetivo) 208 Sistemas actuales de producción en transformación del hule y asociados 210 Los sistemas de producción de hule 213 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS 214 Fuentes de información 214 Información climatológica 214 Información edafológica 215 Información cartográfica 215 Determinación de zonas óptimas 217 RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN 218 Potencial agroecológico 224 PARTE IV: PRODUCCIÓN Y RENDIMIENTO DE PLANTACIONES FORESTALES COMERCIALES DE HULE EN MÉXICO 231 PRODUCCIÓN DE HULE NATURAL EN MÉXICO 233 INTRODUCCIÓN 233 Cadenas productivas primarias 233 Producto importado 234 Capacidad instalada 234 CONCLUSIONES 235 LA IMPORTANCIA DE LA MADERA DEL ÁRBOL DEL HULE Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg. 236 Introducción 236 Utilización y extracción 237 Producción y consumo de madera 238 Mercados de exportación 239 ANÁLISIS DEL CRECIMIENTO Y PRODUCCIÓN DE LÁTEX EN PLANTACIONES FORESTALES COMERCIALES DE HULE (Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg.) EN EL ESTADO DE OAXACA, MÉXICO 239 Introducción 239 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS 240 Ubicación geográfica 240 Metodología 241 Selección de la muestra 242 Medición y apeo de los árboles tipo 242 Cálculo del volumen 242 Ajuste por análisis de regresión 242 Comparación estadística de los modelos 243 Cuantificación de biomasa 243 RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN 245 Primera parte: Producción de látex 245 Segunda Parte 247 Distribución de los árboles tipo por clase diamétrica 247 Coeficientes e índices obtenidos para ecuaciones de volumen 247 Determinación del factor de forma 248 Constantes e índices de ecuaciones de biomasa 250 Contenido de humedad 250 Distribución de cada componente en el árbol 251 Biomasa expresada en peso seco 251 Prueba de Chi cuadrado para determinar exactitud del relascopio de Bitterlich 253 Predicción de secuestro de carbono 254 CONCLUSIONES 254 RECOMENDACIONES 255 MODELOS DE ÍNDICE DE SITIO PARA Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg. DEL CLON IAN-710 EN EL NORTE DE CHIAPAS 256 Generalidades sobre modelos de crecimiento 257
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