DOCSLIB.ORG

Lactarius Megalopterus, a New Angiocarpous Species from A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lactarius Megalopterus, a New Angiocarpous Species from A Mycol Progress (2016) 15:58 DOI 10.1007/s11557-016-1198-4 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Lactarius megalopterus,anewangiocarpousspecies from a tropical rainforest in Central Africa, shows adaptations to endozoochorous spore dispersal 1,2 3,4 5 Ludwig Beenken & Moses N. Sainge & Alexander Kocyan Received: 22 December 2015 /Revised: 3 May 2016 /Accepted: 13 May 2016 # German Mycological Society and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016 Abstract A new sequestrate Lactarius species was found in a with the protection of the delicate hymenium against desicca- humid evergreen tropical rainforest dominated by Fabaceae of tion in arid habitats or against frost in cold habitats. However, the subfamily Caesalpinioideae in Cameroon, Central Africa. these cannot be the selective factors in warm and humid areas It is described here as new to science and is named Lactarius like the tropics. This controversy is exemplarily studied and megalopterus, referring to its spore ornamentation of extraor- discussed in the family of Russulaceae, especially in the genus dinarily high wings. Anatomical characters and molecular sys- Lactarius. Characters shown by the angiocarpous sporocarp tematic analyses confirm its relationship to Lactarius subge- of the new Lactarius, such as thick-walled statismospores, an nus Plinthogali. Phylogenetic analyses based on two nuclear aromatic smell and mild taste, can be interpreted as adapta- DNA regions revealed its close relationship to Lactarius tions to endozoochorous spore dispersal by mammals. angiocarpus, which is also an angiocarpous species from Therefore, here we prefer the alternative hypothesis that se- Zambia in Africa. Molecular studies have shown that tuber- questrate sporocarps are the result of adaptation to like, sequestrate sporocarps evolved independently in several endozoochorous spore dispersal. lineages of Basidiomycota. The findings of sequestrate fungi in tropical rainforests raise questions regarding the evolution- Keywords Russulaceae . Lactarius subgenus Plinthogali . ary benefit of enclosing the spore-producing hymenium. The Mycophagy . Endozoochory syndrome . Cameroon enclosure of spore-producing tissue has often been associated Introduction Section Editor: Zhu-Liang Yang The milk-cap genera Lactarius Pers. and Lactifluus (Pers.) * Ludwig Beenken Roussel show high diversity in tropical regions, especially in [email protected] Africa, where about 100 species are identified up to now (Van Rooij et al. 2003; Douanla-Meli and Langer 2009; Van de 1 ETH Zurich, Institute of Integrative Biology, Universitaetstrasse 16, Putte et al. 2009; Verbeken and Walleyn 2010; Maba et al. 8092 Zurich, Switzerland 2014) and even more species are to be expected (Verbeken 2 Present address: Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and and Buyck 2002). They are among the most important and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, diverse genera of ectomycorrhizal fungi in this region 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland (Verbeken and Buyck 2002; Verbeken and Walleyn 2010). 3 Tropical Plant Exploration Group (TroPEG), P.O. Box 18, Thirteen Lactarius and Lactifluus species have been reported Mundemba, Ndian, South West Region, Cameroon from Cameroon, and four of these (Lactarius desideratus 4 Department of Environmental and Occupational Studies, Faculty of Verbeken & Stubbe, L. dewevrei Douanla-Meli, L. uapacae Applied Science, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town Campus, Keizersgracht, P.O. Box 652, Cape Town 8000, Verbeken & Stubbe, L. undulatus Verbeken) have recently South Africa been described as new to science (Verbeken et al. 2008; 5 Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Biodiversity Research/ Douanla-Meli and Langer 2009). Until now, only two seques- Systematic Botany, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 2a, trate Lactarius species were known from sub-Saharan tropical D-14469 Potsdam, Germany Africa: the secotioid Lactarius dolichocaulis (Pegler) 58 Page 2 of 10 Mycol Progress (2016) 15:58 Verbeken & Eberhardt and the angiocarpous L. angiocarpus on dried material. Spores were described and drawn after treat- Verbeken & Eberhardt (Verbeken and Walleyn 2010). Both ment with Melzer’s reagent. The measurements (without or- were collected in the relativelydryZambezianmiombowood- nament) are based on 25 observed spores. Length, width, lands (Eberhardt and Verbeken 2004;Pegler1982). In the pres- length/width ratio (Q) and volume (V) are given as mini- ent study, a third, new sequestrate Lactarius species is described mum–mean–maximum values. The volumes are calculated from a very humid tropical rainforest in Southwest Cameroon. using the formula of the rotational ellipsoid. Sequestrate sporocarps are well known from truffles and oth- Basidia were stained with ammoniacal Congo red follow- er Ascomycota, but have evolved fairly often in several clades ing brief aqueous potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation. within the Basidiomycota as well (e.g. Bruns et al. 1989; Basidia lengths exclude sterigmata. Peridiopellis and Læssøe and Hansen 2007; Wilson et al. 2011; Smith et al. subperidial and hymenophoral tramas were studied from radi- 2015). Among Basidiomycota, sequestrate sporocarps have al hand sections in 2 % KOH. In addition, cryosections were been detected in the family Russulaceae (e.g. Miller et al. obtained from the dried basidiocarp and the adherent 2001;LebelandTonkin2007), especially in the genus rhizomorph, which had been previously macerated in aqueous Lactarius (e.g. Verbeken et al. 2014). Such an evolutionary KOH and incubated in glycerol water. The sections, 30– transition to sequestrate sporocarps enclosing the delicate hyme- 60 μm thick, were stained with cotton blue/lactic acid. The nium can be interpreted as a mechanism of protection against terminology for peridiopellis (as pileipellis) structures and desiccation in arid habitats (e.g. Thiers 1984;Brunsetal.1989) hymenial elements is according to Heilmann-Clausen et al. or against frost in cold areas (Trappe 1988;Maseretal.2008). (1998) and Verbeken and Walleyn (2010). Scanning electron However, recent records of angiocarpous fungi from humid microscopy (SEM) images were obtained for air-dried mate- tropical rainforests contradict these climate-based explanations rial after sputtering with gold. (e.g. Verbeken et al. 2014;Smithetal.2015). Hence, in tropical regions and in humid temperate climates, other factors may Molecular analysis trigger the evolution to angiocarpous sporocarps (e.g. Bougher and Lebel 2001;TrappeandClaridge2005). DNA was isolated from a small piece of gleba from the dried Aspecialkindofsequestratefungiarethosethatare fruit body using the Dynabeads DNA DIRECT Universal kit adapted to mycophagous animals that feed from the sporo- (Dynal Biotech), according to the instructions for fungal tis- carps and transport the spores within their intestines. This sue. The ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2 regions of the nuclear rDNA endozoochorous spore dispersal (endozoochory) requires the were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the evolution of several characters that attract feeding animals, primers ITS1F and ITS4B (Gardes and Bruns 1993). Cycle and at the same time requires that fungi develop protective sequencing reactions were carried out with primers ITS1 and features against destructive digestion of the spores (Fogel ITS4 (White et al. 1990) using the BigDye Terminator kit v3.1 and Trappe 1978; Johnson 1996; Maser et al. 2008). The (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The LSU was angiocarpous sporocarp of the newly described Lactarius amplified and sequenced using the primers LR0R and LR3 has such features and may be suited to endozoochorous spore (Vilgalys and Hester 1990). Processed cycle sequencing prod- dispersal. ucts were run on an ABI PRISM 3100-Avant Genetic To elucidate diagnostic characters of this new species, we Analyzer capillary sequencer (Applied Biosystems). conducted a detailed descriptive anatomical study along with Sequences were edited with Sequencher 4.10 software a molecular systematic study of two nuclear DNA sequence (Gene Codes, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) and deposited at regions to obtain phylogenetic information in a wider GenBank. The ITS and LSU sequences were compared with Lactarius context. We also reviewed the available literature accessions deposited at GenBank by applying the Basic Local on endozoochorous spore dispersal and examined established Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) with the nucleotide search views on the evolution of this feature. option (blastn) to classify the Lactarius species. Subsequently, ITS and LSU Lactarius sequences were obtained from GenBank in order to compile independent alignments to test Materials and methods for the phylogenetic position of the new Lactarius species (for GenBank accession numbers see Fig. 1). Alignments were Morphological analysis performed using MUSCLE 3.8.31 (Edgar 2004). All of the ingroup taxa belong to Lactarius subg. Plinthogali. The non- The description of the macroscopic features is based on field Plinthogali L. hispidulus was used as outgroup (derived from observations of a fresh fruit body discovered during an expe- Verbeken et al. 2014 and Stubbe and Verbeken 2012). dition to Cameroon in 2002. The new species was collected Ambiguously aligned regions were delimited and ex- only once at the type locality, and thus all data presented here cluded from phylogenetic analyses with Gblocks version are from the type specimen. Microscopic characters are based 0.91b (Castresana 2000). Mycol Progress (2016) 15:58 Page 3 of 10 58 Lactarius
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ectomycorrhizal Synthesis of Lactarius Sanguifluus (Paulet) Fr
    European Journal of Biotechnology and Bioscience European Journal of Biotechnology and Bioscience ISSN: 2321-9122; Impact Factor: RJIF 5.44 Received: 13-09-2019; Accepted: 14-10-2019 www.biosciencejournals.com Volume 7; Issue 6; November 2019; Page No. 89-92 Ectomycorrhizal synthesis of Lactarius sanguifluus (Paulet) Fr. with Abies pindrow Royle Ex D. Don Shiv Kumar1, Anand Sagar2, Amit Kumar Sehgal3* 1 Additional Superintendent of Police, District Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India 2 Department of Biosciences, Himachal Pradesh University Summer Hill Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India 3 Department of Botany, Govt. College Dhaliara District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India Abstract This study was aimed to perform in vitro mycorrhizal synthesis between Abies pindrow and Lactarius sanguifluus was achieved. A. pindrow seedlings inoculated with mycelial culture of L. sanguifluus resulted in the formation of short, branched lateral roots which ultimately form ectotrophic mycorrhizae. Synthesized mycorrhizae were light brown to pale yellow in colour. The transverse sections of the synthesized roots showed a typical ectomycorrhizal anatomy. The anatomical structure of mycorrhiza revealed the presence of thick fungal mantle and well developed “Hartig net”. Pure culture of L. sanguifluus was reisolated from both vermiculite peat moss mixture and synthesized ectomycorrhizae. These were compared with the original culture isolated from the fruiting bodies of L. sanguifluus and were found to have same cultural characteristics, thus confirming the symbiotic association. Keywords: Lactarius sanguifluus, ectomycorrhiza, in vitro Introduction systems of mycorrhizal synthesis have been developed and Lactarius sanguifluus is an ectomycorrhizal mushroom examined the ability of fungi to form ectomycorrhizae belonging in the family russulaceae grow scattered or in (Chilvers et al., 1986; Kottke et al., 1987; Kasuya et al., groups on the ground under conifers forest.
    [Show full text]
  • The Secotioid Syndrome
    76(1) Mycologia January -February 1984 Official Publication of the Mycological Society of America THE SECOTIOID SYNDROME Department of Biological Sciences, Sun Francisco State University, Sun Francisco, California 94132 I would like to begin this lecture by complimenting the Officers and Council of The Mycological Society of America for their high degree of cooperation and support during my term of office and for their obvious dedication to the welfare of the Society. In addition. I welcome the privilege of expressing my sincere appreciation to the membership of The Mycological Society of America for al- lowing me to serve them as President and Secretary-Treasurer of the Society. It has been a long and rewarding association. Finally, it is with great pleasure and gratitude that I dedicate this lecture to Dr. Alexander H. Smith, Emeritus Professor of Botany at the University of Michigan, who, over thirty years ago in a moment of weakness, agreed to accept me as a graduate student and who has spent a good portion of the ensuing years patiently explaining to me the intricacies, inconsis- tencies and attributes of the higher fungi. Thank you, Alex, for the invaluable experience and privilege of spending so many delightful and profitable hours with you. The purpose of this lecture is to explore the possible relationships between the gill fungi and the secotioid fungi, both epigeous and hypogeous, and to present a hypothesis regarding the direction of their evolution. Earlier studies on the secotioid fungi have been made by Harkness (I), Zeller (13). Zeller and Dodge (14, 15), Singer (2), Smith (5.
    [Show full text]
  • Elias Fries – En Produktiv Vetenskapsman Redan Som Tonåring Började Fries Att Skriva Uppsatser Om Naturen
    Elias Fries – en produktiv vetenskapsman Redan som tonåring började Fries att skriva uppsatser om naturen. År 1811, då han fyllt 17 år, fick han sina första alster publi- cerade. Samma år påbörjade han universitetsstudier i Lund och tre år senare var han klar med sin magisterexamen. Därefter Elias Fries – ein produktiver Wissenschaftler följde inte mindre än 64 aktiva år som mykolog, botanist, filosof, lärare, riksdagsman och akademiledamot. Han var oerhört produktiv och författade inte bara stora och betydande böcker i mykologi och botanik utan också hundratals mindre artiklar och uppsatser. Dessutom ledde han ett omfattande arbete med att avbilda svampar. Dessa målningar utgavs som planscher och Bereits als Teenager begann Fries Aufsätze dem schrieb er Tagebücher und die „Tidningar i Na- Die Zeit in Uppsala – weitere 40 Jahre im das führte zu sehr erfolgreichen Ausgaben seiner und schrieb: „In Gleichheit mit allem dem das sich aus Auch der Sohn Elias Petrus, geboren im Jahre 1834, und Seth Lundell (Sammlungen in Uppsala), Fredrik über die Natur zu schreiben. Im Jahre 1811, turalhistorien“ (Neuigkeiten in der Naturalgeschich- Dienste der Mykologie Werke. Das erste, „Sveriges ätliga och giftiga svam- edlen Naturtrieben entwickelt, erfordert das Entstehen war ein begeisterter Botaniker und Mykologe. Leider Hård av Segerstad (publizierte 1924 eine Überarbei- te) mit Artikeln über beispielsweise seltene Pilze, Auch nach seinem Umzug nach Uppsala im Jahre par“ (Schwedens essbare und giftige Pilze), war ein dieser Liebe zur Natur ernste Bemühungen, aber es verstarb er schon in jungen Jahren. Ein dritter Sohn, tung von Fries’ Aufzeichnungen), Meinhard Moser bidrog till att kunskap om svamp spreds. Efter honom har givetvis det vetenskapliga arbetet utvecklats vidare men än idag an- in seinem 18.
    [Show full text]
  • Wood Decay Fungi in Landscape Trees
    Pest Notes, Publication 74109 Revised August 2019 Integrated Pest Management for Home Gardeners and Landscape Professionals Wood Decay Fungi in Landscape Trees everal fungal diseases, sometimes called heart rots, Ssap rots, or canker rots, decay wood in tree trunks Figure 1. White rot of oak. and limbs (Figures 1 and 2). Under conditions favor- ing growth of specific rot fungi, extensive portions of the wood of living trees can decay in a relatively short time (i.e., months to years). Decay fungi reduce wood strength and may kill storage and conductive tissues in the sapwood. While most species of woody plants are subject to trunk and limb decay, older and weaker trees are most susceptible. DAMAGE Decay fungi destroy cell wall components; including cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, that make up the woody portion of a tree. Depending on the organism, decay fungi can destroy the living (sapwood) or the central core (heartwood) part of the tree. Decay isn’t always visible on the outside of the tree, except where the bark Figure 2. Heart brown rot in a conifer trunk. has been cut or injured, when a cavity is present, or when rot fungi produce reproductive structures. Wood decay can make trees hazardous, of wood weight can result in 70 to 90% as infected trunks and limbs become loss in wood strength. Many branches unable to support their own weight and that fall from trees appear sound, but fall, especially when stressed by wind, upon analysis, they were colonized by Authors: heavy rain, or other conditions. Decay wood decay organisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 2 Literature Review
    CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. BASIDIOMYCOTA (MACROFUNGI) Representatives of the fungi sensu stricto include four phyla: Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota (McLaughlin et al., 2001; Seifert and Gams, 2001). Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota are described as lower fungi. They are characterized by vegetative mycelium with no septa, complete septa are only found in reproductive structures. Asexual and sexual reproductions are by sporangia and zygospore formation respectively. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota are higher fungi and have a more complex mycelium with elaborate, perforate septa. Members of Ascomycota produce sexual ascospores in sac-shaped cells (asci) while fungi in Basidiomycota produce sexual basidiospores on club-shaped basidia in complex fruit bodies. Anamorphic fungi are anamorphs of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota and usually produce asexual conidia (Nicklin et al., 1999; Kirk et al., 2001). The Basidiomycota contains about 30,000 described species, which is 37% of the described species of true Fungi (Kirk et al., 2001). They have a huge impact on human affairs and ecosystem functioning. Many Basidiomycota obtain nutrition by decaying dead organic matter, including wood and leaf litter. Thus, Basidiomycota play a significant role in the carbon cycle. Unfortunately, Basidiomycota frequently 5 attack the wood in buildings and other structures, which has negative economic consequences for humans. 2.1.1 LIFE CYCLE OF MUSHROOM (BASIDIOMYCOTA) The life cycle of mushroom (Figure 2.1) is beginning at the site of meiosis. The basidium is the cell in which karyogamy (nuclear fusion) and meiosis occur, and on which haploid basidiospores are formed (basidia are not produced by asexual Basidiomycota). Mushroom produce basidia on multicellular fruiting bodies.
    [Show full text]
  • <I>Lactarius Fumosibrunneus</I>
    ISSN (print) 0093-4666 © 2010. Mycotaxon, Ltd. ISSN (online) 2154-8889 MYCOTAXON doi: 10.5248/114.333 Volume 114, pp. 333–342 October–December 2010 Lactarius fumosibrunneus in a relict Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana population in a Mexican montane cloud forest Victor M. Bandala* & Leticia Montoya [email protected]; [email protected] Biodiversidad y Sistemática, Instituto de Ecología, A.C. P.O. Box 63, Xalapa, Veracruz 91000, Mexico Abstract — Lactarius fumosibrunneus, a species considered in the literature contaxic with L. fumosus, is interpreted here as an independent taxon due to the differences in the structure of pileipellis and presence of cystidia. Recognition of L. fumosibrunneus is supported by morphological comparison with original collections, Mexican samples, and type specimens of related taxa. Collections of L. fumosibrunneus were found in the Mexican montane cloud forest of Central Veracruz (east coast of Mexico) where it appears to be ectomycorrhizal partner of the tree Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana. Key words — ectomycorrhizal fungi, Fagaceae, neotropical fungi, Russulaceae, taxonomy Introduction Lactarius fumosibrunneus A.H. Sm. & Hesler is an American member of subgenus Plinthogalus (Burl.) Hesler & A.H. Sm. described by Smith & Hesler (1962) from Michigan, U.S.A. Based on the macroscopical resemblance of L. fumosibrunneus with L. fumosus Peck, Hesler & Smith (1979) considered it as conspecific. During a regular monitoring of the Mexican montane cloud forest in Veracruz (east coast of Mexico) by the authors (Montoya et al. 2010), some populations of a taxon macroscopically close to the aforementioned species were observed. After a comparative study of collections of these populations with specimens from U.S.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Boletus Edulis and Cistus Ladanifer: Characterization of Its Ectomycorrhizae, in Vitro Synthesis, and Realised Niche
    UNIVERSIDAD DE MURCIA ESCUELA INTERNACIONAL DE DOCTORADO Boletus edulis and Cistus ladanifer: characterization of its ectomycorrhizae, in vitro synthesis, and realised niche. Boletus edulis y Cistus ladanifer: caracterización de sus ectomicorrizas, síntesis in vitro y área potencial. Dª. Beatriz Águeda Hernández 2014 UNIVERSIDAD DE MURCIA ESCUELA INTERNACIONAL DE DOCTORADO Boletus edulis AND Cistus ladanifer: CHARACTERIZATION OF ITS ECTOMYCORRHIZAE, in vitro SYNTHESIS, AND REALISED NICHE tesis doctoral BEATRIZ ÁGUEDA HERNÁNDEZ Memoria presentada para la obtención del grado de Doctor por la Universidad de Murcia: Dra. Luz Marina Fernández Toirán Directora, Universidad de Valladolid Dra. Asunción Morte Gómez Tutora, Universidad de Murcia 2014 Dª. Luz Marina Fernández Toirán, Profesora Contratada Doctora de la Universidad de Valladolid, como Directora, y Dª. Asunción Morte Gómez, Profesora Titular de la Universidad de Murcia, como Tutora, AUTORIZAN: La presentación de la Tesis Doctoral titulada: ‘Boletus edulis and Cistus ladanifer: characterization of its ectomycorrhizae, in vitro synthesis, and realised niche’, realizada por Dª Beatriz Águeda Hernández, bajo nuestra inmediata dirección y supervisión, y que presenta para la obtención del grado de Doctor por la Universidad de Murcia. En Murcia, a 31 de julio de 2014 Dra. Luz Marina Fernández Toirán Dra. Asunción Morte Gómez Área de Botánica. Departamento de Biología Vegetal Campus Universitario de Espinardo. 30100 Murcia T. 868 887 007 – www.um.es/web/biologia-vegetal Not everything that can be counted counts, and not everything that counts can be counted. Albert Einstein Le petit prince, alors, ne put contenir son admiration: -Que vous êtes belle! -N´est-ce pas, répondit doucement la fleur. Et je suis née meme temps que le soleil..
    [Show full text]
  • Angiocarpous Representatives of the Russulaceae in Tropical South East Asia
    Persoonia 32, 2014: 13–24 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158514X679119 Tales of the unexpected: angiocarpous representatives of the Russulaceae in tropical South East Asia A. Verbeken1, D. Stubbe1,2, K. van de Putte1, U. Eberhardt³, J. Nuytinck1,4 Key words Abstract Six new sequestrate Lactarius species are described from tropical forests in South East Asia. Extensive macro- and microscopical descriptions and illustrations of the main anatomical features are provided. Similarities Arcangeliella with other sequestrate Russulales and their phylogenetic relationships are discussed. The placement of the species gasteroid fungi within Lactarius and its subgenera is confirmed by a molecular phylogeny based on ITS, LSU and rpb2 markers. hypogeous fungi A species key of the new taxa, including five other known angiocarpous species from South East Asia reported to Lactarius exude milk, is given. The diversity of angiocarpous fungi in tropical areas is considered underestimated and driving Martellia evolutionary forces towards gasteromycetization are probably more diverse than generally assumed. The discovery morphology of a large diversity of angiocarpous milkcaps on a rather local tropical scale was unexpected, and especially the phylogeny fact that in Sri Lanka more angiocarpous than agaricoid Lactarius species are known now. Zelleromyces Article info Received: 2 February 2013; Accepted: 18 June 2013; Published: 20 January 2014. INTRODUCTION sulales species (Gymnomyces lactifer B.C. Zhang & Y.N. Yu and Martellia ramispina B.C. Zhang & Y.N. Yu) and Tao et al. Sequestrate and angiocarpous basidiomata have developed in (1993) described Martellia nanjingensis B. Liu & K. Tao and several groups of Agaricomycetes.
    [Show full text]
  • Insecticidal Properties of Lactarius Fuliginosus and Lactarius Fumosus
    6470 Emomol. expo appl. 57: 23-28, 1990. © 1990 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Primed ill Belgium. 23 f'm'l::m~ bf U. 8. Dept. 0 4.~..cu..!tt.'U-e fOiJi u~ Insecticidal properties of Lactarius fuliginosus and Lactarius fumosus Patrick F. Dowd & Orson K. Miller I Northern Regional Research Center, A.R.S., U.S.D.A., Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A.; 1 Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, U.S.A. Accepted: !Vlay I, 1990 Key words: Heliothis zea, Oncopeltlls fasciatus, chemotaxonomy, chromenes Abstract Acetone and ether: acetone extracts of the mushrooms Lactarius fuliginosus (Fr. ex Fr.) Fr., L. fumosus fumosus Peck and L.fumosus.fumosoides (Smith and Hesler) Smith and Hesler were toxic to the corn earworm, Heliothis zea (L.), while water extracts were inactive. Ether: acetone extracts of L. fuliginosus and L. fumosus fumosus were toxic to the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltusfasciatus (L.), and in some cases caused precocious development. Profiles of compounds separated chromatographically and visualized with chromene reagents, literature reports ofchromenes from L. fuliginosus, and known insecticidal/anti­ hormone effects of chromenes suggest that chromenes may be responsible for the activity of some of the extracts. Introduction exuding a milky fluid and/or color change reactions (Ramsbottom, 1954), which could be a The ability of higher plants to produce secondary warning reaction. Several species of Lactarius metabolites that serve a defensive role is well contain sesquiterpene lactones that deter insects recognized (Whittaker & Feeny, 1971). Ana­ from feeding (Nawrot et al., 1986). Other species, logously, the secondary metabolites produced by such as the European Lactariusfuliginosus (Fr.
    [Show full text]
  • A Higher-Level Phylogenetic Classification of the Fungi
    mycological research 111 (2007) 509–547 available at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mycres A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi David S. HIBBETTa,*, Manfred BINDERa, Joseph F. BISCHOFFb, Meredith BLACKWELLc, Paul F. CANNONd, Ove E. ERIKSSONe, Sabine HUHNDORFf, Timothy JAMESg, Paul M. KIRKd, Robert LU¨ CKINGf, H. THORSTEN LUMBSCHf, Franc¸ois LUTZONIg, P. Brandon MATHENYa, David J. MCLAUGHLINh, Martha J. POWELLi, Scott REDHEAD j, Conrad L. SCHOCHk, Joseph W. SPATAFORAk, Joost A. STALPERSl, Rytas VILGALYSg, M. Catherine AIMEm, Andre´ APTROOTn, Robert BAUERo, Dominik BEGEROWp, Gerald L. BENNYq, Lisa A. CASTLEBURYm, Pedro W. CROUSl, Yu-Cheng DAIr, Walter GAMSl, David M. GEISERs, Gareth W. GRIFFITHt,Ce´cile GUEIDANg, David L. HAWKSWORTHu, Geir HESTMARKv, Kentaro HOSAKAw, Richard A. HUMBERx, Kevin D. HYDEy, Joseph E. IRONSIDEt, Urmas KO˜ LJALGz, Cletus P. KURTZMANaa, Karl-Henrik LARSSONab, Robert LICHTWARDTac, Joyce LONGCOREad, Jolanta MIA˛ DLIKOWSKAg, Andrew MILLERae, Jean-Marc MONCALVOaf, Sharon MOZLEY-STANDRIDGEag, Franz OBERWINKLERo, Erast PARMASTOah, Vale´rie REEBg, Jack D. ROGERSai, Claude ROUXaj, Leif RYVARDENak, Jose´ Paulo SAMPAIOal, Arthur SCHU¨ ßLERam, Junta SUGIYAMAan, R. Greg THORNao, Leif TIBELLap, Wendy A. UNTEREINERaq, Christopher WALKERar, Zheng WANGa, Alex WEIRas, Michael WEISSo, Merlin M. WHITEat, Katarina WINKAe, Yi-Jian YAOau, Ning ZHANGav aBiology Department, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA bNational Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information,
    [Show full text]
  • November 2014
    MushRumors The Newsletter of the Northwest Mushroomers Association Volume 25, Issue 4 December 2014 After Arid Start, 2014 Mushroom Season Flourishes It All Came Together By Chuck Nafziger It all came together for the 2014 Wild Mushroom Show; an October with the perfect amount of rain for abundant mushrooms, an enthusiastic volunteer base, a Photo by Vince Biciunas great show publicity team, a warm sunny show day, and an increased public interest in foraging. Nadine Lihach, who took care of the admissions, reports that we blew away last year's record attendance by about 140 people. Add to that all the volunteers who put the show together, and we had well over 900 people involved. That's a huge event for our club. Nadine said, "... this was a record year at the entry gate: 862 attendees (includes children). Our previous high was in 2013: 723 attendees. Success is more measured in the happiness index of those attending, and many people stopped by on their way out to thank us for the wonderful show. Kids—and there were many—were especially delighted, and I'm sure there were some future mycophiles and mycologists in Sunday's crowd. The mushroom display A stunning entry display greets visitors arriving at the show. by the door was effective, as always, at luring people in. You could actually see the kids' eyes getting bigger as they surveyed the weird mushrooms, and twice during the day kids ran back to our table to tell us that they had spotted the mushroom fairy. There were many repeat adult visitors, too, often bearing mushrooms for identification.
    [Show full text]
  • Mushrooms of Southwestern BC Latin Name Comment Habitat Edibility
    Mushrooms of Southwestern BC Latin name Comment Habitat Edibility L S 13 12 11 10 9 8 6 5 4 3 90 Abortiporus biennis Blushing rosette On ground from buried hardwood Unknown O06 O V Agaricus albolutescens Amber-staining Agaricus On ground in woods Choice, disagrees with some D06 N N Agaricus arvensis Horse mushroom In grassy places Choice, disagrees with some D06 N F FV V FV V V N Agaricus augustus The prince Under trees in disturbed soil Choice, disagrees with some D06 N V FV FV FV FV V V V FV N Agaricus bernardii Salt-loving Agaricus In sandy soil often near beaches Choice D06 N Agaricus bisporus Button mushroom, was A. brunnescens Cultivated, and as escapee Edible D06 N F N Agaricus bitorquis Sidewalk mushroom In hard packed, disturbed soil Edible D06 N F N Agaricus brunnescens (old name) now A. bisporus D06 F N Agaricus campestris Meadow mushroom In meadows, pastures Choice D06 N V FV F V F FV N Agaricus comtulus Small slender agaricus In grassy places Not recommended D06 N V FV N Agaricus diminutivus group Diminutive agariicus, many similar species On humus in woods Similar to poisonous species D06 O V V Agaricus dulcidulus Diminutive agaric, in diminitivus group On humus in woods Similar to poisonous species D06 O V V Agaricus hondensis Felt-ringed agaricus In needle duff and among twigs Poisonous to many D06 N V V F N Agaricus integer In grassy places often with moss Edible D06 N V Agaricus meleagris (old name) now A moelleri or A.
    [Show full text]