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Secondary

A is an organization that provides secondary and the building where this takes place. Some secondary provide both lower and upper secondary education (levels 2 and 3 of the ISCED scale), but these can also be provided in separate schools, as in the American middle and high school system.

Secondary schools typically follow on from primary schools and prepare for vocational or . Attendance is usually compulsory for until the age of 16. The organisations, buildings, and terminology are more or less unique in each Tóth Árpád Gimnázium, a secondary school in Debrecen, country.[1][2]

Contents Levels of education Terminology: descriptions of cohorts Theoretical framework Building design specifications Secondary schools by country See also References External links

Levels of education

In the ISCED 2011 education scale levels 2 and 3 correspond to secondary education which are as follows:

Lower secondary education- First stage of secondary education building on , typically with a more subject-oriented curriculum. Students are generally around 12-15 years old Upper secondary education- Second stage of secondary education and final stage of formal education for students typically aged 16–18, preparing for tertiary/adult education or providing skills relevant to employment. Usually with an increased range of subject options and streams.

Terminology: descriptions of cohorts

Within the English speaking world, there are three widely used systems to describe the age of the child. The first is the 'equivalent ages', then countries that base their education systems on the 'English model' use one of two methods to identify the year group, while countries that base their systems on the 'American K-12 model' refer to their year groups as 'grades'. The Irish model is structured similarly to the English model, but have significant differences in terms of labels. This terminology extends into research literature. Below is a convenient comparison [3]

Secondary cohorts- description used in US, UK and ROI Equivalent ages 11–12 12–13 13–14 14–15 15–16 16–17 17–18 U.S. (grades) 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 U.S. (nicknames) Freshman Sophomore Junior Senior England/Wales First Second Third Fourth Fifth Lower Sixth Upper Sixth (forms) England/Wales 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 (year) Ireland (Other Junior Junior Junior Transition Senior Senior Names) Cycle Cycle Cycle Year Cycle Cycle Ireland (Class & 6th 1st Year 2nd Year 3rd Year 4th Year 5th Year 6th Year year) Class Scotland S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 (secondary)

ISCED level 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 [3]

Theoretical framework

School building design does not happen in isolation. The building (or school campus) needs to accommodate:

Curriculum content Teaching methods Costs Education within the political framework Use of school building (also in the community setting)

Constraints imposed by the site High school in , Design (Gamča)

Each country will have a different education system and priorities. [4] Schools need to accommodate students, staff, storage, mechanical and electrical systems, support staff, ancillary staff and administration. The number of rooms required can be determined from the predicted roll of the school and the area needed.

According to standards used in the United Kingdom, a general classroom for 30 students needs to be 55 m2, or more generously 62 m2. A general art room for 30 students needs to be 83 m2, but 104 m2 for 3D textile work. A studio or a specialist science laboratory for 30 needs to be 90 m2. Examples are given on how this can be configured for a 1,200 place secondary (practical specialism).[5] and 1,850 place secondary school.[6]

Building design specifications The building providing the education has to fulfil the needs of: The students, the teachers, the non-teaching support staff, the administrators and the community. It has to meet general government building guidelines, health requirements, minimal functional requirements for classrooms, toilets and showers, electricity and services, preparation and storage of textbooks and basic teaching aids. [7] An optimum secondary school will meet the minimum conditions and will have: The first taxpayer-funded public adequately sized classrooms; school in the United States was in specialised teaching spaces; Dedham. a staff preparation room; an administration block; multipurpose classrooms; a general purpose school hall; laboratories for science, technology, and life sciences, as may be required; adequate equipment; a library or library stocks that are regularly renewed; and computer rooms or media centres.[7]

Government accountants having read the advice then publish minimum guidelines on schools. These enable environmental modelling and establishing building costs. Future design plans are audited to ensure that these standards are met but not exceeded. Government ministries continue to press for the 'minimum' space and cost standards to be reduced.

The UK government published this downwardly revised space formula in 2014. It said the floor area should be 1050m2 (+ 350m2 if there is a sixth form) + 6.3m2/pupil place for 11- to 16-year-olds + 7m2/pupil place for post-16s. The external finishes were to be downgraded to meet a build cost of £1113/m2. [8]

Secondary schools by country

A secondary school locally may be called high school or senior high school. In some countries there are two phases to secondary education (ISCED 2) and (ISCED 3), here the junior high school, intermediate school, lower secondary school, or occurs between the (ISCED 1) and high school.

Names for secondary schools by country

Argentina: secundaria or polimodal, escuela secundaria Australia: high school, secondary : (Ober- & Unterstufe), , Höhere Bundeslehranstalt (HBLA), Höhere Technische Lehranstalt (HTL) Azerbaijan: orta məktəb Bahamas, The: junior high (grades 7–9), senior high (grades 10–12) Belgium: lagere school/école primaire, secundair onderwijs/école secondaire, humaniora/humanités Bolivia: educación primaria superior (grades 6–8) and educación secundaria, (grades 9–12) : srednja škola (literally middle school), gimnazija (gymnasium) Brazil: ensino médio (officially), segundo grau (formerly) Brunei: mostly sekolah menengah (English translation: secondary school), a few maktab (English translation: college) Bulgaria: cредно образование (grades 8–12) Canada: High school, junior high or middle school, secondary school, école secondaire, , polyvalente Chile: enseñanza media China: zhong xue (中学; literally, middle school), consisting of chu zhong (初中; 初级中学; literally low-level middle school) from grades 7 to 9 and gao zhong (高中; 高级中学; literally high-level middle school) from grades 10 to 12 Colombia: bachillerato, segunda enseñanza (literally second learning) : srednja škola (literally middle school), gimnazija (gymnasium) Cyprus: Γυμνάσιο (gymnasium), Ενιαίο Λύκειο () : střední škola (literally middle school), gymnázium (gymnasium), střední odborné učiliště : gymnasium Dominican Republic: nivel medio, bachillerato (public secondary certificate) ,(ﺛﺎﻧوﯾﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ) Egypt: Thanawya Amma : upper secondary school, gymnasium, Lyceum : lukio (Finn.) gymnasium (Swed.) France: collège (junior), lycée (senior) Germany: Gymnasium, Gesamtschule, , Hauptschule, Fachoberschule : Γυμνάσιο (3 years) (gymnasium), Γενικό Λύκειο (3 years) (~1996, 2006~present), Ενιαίο Λύκειο (3 years), (1997~2006) (lyceum) Hong Kong: Secondary school (中學) Hungary: gimnázium (), középiskola (, lit. "middle-school"), szakközépiskola (vocational secondary school, lit. "specified middle-school") : framhaldsskóli (menntaskóli, iðnskóli, fjölbrautaskóli) from 11-13 Grade. You go first in 1 - 10 Grade then you change the school to Menntaskóla and take 3 years (11-13 Grade). But you can also take it 4 years. India: secondary school, higher secondary school Indonesia: sekolah menengah atas (SMA) (lit. "upper middle school"), sekolah menengah pertama (SMP) (lit. "first middle school"), sekolah menengah kejuruan (SMK) (, lit. "middle vocational school") Ireland: Meánscoil or Secondary School (public secondary certificate) ,(ﻣدرﺳﮫ راھﻧﻣﺎﯾﯽ) Iran: Madrese Rahnamaie (literally middle school, but in reality grades 9-12) (בית ספר תיכון) Israel: Bet Sefer Tichon Italy: scuola secondaria di primo grado (3 years) + scuola secondaria di secondo grado (5 years): Liceo, Istituto Tecnico and Istituto professionale Japan: chūgakkō (中学校; literally middle school), kōtōgakkō (高等学校; literally high school), chūtōkyōikugakkō (中等教育学校; Secondary School) – In the pre-Meiji educational system, the equivalent was called "chūsei" : vidusskola (literally middle school) Liechtenstein: gymnasium : vidurinė mokykla (literally middle school), gimnazija (gymnasium), licėjus (lyceum) Malaysia: secondary school or sekolah menengah, sometimes high school is used Malta: skola sekondarja or secondary school Mexico: educación secundaria y preparatoria Mongolia: бүрэн дунд сургууль ; (preparative qualificative school / ﻣدرﺳﺔ إﻋدادﯾﺔ ﺗﺄھﯾﻠﯾﺔ) "Morocco: Junior : I'dadia Ta'hilia (preparative secondary school / ﻣﺪرﺳﺔ إﻋﺪادﻳﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ) "Senior : Madrasa I'dadia Thanawia : middelbare school or voortgezet onderwijs New Zealand: high school, college or secondary school Nigeria: Secondary school, Junior or senior secondary school : videregående skole Pakistan: secondary school, higher secondary school Paraguay: educación media Peru: educación secundaria or escuela secundaria Philippines: high school or mataas na paaralan Poland: liceum (grades 9–12) : 2º Ciclo do Ensino Básico (5th and 6th grades), 3º Ciclo do Ensino Básico (7th to 9th grades), and Ensino Secundário, Liceu (10th to 12th grades) Romania: gimnaziu (grades 5–8), liceu (grades 9–12) : средняя школа (literally middle school); grades 5–9 junior middle school (compulsory), grades 10–11 senior middle school (voluntary) : gymnasium (4 years), professional schools (4 years), vocational schools (3 or 4 years) South Africa: High School or Hoërskool South Korea: 중고등학교(中高等學校・Chung'godŭnghakkyo), 중등교육 (Chungdŭng'gyoyuk; literally middle education), comprising 중학교 (Chunghakkyo; the Lower secondary school, years 7– 9, though referred to as "middle school grades 1–3") and 고등학교 (Kodŭnghakkyo; the Upper secondary school, years 10–12, though referred to as "high school grades 1–3") Spain: educación secundaria, composed of two cycles: E.S.O. (Educación Secundaria Obligatoria, compulsory secondary education, 4 years, 7th to 10th grade) and bachillerato (non-compulsory secondary education, 2 years, 11th and 12th grade); formerly (for those born until 31 December 1983), primary education comprised up to the 8th grade and the secondary education was composed of two non-compulsory cycles: B.U.P. (Bachillerato Unificado Polivalente, 3 years, 9th to 11th grade) and C.O.U. (Curso de Orientación Universitaria, 1 year, 12th grade) Sri Lanka: junior secondary school, senior secondary school : gymnasium Switzerland: gymnasium, secondary school, collège or lycée Taiwan: Junior High School (國民中學), Senior High School (高級中學), Vocational High School (高級 職業中學), Military School (軍校), and Complete High School (完全中學). Thailand: matthayommasueksa (มธยมศั กษาึ ; lit. "Secondary education") Trinidad and Tobago: Secondary School, Forms 1 to 5 (5 years) or Forms 1-6 (7 years) Turkey: Lise Ukraine: середня школа (literally middle school); grades 5–9 junior middle school (compulsory), grades 10–12 senior middle school (voluntary) United Kingdom: Secondary School (May be referred to as High School) United States: High school (North America) (usually grades 9–12 but sometimes 10–12, it is also called senior high school) is always considered secondary education; junior high school or intermediate school or middle school (6–8, 7–8, 6–9, 7–9, or other variations) are sometimes considered secondary education. Uruguay: Liceo or Secundaria (3 years of : Ciclo Básico; and 3 years of specialization: Bachillerato Diversificado, into: (Law or ), (Medicine or Agronomy), Science (Engineering or Architecture), and Art Venezuela: bachillerato Vietnam: Trung học cơ sở (abbreviated THCS, lit. "basic middle school", equivalent to junior high school in the U.S.); trung học phổ thông (abbr. THPT, lit. "general middle school", equivalent to senior high school in the U.S.)

See also

List of schools by country Secondary education Tertiary education

References

1. "International Standard Classification of EducationI S C E D 1997" (http://www.unesco.org/education/ information/nfsunesco/doc/isced_1997.htm). www.unesco.org. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we b/20170319192113/http://www.unesco.org/education/information/nfsunesco/doc/isced_1997.htm) from the original on 2017-03-19. Retrieved 2017-03-12. 2. Iwamoto, Wataru (2005). "Towards a Convergence of Knowledge Acquisition and Skills Development" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170525154803/http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/D ocuments/isced-2011-en.pdf) (PDF). uis.unesco.org. UNESCO. Archived from the original (http://ww w.uis.unesco.org/Education/Documents/isced-2011-en.pdf) (PDF) on 2017-05-25. Retrieved 11 March 2017. 3. Ward, Ken. "British and American Systems (Grades)" (https://trans4mind.com/personal_developmen t/writing/Readability_software/briishAmericanComparison.htm). trans4mind.com. Retrieved 30 March 2017. 4. Liew Kok-Pun, Michael (1981). "Design of secondary schools:Singapore a case study" (https://web.a rchive.org/web/20170404132431/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000443/044397EB.pdf) (PDF). Educational Building reports. Voume 17: UNESCO. p. 37. Archived from the original (http://un esdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000443/044397EB.pdf) (PDF) on 2017-04-04. Retrieved 3 April 2017. 5. "Baseline designs: 1,200 place secondary (practical specialism) - GOV.UK" (https://www.gov.uk/gove rnment/publications/baseline-designs-1120-place-secondary-practical-specialism). www.gov.uk. GOV.UK. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 6. "Baseline design: 1,850 place secondary school - GOV.UK" (https://www.gov.uk/government/publicati ons/baseline-design-1850-place-secondary-school). www.gov.uk. gov.uk. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 7. "Guidelines relating to planning for public school infrastructure" (http://www.education.gov.za/LinkClic k.aspx?fileticket=cWhHzzzCo1w%3D&tabid=93&mid=2598). Department of Basic Education, Republic of South Africa. 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2017. 8. "Baseline designs for schools: guidance - GOV.UK" (https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/bas eline-designs-for-schools-guidance/baseline-designs-for-schools-guidance). www.gov.uk. Education Funding Agency. 11 March 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2017.

External links Australian CensusAtSchool (Australia) (https://web.archive.org/web/20070703005059/http://www.ab s.gov.au/websitedbs/cashome.nsf/Home/Entry%20Page.es) Canadian Education Statistics Council (CESC) (United States) (https://web.archive.org/web/2016030 5081228/http://www.cesc-csce.ca/) Office for National Statistics (ONS) (United Kingdom) (https://web.archive.org/web/20030609183134/ http://www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/nscl.asp?ID=6085) BB103_Area_Guidelines_for_Mainstream_Schools (2014) UK (https://www.gov.uk/government/uploa ds/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/324056/BB103_Area_Guidelines_for_Mainstream_Schools_ CORRECTED_25_06_14.pdf) National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) (United States) (http://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearc h/) OECD Standardised designs (2011) (https://web.archive.org/web/20160221144243/http://www.oecd. org/education/innovation-education/centreforeffectivelearningenvironmentscele/48224041.pdf)

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