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Toward a More Profound Reciprocity: the Conversation Between Ignatian Spirituality And Toward a More Profound Reciprocity: The Conversation between Ignatian Spirituality and Vietnamese Culture by Quan Minh Tran A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Regis College and the Pastoral Department of the Toronto School of Theology in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Theology awarded by Regis College and the University of Toronto © Copyright by Quan Minh Tran 2016 Toward a More Profound Reciprocity: The Conversation between Ignatian Spirituality and Vietnamese Culture Quan Minh Tran Doctor of Theology Faculty of Regis College and the University of Toronto 2016 Abstract Should we take the Ignatian method of discernment for granted? Should we hold the view that anyone who is willing to go through such a process will be able to discern the way that St. Ignatius describes in his Spiritual Exercises? And when we hear a question such as “Do you discern as an American or a Vietnamese?” should we look at the questioner as if he or she is out of his or her mind? In reality, we at times have a tendency to hold the view that Ignatian discernment may not be influenced by ethnic factors because its focal point is not our ethnicity or even decision-making. Rather, it is about deepening our relationship with God, appreciating the gifts that God has given us, and discovering how we may respond to that love in daily life. Perhaps, because of this mentality, we often think that, despite our cultural differences, we can discern according to the Ignatian method as long as we are willing. We even fall into the trap of seeing cultural variance as a minor factor rather than a potential impediment. We then fail to recognize that many people (especially those who live in Vietnam) struggle when they attempt to use the Ignatian method. Sometimes these people enter into the process just for the sake of formality, and they let their cultural values (e.g., collective tendency, obedience, filial piety, or high respect for authority) trump the whole process. Other times, they have to ii discern not as the true Vietnamese but as Westerners. It is legitimate for us to wonder whether they can have an authentic Ignatian discernment and whether they can be who they are when discerning. This thesis asserts that, on the one hand, people can still discern authentically the way that Ignatius describes in the Spiritual Exercises, and on the other hand, they can turn the potential impediments within their cultural values into an opportunity for enrichment. The thesis also suggests that instead of letting cultural values be stumbling blocks, people can transform them into beneficial additives to sweeten the fruit of their discernment. In order to achieve this goal, this dissertation points out that there is a need for a mutually enriched dialogue between Ignatian spirituality and Vietnamese culture on the question of discernment and obedience. There is also a need for Ignatian spirituality to be inculturated into the culture of Vietnam. Such an inculturation will help the Vietnamese to maintain the core values of their own culture, and at the same time not turn the Ignatian method of discernment into something that is totally different. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deep gratitude to my director, Professor Gill Goulding, C.J., for her constant encouragement, her great patience, her wise insights, and her gentle guidance. I would also like to thank Professors Nam Soon Song, Joseph Schner, S.J., Michael Stoeber, John Dadosky, Geoffrey Williams, S.J., Michael Vertin, and Michael Attridge who through their courses have inspired me and led me to where I am. Without their help, this thesis would have been impossible. I also would like to thank Michael Shields, S.J., Kevin Lavin, and Rachel Lott for copy editing the final drafts of this study. I am indebted to the Jesuits at Regis Community, all of my fellow Jesuit brothers of the Oregon and Canada Provinces, and all the faculty and staff at Regis College for their moral, spiritual, psychological, and financial support throughout my doctoral studies. Finally, I want to express my gratitude to my friends Vincent Duong, S.J., and Dat Tran, S.J. Without their friendship, this study would not have been possible. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments.................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................v List of Diagrams and Figures ................................................................................................. viii List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... ix Introduction ................................................................................................................................1 1. Thesis statement .............................................................................................................2 2. Historical context of Christianity in Vietnam ................................................................2 3. Significance of the thesis topic ......................................................................................6 4. Methodology ..................................................................................................................9 4.1. Literature review ................................................................................................10 4.2. An overview of the method utilized...................................................................11 4.3. Methodology ......................................................................................................12 5. Procedure ....................................................................................................................15 I. Historical Context: The Jesuits – Their Spirituality and Mission and Their Encounter With Other Cultures ..........................................................................................17 1. Ignatius of Loyola: An overview of his life .................................................................18 2. The establishment of the Society of Jesus ...................................................................24 3. Some key characteristics of Ignatian spirituality .........................................................29 4. The engagement between Ignatian spirituality and other cultures ...............................32 4.1. The first Jesuit generation: its encounter with other cultures ..........................32 4.2. Mateo Ricci: Ignatian spirituality and Chinese culture....................................36 4.3. Roberto de Nobili: Ignatian spirituality and Indian culture .............................37 4.4. Alexandre de Rhodes: Ignatian spirituality and Vietnamese culture ...............40 5. Commonalities of Jesuit missions in Asia and a few remaining issues .......................45 5.1. Commonalities of Jesuit missions in Asia .......................................................46 5.2. Remaining issues .............................................................................................49 II. Vietnamese Culture: The Ways of Thinking and Living ..................................................51 1. Overview of Vietnamese history and culture...............................................................51 1.1. Vietnam before the invasion of China ...............................................................52 1.2. Vietnam: A thousand years of struggle for liberation .......................................54 1.3. Vietnam: A hundred years under the protectorate of France .............................56 1.4. Vietnam: Twenty years civil war, control of the communist party, and thereafter ....................................................................................................57 2. Historical and cultural influences on the ways Vietnamese think, act, and believe ...................................................................................................................59 2.1. Harmony, flexibility and collectivism in Vietnamese culture ...........................59 2.2. Multi-religiosity in Vietnamese faith traditions ................................................61 2.3. Adaptability and creativity in Vietnamese ways of living and thinking ............62 v 2.4. Filial piety and respect for others in Vietnamese culture ..................................63 3. Kỷ Trương’s theory: the origins of the differences between East and West ..............66 4. Positive and negative influences of East—West differences on Jesuit missions in Vietnam ........................................................................................................................69 4.1. Positive influences on Jesuit missions in Vietnam ..........................................69 4.2. Negative influences on Jesuit missions in Vietnam .........................................72 5. Remaining issues .........................................................................................................76 III. Ignatian Discernment and Its Relationship with Obedience ...........................................82 1. Ignatian discernment ....................................................................................................83
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