The Use of Cartograms for BGS Data and Information Representation
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Density-Equalizing Map Projections: Diffusion-Based Algorithm and Applications
Density-equalizing map projections: Diffusion-based algorithm and applications Michael T. Gastner and M. E. J. Newman Physics Department and Center for the Study of Complex Systems,, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 Abstract Map makers have for many years searched for a way to construct cartograms|maps in which the sizes of geographic regions such as coun- tries or provinces appear in proportion to their population or some sim- ilar property. Such maps are invaluable for the representation of census results, election returns, disease incidence, and many other kinds of hu- man data. Unfortunately, in order to scale regions and still have them fit together, one is normally forced to distort the regions' shapes, po- tentially resulting in maps that are difficult to read. Here we present a technique for making cartograms based on ideas borrowed from elemen- tary physics that is conceptually simple and produces easily readable maps. We illustrate the method with applications to disease and homi- cide cases, energy consumption and production in the United States, and the geographical distribution of stories appearing in the news. 1 2 Michael T. Gastner and M. E. J. Newman 1 Introduction Suppose we wish to represent on a map some data concerning, to take the most common example, the human population. For instance, we might wish to show votes in an election, incidence of a disease, number of cars, televisions, or phones in use, numbers of people falling in one group or another of the population, by age or income, or any other variable of statistical, medical, or demographic interest. -
Digital Mapping & Spatial Analysis
Digital Mapping & Spatial Analysis Zach Silvia Graduate Community of Learning Rachel Starry April 17, 2018 Andrew Tharler Workshop Agenda 1. Visualizing Spatial Data (Andrew) 2. Storytelling with Maps (Rachel) 3. Archaeological Application of GIS (Zach) CARTO ● Map, Interact, Analyze ● Example 1: Bryn Mawr dining options ● Example 2: Carpenter Carrel Project ● Example 3: Terracotta Altars from Morgantina Leaflet: A JavaScript Library http://leafletjs.com Storytelling with maps #1: OdysseyJS (CartoDB) Platform Germany’s way through the World Cup 2014 Tutorial Storytelling with maps #2: Story Maps (ArcGIS) Platform Indiana Limestone (example 1) Ancient Wonders (example 2) Mapping Spatial Data with ArcGIS - Mapping in GIS Basics - Archaeological Applications - Topographic Applications Mapping Spatial Data with ArcGIS What is GIS - Geographic Information System? A geographic information system (GIS) is a framework for gathering, managing, and analyzing data. Rooted in the science of geography, GIS integrates many types of data. It analyzes spatial location and organizes layers of information into visualizations using maps and 3D scenes. With this unique capability, GIS reveals deeper insights into spatial data, such as patterns, relationships, and situations - helping users make smarter decisions. - ESRI GIS dictionary. - ArcGIS by ESRI - industry standard, expensive, intuitive functionality, PC - Q-GIS - open source, industry standard, less than intuitive, Mac and PC - GRASS - developed by the US military, open source - AutoDESK - counterpart to AutoCAD for topography Types of Spatial Data in ArcGIS: Basics Every feature on the planet has its own unique latitude and longitude coordinates: Houses, trees, streets, archaeological finds, you! How do we collect this information? - Remote Sensing: Aerial photography, satellite imaging, LIDAR - On-site Observation: total station data, ground penetrating radar, GPS Types of Spatial Data in ArcGIS: Basics Raster vs. -
Cartography. the Definitive Guide to Making Maps, Sample Chapter
Cartograms Cartograms offer a way of accounting for differences in population distribution by modifying the geography. Geography can easily get in the way of making a good Consider the United States map in which thematic map. The advantage of a geographic map is that it states with larger populations will inevitably lead to larger numbers for most population- gives us the greatest recognition of shapes we’re familiar with related variables. but the disadvantage is that the geographic size of the areas has no correlation to the quantitative data shown. The intent However, the more populous states are not of most thematic maps is to provide the reader with a map necessarily the largest states in area, and from which comparisons can be made and so geography is so a map that shows population data in the almost always inappropriate. This fact alone creates problems geographical sense inevitably skews our perception of the distribution of that data for perception and cognition. Accounting for these problems because the geography becomes dominant. might be addressed in many ways such as manipulating the We end up with a misleading map because data itself. Alternatively, instead of changing the data and densely populated states are relatively small maintaining the geography, you can retain the data values but and vice versa. Cartograms will always give modify the geography to create a cartogram. the map reader the correct proportion of the mapped data variable precisely because it modifies the geography to account for the There are four general types of cartogram. They each problem. distort geographical space and account for the disparities caused by unequal distribution of the population among The term cartogramme can be traced to the areas of different sizes. -
Chapter 13.2: Topographic Maps 1
Chapter 13.2: Topographic Maps 1 A map is a model or representation of objects and terrain in the actual environment. There are numerous types of maps. Some of the types of maps include mental, planimetric, topographic, and even treasure maps. The concept of mapping was introduced in the section using natural features. Maps are created for numerous purposes. A treasure map is used to find the buried treasure. Topographic maps were originally used for military purposes. Today, they have been used for planning and recreational purposes. Although other types of maps are mentioned, the primary focus of this section is on topographic maps. Types of Maps Mental Maps – The mind makes mental maps all the time. You drive to the grocery store. You turn right onto the boulevard. You identify a street sign, building or other landmark and know where this is where you turn. You have made a mental map. This was discussed under using natural features. Planimetric Maps – A planimetric map is a two dimensional representation of objects in the environment. Generally, planimetric maps do not include topographic representation. Road maps, Rand McNally ® and GoogleMaps ® (not GoogleEarth) are examples of planimetric maps. Topographic Maps – Topographic maps show elevation or three-dimensional topography two dimensionally. Topographic maps use contour lines to show elevation. A chart refers to a nautical chart. Nautical charts are topographic maps in reverse. Rather than giving elevation, they provide equal levels of water depth. Topographic Maps Topographic maps show elevation or three-dimensional topography two dimensionally. Topographic maps use contour lines to show elevation. -
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP of OKLAHOMA Kenneth S
Page 2, Topographic EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATION 9: 2008 Contour lines (in feet) are generalized from U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps (scale, 1:250,000). Principal meridians and base lines (dotted black lines) are references for subdividing land into sections, townships, and ranges. Spot elevations ( feet) are given for select geographic features from detailed topographic maps (scale, 1:24,000). The geographic center of Oklahoma is just north of Oklahoma City. Dimensions of Oklahoma Distances: shown in miles (and kilometers), calculated by Myers and Vosburg (1964). Area: 69,919 square miles (181,090 square kilometers), or 44,748,000 acres (18,109,000 hectares). Geographic Center of Okla- homa: the point, just north of Oklahoma City, where you could “balance” the State, if it were completely flat (see topographic map). TOPOGRAPHIC MAP OF OKLAHOMA Kenneth S. Johnson, Oklahoma Geological Survey This map shows the topographic features of Oklahoma using tain ranges (Wichita, Arbuckle, and Ouachita) occur in southern contour lines, or lines of equal elevation above sea level. The high- Oklahoma, although mountainous and hilly areas exist in other parts est elevation (4,973 ft) in Oklahoma is on Black Mesa, in the north- of the State. The map on page 8 shows the geomorphic provinces The Ouachita (pronounced “Wa-she-tah”) Mountains in south- 2,568 ft, rising about 2,000 ft above the surrounding plains. The west corner of the Panhandle; the lowest elevation (287 ft) is where of Oklahoma and describes many of the geographic features men- eastern Oklahoma and western Arkansas is a curved belt of forested largest mountainous area in the region is the Sans Bois Mountains, Little River flows into Arkansas, near the southeast corner of the tioned below. -
Cartogram Data Projection for Self-Organizing Maps
Cartogram Data Projection for Self-Organizing Maps David H. Brown and Lutz Hamel Dept. of Computer Science and Statistics University of Rhode Island USA Email: [email protected] or [email protected] Abstract— Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) are often visualized During training, adjustments to each node’s n- by applying Ultsch’s Unified Distance Matrix (U-Matrix) and dimensional values are also partially applied to nodes found labeling the cells of the 2-D grid with training data within a time step sensitive radius of its 2-D grid position. observations. Although powerful and the de facto standard Thus, changes in feature-space values are smoothed, forming visualization for SOMs, this does not provide for two key clusters of similar values within the local neighborhoods on pieces of information when considering real world data mining the 2-D grid. applications: (a) While the U-Matrix indicates the location of Clustering is often indicated by shading each cell to possible clusters on the map, it typically does not accurately indicate the average distance in feature-space of the node to convey the size of the underlying data population within these its 2-D grid neighbors; this is the Unified Distance Matrix clusters. (b) When mapping training data observations onto (U-Matrix) [2]. To map training data to this grid, the node the 2-D grid of the SOM it often occurs that multiple observations are mapped onto a single cell of the grid. Simply nearest in feature-space to a training observation is labeling the observations on a single cell does not provide any identified. -
What Is Geovisualization? to the Growing Field of Geovisualization
This issue of GeoMatters is devoted What is Geovisualization? to the growing field of geovisualization. Brian McGregor uses geovisualiztion to by Joni Storie produce animated maps showing settle- ment patterns of Hutterite colonies. Dr. Marc Vachon’s students use it to produce From a cartography perspective, dynamic presentation options to com- videos about urban visualization (City geovisualization represents a change in municate knowledge. For example, at- Hall and Assiniboine Park), while Dr. how knowledge is formed and repre- lases require extra planning compared Chris Storie shows geovisualiztion for sented. Traditional cartography is usu- to individual maps, structurally they retail mapping in Winnipeg. Also in this issue Honours students describe their ally seen a visualization (a.k.a. map) could include hundreds of maps, and thesis projects for the upcoming collo- that is presented after the conclusion all the maps relate to each other. Dr. quium next March, Adrienne Ducharme is reached to emphasize or compliment Danny Blair and Dr. Ian Mauro, in the tells us about her graduate research at the research conclusions. Geovisual- Department of Geography, provide an ELA, we have a report about Cultivate ization changes this format by incor- excellent example of this integration UWinnipeg and our alumni profile fea- porating spatial data into the analysis with the Prairie Climate Atlas (http:// tures Michelle Méthot (Smith). (O’Sullivan and Unwin, 2010). Spatial www.climateatlas.ca/). The combina- Please feel free to pass this newsletter data, statistics and analysis are used to tion of maps with multimedia provides to anyone with an interest in geography. answer questions which contribute to for better understanding as well as en- Individuals can also see GeoMatters at the Geography website, or keep up with the conclusion that is reached within riched and informative experiences of us on Facebook (Department of Geog- the research. -
Loading and Managing OS Mastermap Topography Layer
Loading and Managing OS MasterMap® Topography Layer An ESRI (UK) White Paper Confidentiality Statement This document contains information which is confidential to ESRI (UK) Limited. No part of this document should be reproduced or revealed to third parties without the express permission of ESRI (UK) Limited. © 2008 ESRI (UK) Ltd and its third party licensors. All rights reserved. ESRI (UK) Ltd Millennium House 65 Walton Street Aylesbury Buckinghamshire HP21 7QG Tel: +44 (0) 1296 745500 Fax: +44 (0) 1296 745544 Website: www.esriuk.com Released: 10/11/2008 Version: 5.3 Document History: Version Date Changes 1.0 31/08/2003 Document initial release. 2.0 16/12/2003 Document Updated/ Name Change. 3.0 23/11/2004 Document Reviewed/ Name Change. 4.0 05/06/05 OS MasterMap v6 4.1 11/08/05 Edits after Ordnance Survey review 5.0 19/05/2006 Technology updates 5.1 19/05/2006 Len Laver and Wai-Ming Lee review and edit of sections relevant to OS MasterMap-to-Go service 5.2 01/04/2008 Updated to new ESRI (UK) branding and style. 5.3 10/11/2008 Updates for new ‘minimise load on database’ option. © ESRI (UK) 2008 2 Contents Page 1. Introduction ........................................................................... 5 2. OS MasterMap® ...................................................................... 6 2.1. What is OS MasterMap? ............................................................... 6 2.2. Benefits of OS MasterMap ............................................................ 7 2.3. TOIDs and TOID-Associations ....................................................... 8 2.4. How OS MasterMap Topography Layer is Structured ........................ 9 2.5. OS MasterMap Topography Layer Data Schema ............................. 10 3. OS MasterMap Topography Layer Data Supply ................... 16 3.1. Initial OS MasterMap Topography Layer Data Supply ..................... -
The Topography of the Earth's Surface
CHAPTER 3 THE LAY OF THE LAND: THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE 1. LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE 1.1 You probably know already that the basic coordinate system that’s used to describe the position of a point on the Earth's surface is latitude and longitude. In this system (Figure 3-1), the Earth is imagined to be cut by a series of planes that pass through the north–south axis of rotation. The intersection of such a plane with the Earth’s surface is called a line (really a curve) of longitude, or a meridian. Longitude is measured in degrees, from zero to 360. One meridian (the one that passes through Greenwich, England) is called the prime meridian, and longitude is measured 180 degrees to the west of that and 180 degrees to the east of that. The opposite meridian, 180 degrees around the world from the prime meridian (and the intersection of the longitude plane with the other side of the world) lies about in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. 1.2 One consequence of this definition of longitude is that the spacing between two meridians gets smaller as you go north or south from the equator. Think about this the next time you fly west in a jetliner: You would have to move awfully fast to keep up with the sun, and land at the same time of day you took off, if you're flying along the equator, but if you're flying east to west in the far north or far south on the earth, you could easily arrive at your destination a lot earlier in the day than you took off! 1.3 The other element of the coordinate system is a series of latitude circles (Figure 3-1). -
Bibliographical Index
Bibliographical Index BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ACCESS TO THIS VOLUME Bacon, Roger. Opus Majus. 305, 322, 345 Basil, Saint. Homilies. 328 Three modes of access to bibliographical information are used Bede, the Venerable. De natura rerum. 137 in this volume: the footnotes; the bibliographies; and the Bib ---. De temporum ratione. 321 liographical Index. The footnotes provide the full form of a reference the first Cassiodorus. Institutiones divinarum et saecularium time it is cited in each chapter with short-title versions in litterarum. 172, 255, 259, 261 subsequent citations. In each of the short-title references, the Cato the Elder. Origines. 205 note number of the fully cited work is given in parentheses. Censorinus. De die natalie 255 The bibliographies following each chapter provide a selec Chaucer, Geoffrey. Prologue to the Canterbury Tales. 387 tive list of major books and articles relevant to its subject Cicero. Arataea (translation of Aratus's versification of matter. Eudoxus's Phaenomena). 143 The Bibliographical Index comprises a complete list, ar ---. Letters to Atticus. 255 ranged alphabetically by author's name, of all works cited in ---. De natura deorum. 160,168 the footnotes. Numbers in bold type indicate the pages on --. The Republic. 159, 160, 255 which references to these works can be found. This index is ---. Tusculan Disputations. 160 divided into two parts. The first part identifies the texts of Cleomedes. De motu circulari. 152, 154, 169 classical and medieval authors. The second part lists the mod Cosmas Indicopleustes. Christian Topography. 143, 144, ern literature. 261 Ctesias of Cnidus. Indica. 149 TEXTS OF CLASSICAL AND MEDIEVAL ---. Persica. 149 AUTHORS Dicuil. -
Cartogram [1883 WORDS]
Vol. 6: Dorling/Cartogram/entry Dorling, D. (forthcoming) Cartogram, Chapter in Monmonier, M., Collier, P., Cook, K., Kimerling, J. and Morrison, J. (Eds) Volume 6 of the History of Cartography: Cartography in the Twentieth Century, Chicago: Chicago University Press. [This is a pre-publication Draft, written in 2006, edited in 2009, edited again in 2012] Cartogram A cartogram can be thought of as a map in which at least one aspect of scale, such as distance or area, is deliberately distorted to be proportional to a variable of interest. In this sense, a conventional equal-area map is a type of area cartogram, and the Mercator projection is a cartogram insofar as it portrays land areas in proportion (albeit non-linearly) to their distances from the equator. According to this definition of cartograms, which treats them as a particular group of map projections, all conventional maps could be considered as cartograms. However, few images usually referred to as cartograms look like conventional maps. Many other definitions have been offered for cartograms. The cartography of cartograms during the twentieth century has been so multifaceted that no solid definition could emerge—and multiple meanings of the word continue to evolve. During the first three quarters of that century, it is likely that most people who drew cartograms believed that they were inventing something new, or at least inventing a new variant. This was because maps that were eventually accepted as cartograms did not arise from cartographic orthodoxy but were instead produced mainly by mavericks. Consequently, they were tolerated only in cartographic textbooks, where they were often dismissed as marginal, map-like objects rather than treated as true maps, and occasionally in the popular press, where they appealed to readers’ sense of irony. -
Application of GIS in Determination and Mapping of Topographic
International Journal of Chemical Studies 2019; 7(2): 1092-1097 P-ISSN: 2349–8528 E-ISSN: 2321–4902 IJCS 2019; 7(2): 1092-1097 Application of GIS in determination and © 2019 IJCS Received: 11-01-2019 mapping of topographic characteristics of Accepted: 15-02-2019 temperate Himalaya Owais Bashir Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Sher-E- Owais Bashir, Tahir Ali, D Ram, GH Rather, Nageena Nazir, QAH Dar Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences And Technology of and Perminder singh Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir India Abstract For the understanding and management of physical environment the mapping and visualization of Tahir Ali topographic information is of great importance. Researchers all over the world are using GIS software in Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Sher-E- their investigation because it has proved to be a successful tool for sustainable development. In view to Kashmir University of Agricultural contemporary cartographic output the application of GIS in landscape mapping and visualization has Sciences And Technology of increased many folds. The main objective of this paper is to determine the application of GIS software to Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir analyze the topographical data. The application of GIS in mapping and visualization has occurred due to India advances in computer technology. For the perceived user needs and the technology that allows faster visual display, GIS uses the idea of visualization through maps. For manipulation and extraction of D Ram terrain features DEM based topographic data of the study region was entered in the GIS softwares. Some Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Sher-E- important topographic features were generated and extracted that built GIS assisted topographical data Kashmir University of Agricultural such as contour and spot height, slope and relief direction, drainage and hill shade.