Cattail Family Typhaceae - Cattail Family Family of 1 Genus - the Cattails

Typhaceae - cattail family Typhaceae - cattail family Family of 1 genus - the cattails. Rhizomatous and glabrous- Family of 1 genus - the cattails. Rhizomatous and glabrous- leaved perennial emergent aquatics. Terminal spike with leaved perennial emergent aquatics. Terminal spike with distinct female flowers below and male flowers above. distinct female flowers below and male flowers above.

Male flowers essentially 3 stamens; female flowers of one Male flowers essentially 3 stamens; female flowers of one carpel with a single seed; wind pollinated. carpel with a single seed; wind pollinated. Achenes with copious amounts of white hairs near the base of each; wind dispersed.

female male

Typha - cattail

Typhaceae - cattail family Typhaceae - cattail family

Our two species of cattails: the narrow- leaved cattail apparently moved in from the east coast and is more tolerant of salt and disturbed areas.

They can be separated based on wider female inflorescence in the common cattail and the physical separation of male and female parts in the narrow- leaved cattail.

T. latifolia X T. angustifolia

Typha X glauca - hybrid cattail

The hybrid is invasive and replaces Typha latifolia Typha angustifolia other cattails and other emergent common cattail Narrow-leaved cattail aquatic plants

1 Sparganiaceae - bur-reed family Sparganiaceae - bur-reed family

Family of 1 genus - the bur-reeds. Rhizomatous and Family of 1 genus - the bur-reeds. Rhizomatous and glabrous-leaved perennial emergent aquatics related to glabrous-leaved perennial emergent aquatics related to cattails but shorter in stature. Inflorescence of male and cattails but shorter in stature. Inflorescence of male and female heads; male heads near the apex. Wind pollinated. female heads; male heads near the apex. Wind pollinated.

male Fruits a head of 1-seeded achenes. female

Male flowers essentially 3 stamens plus 3 tepals;

Female flowers of one- ovuled 3-carpellate gynoecium plus 3 tepals.

Sparganium americanum - bur-reed Sparganium americanum - bur-reed Sparganium eurycarpum - giant bur-reed

Xyridaceae - yellow-eyed grass family Eriocaulaceae - pipewort family Small family of rush-like leaves with terminal spike of small but showy yellow petaled-flowers with no nectar. Inflorescence with sprially arranged bracts.

Small family of aquatic emergents with 1 species in Wisconsin.

Flowers dimerous, unisexual, but crowded together on whitish terminal head of an elongated scape.

Xyris torta - yellow-eyed grass Eriocaulon aquaticum - pipewort

2 Graminoids: Grasses, sedges, rushes Juncaceae - rush family A family largely of two genera - Juncus (rush) and Luzula (wood rush); often tussock forming. Juncaceae (Rushes) Cyperaceae (Sedges) Poaceae (Grasses) Leaves are usually 3-ranked (like sedge family), but stems mainly round or inrolled. No ligule at junction of blade and sheath. Inflorescence congested, often terminal or appearing lateral. 3-ranked (in 3 rows): Generally inrolled or round in Flat, W-shaped in cross- cross-section; hollow or with section, or apparently 2-ranked (in 2 rows), Leaves cross-partitions lacking sometimes appearing leafless (you can feel these with your (e.g. in Eleocharis, fingernail) Schoenoplectus) Margins overlapping or (less Sheaths Margins overlapping Margins fused often) fused A flap of tissue at the A flap of tissue at the junction junction of the sheath and Ligules None of the sheath and blade, not at blade, partly fused to the all fused to the blade blade No scales beneath flowers. Floral 2 surrounding each flower 6-merous perianth (looks a 1 below each flower scales (palea and lemma) little like a lily flower ) Usually bisexual Flowers Bisexual or unisexual Bisexual Three(six)-merous Capsule filled with 3 to many Fruits Achene (a hard nutlet) Grain seeds Juncus - rush

Juncaceae - rush family Juncaceae - rush family

Flowers mainly bisexual. Although reduced and wind pollinated, 6 brownish or reddish-green tepals surround 6 stamens and superior 3-carpellate ovary.

Fruit is a many- seeded capsule.

Juncus arcticus - Baltic rush Juncus effusus - Common rush Note rhizome with vertical stems Luzula acuminata Wood rush Juncus tenuis Juncus greenei - Green’s rush Path rush

3 Juncaceae - rush family Cyperaceae - sedge family A graminoid family of about 100 genera and 4,500 species primarily of moist habitats. Carex with 2,000 species is one of the largest of all angiosperm genera. Most species have triangular stems in cross section - “sedges have edges” - and thus leaves are 3-ranked.

Luzula acuminata - Wood rush

Luzula multiflora - Common wood rush

Cyperaceae - sedge family Cyperaceae - sedge family Scirpus and relatives (bulrushes) often have Cyperus has bisexual flowers: 3 roundish stems. Florets are bisexual with 3 stamens and 2 fused carpels. A single stamens, 3 fused carpels, 6 perianth bristles, bract sits below each floret. The and 1 subtending bract. Florets are generally spikelets are generally symmetrically whorled in the spikelet. arranged.

Cyperus lupulinus- Sand cyperus, sand sedge Scirpus validus (Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani) Soft-stem bulrush

4 Cyperaceae - sedge family Cyperaceae - sedge family

Carex (sedge) is a large, complex, and difficult to key out genus.

Sedges have unisexual flowers with the male and female florets usually arranged in discrete portions of the spikelets.

Scirpus cyperinus Wool-grass Male florets

Female florets

Scirpus atrovirens Dark green bulrush Carex pensylvanica Carex buxbaumii Scirpus sp. Pennsylvania sedge Buxbaum’s sedge

Cyperaceae - sedge family Cyperaceae - sedge family Both male and female florets are subtended by Carex is a genus of roughly 2000 species worldwide, over 150 in Wisconsin alone. It a floret bract. becomes easier to understand if you think of it in terms of two smaller subgenera:

Female florets are further enclosed by a sac- like bract called the perigynium - the achene forms within.

achene

Carex blanda - Wood sedge Carex intumescens - Bladder sedge

5 Cyperaceae - sedge family Cyperaceae - sedge family

Other genera . . .

Eriophorum angustifolium cottongrass

Carex stricta Tussock sedge

A common woodland species Carex pensylvanica Pennsylvania sedge

Cyperaceae - sedge family Poaceae - grass family

Other genera . . . The most important plant family - with about 650 genera and nearly 10,000 species - represents the ultimate in floret reduction and spikelet evolution for wind pollination.

Herbs, often rhizomatous, with 2-ranked leaves on generally hollow stems. The leaves consisting of sheath, ligule, and blade.

Vegetative parts of grasses

Eleocharis ovata - spikerush Lolium perenne - Rye-grass

6 Poaceae - grass family Poaceae - grass family

The main unit of the inflorescence is Each floret is additionally surrounded the spikelet which is composed of 2 by two floret bracts - the outer lemma glumes (spikelet bracts) and 1 or and the inner palea (usually not seen more florets until anthesis - when florets open)

Brome Oats Brome Oats

spikelet lemma glumes palea florets Dactylis glomerata Dactylis glomerata Orchard grass Orchard grass

Poaceae - grass family Poaceae - grass family

Although considerable variation occurs in florets (among species or within a spikelet), most of our species have the following floret structure:

Subfamily Ehrhartoideae Perianth represented by 2 lodicules (stamens more than 3) Stamens 3 Superior gynoecium of 2-3 fused carpels Ziziana aquatica - wild rice One ovuled fruits called a grain or caryopsis = seed fused to ovary wall Important native American food; Dactylis glomerata unisexual spikelets Orchard grass

7 Poaceae - grass family Poaceae - grass family

Subfamily Pooideae

Poa annua - bluegrass

Subfamily Pooideae (Spikelets with more than one grain forming floret; Spikelets not compressed, or compressed in plane of glumes and florets) Dactylis glomerata - orchard grass Ammophila breviligulata - marram grass

Poaceae - grass family Poaceae - grass family

Subfamily Pooideae Subfamily Pooideae

Phalaris arundinacea Reed canary grass

Calamagrostis canadensis - bluejoint grass

Avena sativa - oats Invasive species of wetlands

8 Poaceae - grass family Poaceae - grass family

Subfamily Pooideae Subfamily Pooideae

Elymus hystrix [Hystris patula] Elymus canadensis bottlebrush Wild rye

Triticum aestivinum - wheat

Poaceae - grass family Poaceae - grass family

Subfamily Arundinoideae Subfamily Aristidoideae (Awns of lemma divided into 3 parts)

Phragmites australis - common reed

Circumboreal species; non-native populations have become invasive and displaced native populations Aristida tuberculosa - 3-awned grass

9 Poaceae - grass family Poaceae - grass family

Subfamily Chloridoideae Subfamily Chloridoideae (Spikelets arranged often one-sided)

Spartina pectinata Prairie cord grass Eragrostis cilianensis Stinkgrass

Bouteloua curtipendula Sporolobus heterolepis - Prairie dropseed Sideoats grass

Poaceae - grass family Poaceae - grass family Subfamily Panicoideae (spikelets with 1 floret forming grain) Tribe Paniceae Subfamily Panicoideae (spikelets with 1 floret forming grain) Tribe Andropogoneae (spikelets paired on linear inflorescence)

Andropogon gerardii - big bluestem

Panicum sp. - panic grass

Panicum virgatum - switchgrass

10 Poaceae - grass family

Subfamily Panicoideae Tribe Andropogoneae

Sorghastrum nutans - Indian grass

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