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Northern Climate Exchange, 2013. Burwash Landing and Destruction Bay Landscape Hazards: Geological Mapping for Climate Change Adaptation Planning

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Northern Climate Exchange, 2013. Burwash Landing and Destruction Bay Landscape Hazards: Geological Mapping for Climate Change Adaptation Planning Community Adaptation Project BURWASH LANDING AND DESTRUCTION BAY LANDSCAPE HAZARDS: GEOLOGICAL MAPPING FOR CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLANNING April 2013 COMMUNITY ADAPTATION PROJECT BURWASH LANDING AND DESTRUCTION BAY LANDSCAPE HAZARDS: GEOLOGICAL MAPPING FOR CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLANNING April 2013 Printed in Whitehorse, Yukon, 2013 by Integraphics Ltd, 411D Strickland St. This publication may be obtained from: Northern Climate ExChange c/o Yukon Research Centre, Yukon College 500 College Drive PO Box 2799 Whitehorse, YT Y1A 5K4 Supporting research documents that were not published with this report may also be obtained from the above address. Recommended citation: Northern Climate ExChange, 2013. Burwash Landing and Destruction Bay Landscape Hazards: Geological Mapping for Climate Change Adaptation Planning. Yukon Research Centre, Yukon College, 111 p. and 2 maps. Production by Leyla Weston, Whitehorse, Yukon. Front cover photograph: Burwash Landing, with Kluane Lake in the foreground and the Kluane Range in the background; view is looking southeast from Dalan campground. Photo courtesy of Northern Climate ExChange Foreword The Kluane First Nation is made up of strong and inspired people, who have lived in their Traditional Territory since time immemorial. Their Territory spans an area between the White River to the north, and the Slims River to the south; and from the St. Elias Mountains to the west, to the Ruby Ranges to the east. We have seen many changes on the land and in our community - from the establishment of the Alaska Highway, to the inception of the Kluane First Nation Government; all the while, we remain present with the land. Today, we are witnessing changes in our climate that are reflected on the land, and so we must take action to address the needs of our future generations. Climate change poses a great threat to our community and our lifestyles. The Kluane area is a diverse and rugged geographic region. The land formations here are constantly changing and so we must plan for a dynamic landscape and a changing climate and learn to adapt in order to thrive and succeed into the future. The Yukon Research Centre, Yukon Geological Survey, University of Montreal, University of Ottawa, Laval University, and Kluane First Nation have joined together to develop a Landscape Hazards project which compiles geoscience data from various field studies, scientific reviews and traditional knowledge. The data collected by the project team identifies landscape hazards between the villages of Burwash Landing and Destruction Bay. This data was used to create a map of landscape hazards that delineate low, moderate, and high-risk areas in the Kluane region. The Hazards Mapping Project has increased our understanding of how landscape characteristics may change in the Kluane area as regional climate conditions change. This information will be utilized in the adaptation planning process to provide the basis for evaluating how community infrastructure, security and well-being may be influenced and how the community might take action to respond. Colin Wright Environment Officer, Kluane First Nation Lead Authors on the Report Bronwyn Benkert Northern Climate ExChange, Yukon Research Centre, Yukon College Daniel Fortier Université de Montréal Kristen Kennedy Yukon Geological Survey, Government of Yukon Antoni Lewkowicz University of Ottawa Contributors Philip Bonnaventure Queen’s University Isabelle de Grandpré Université de Montréal Katerine Grandmont Université de Montréal Sarah Laxton Yukon Geological Survey, Government of Yukon Erin Light Northern Climate ExChange, Yukon Research Centre, Yukon College Michel Sliger Université de Montréal Graham Pope Queen’s University Technical Advisors Jeff Bond Yukon Geological Survey, Government of Yukon Guy Doré Université Laval Lacia Kinnear Northern Climate ExChange, Yukon Research Centre, Yukon College Colin Wright Kluane First Nation Technical Editing Leyla Weston, private consultant, Whitehorse and Production Acknowledgements The project team would like to thank all the participants in this project for their enthusiasm and commitment. We would like to express our appreciation to the Yukon Geological Survey, Yukon Research Centre, Université de Montréal, University of Ottawa, Université Laval, Government of Yukon, and all those noted above for their support. We would especially like to thank the communities of Burwash Landing and Destruction Bay, and Kluane First Nation, for supporting this project and welcoming us on their lands and within the Traditional Territory of Kluane First Nation. We appreciate the support and cooperation of Colin Wright (Kluane First Nation), and fruitful conversations with JP Pinard (JP Pinard Consulting) and Kai Peetoom (KP Environmental). Thank you to the many field assistants involved in the project, including several of our contributing authors, as well as Louis-Philippe Roy, Manuel Versplat, Sabine Veuille, Chelsea Raley and Julia Quigley. We are especially grateful to Leyla Weston for technical editing and layout of this report, and to Samantha Darling for GIS contributions. Funding for this project was provided by Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development, Government of Canada. Project management was conducted by the Northern Climate ExChange, part of the Yukon Research Centre at Yukon College. TABLE OF Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................................1 Burwash Landing and Destruction Bay .......................................................................................1 Physiography .......................................................................................................................................3 Vegetation ...........................................................................................................................................4 Contemporary Climate ........................................................................................................................4 Past Climate Trends .............................................................................................................................5 Hydrology ............................................................................................................................................6 Kluane Lake ...................................................................................................................................6 Kaskawulsh Glacier ........................................................................................................................7 Slims River ......................................................................................................................................7 Approach and Methods ....................................................................................................................8 Surficial Geology .................................................................................................................................8 Permafrost ..........................................................................................................................................8 Ground Penetrating Radar .............................................................................................................8 Electrical Resistivity........................................................................................................................8 Geotechnical Analysis of Permafrost ........................................................................................... 10 Fire Disturbance Mapping ................................................................................................................. 15 Hazards Classification ........................................................................................................................ 15 Regional Geological and Permafrost Conditions .................................................................. 16 Surficial Geology ............................................................................................................................... 16 Glacial History .............................................................................................................................. 16 Surficial Materials ........................................................................................................................ 18 Stratigraphy ................................................................................................................................. 22 Landslide Processes ..................................................................................................................... 23 Neotectonics ................................................................................................................................ 25 Permafrost ........................................................................................................................................ 25 Regional Characteristics .............................................................................................................. 25 Geotechnical Properties ............................................................................................................... 25 Contemporary Permafrost Probability ......................................................................................... 30 Case Study Investigations ..............................................................................................................
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