Banking & Finance Litigation Update

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Banking & Finance Litigation Update BANKING & FINANCE LITIGATION UPDATE Issue 60 We wish to establish a dialogue with our readers. Contents Please contact us at B&FL Update and let us know which particular areas you are interested in and what Domestic Banking ······································ 2 you would find helpful. Domestic General ······································· 4 The Banking & Finance Litigation Update is published monthly and covers current developments European Banking ······································ 5 affecting the Group's area of practice and its clients during the preceding month. European General ······································· 5 This publication is a general overview and discussion International Banking ·································· 5 of the subjects dealt with. It should not be used as a International General ··································· 6 substitute for taking legal advice in any specific situation. DLA Piper UK LLP accepts no Legislation ··············································· 6 responsibility for any actions taken or not taken in reliance on it. Press Releases ··········································· 6 Where references or links (which may not be active Case Law ················································ 8 links) are made to external publications or websites, the views expressed are those of the authors of those publications or websites which are not necessarily those of DLA Piper UK LLP, and DLA Piper UK LLP accepts no responsibility for the contents or accuracy of those publications or websites. If you would like further advice, please contact Paula Johnson on 08700 111 111. DOMESTIC BANKING 7. Support staff working in investment divisions of banks including Barclays and RBS could have BANK OF ENGLAND their 2013 bonuses cut in a move to reduce costs. Executives believe that pay for backroom staff at 1. Mark Carney, the governor of the Bank of Canada, investment banks should be aligned with the pay will become the highest earning banker in the of their retail counterparts who are doing the same world when he becomes the Governor of the Bank job. of England ("BofE"). His total package will be worth £874,000, more than double the salary of Times, 19 November 2012 his nearest rival, Mario Draghi, the Governor of the European Central Bank. HSBC Guardian, 21 December 2012 8. The first sale of sub-prime loans since the height of the financial crash is being prepared by HSBC, 2. Martin Weale of the BofE Monetary Policy as the bank starts to off-load over $40 billion (£25 Committee has warned that further quantitative billion) of toxic US debt that it still has on its easing by the Bank would result in increased books. Four sub-prime loan portfolios worth a inflation and have no beneficial effect on growth. total of $2.7 billion will be sold in the next year, with interest already being expressed by hedge Daily Telegraph, 22 November 2012 funds. The sale will be the first time HSBC has BARCLAYS sold any of its holding of sub-prime debt since Lehman Brothers collapsed back in September 3. Barclays and Deutsche Bank have joined with 12 2008. other banks to become stakeholders in a "bad bank", called Sareb, created to absorb 60 billion The Daily Telegraph, 3 December 2012 Euros of Spain's bad debts. 9. HSBC is to launch a global 'know your customer' programme costing $700 million as part of a plan Times, 19 December 2012 agreed with US regulators to settle breaches of 4. An American plan that would force Barclays and Iran sanctions and money laundering issues. Deutsche Bank to put more cash into their Wall Financial Times, 14 December 2012 Street operations is threatening to bring about an international trade war. Daniel Tarullo, a governor 10. HSBC has agreed a record fine of $1.9 billion with of the Federal Reserve and the man overseeing the international regulators to settle charges of money implementation of the Dodd-Frank banking laundering between 2002 and 2009. The bank was regulation reforms, wants tougher capital and found guilty of wholesale failings in its control liquidity rules for all foreign banks operating in and systems processes but was not found to have the US. According to senior financiers and facilitated money laundering. Senior staff at the analysts, foreign banks would be put at a bank will defer part of their bonus entitlement competitive disadvantage by the rules. A number until 2017 to safeguard against any future of foreign banks and financial institutions are wrongdoing. furious about the plans. Times, 12 December 2012 Sunday Times, 9 December 2012 11. HSBC chairman Douglas Flint wants bankers to 5. Barclays' CEO, Anthony Jenkins, has been in talks swear an oath similar to that sworn by doctors in with shareholders about axing its investment bank an attempt to rebuild confidence in the profession. as part of a radical restructuring. Financial Times, 26 November 2012 Daily Telegraph, 26 November 2012 12. HSBC has confirmed that it is in talks on the 6. Former Barclays chairman Martin Agius could be possible sale of its 15.57 per cent holdings in retained by the bank as a consultant. Agius Chinese insurance group Ping An. The deal could resigned in July but is still working on "legacy be worth $9 billion. issues" at the bank until 1 January 2013 when his Independent, 19 November 2012 notice period expires. Daily Telegraph, 19 November 2012 02 | Banking & Finance Litigation Update - Issue 60 LLOYDS BANKING GROUP successive governments. The bank's first aim is to be ready to begin paying dividends again in late 13. In a deal worth £60 million, restaurants including 2014. Eighteen months of further repairs to the Le Pont de la Tour and Quaglino's are set to bank's balance sheet should, senior figures at the change hands. The private equity arm of Lloyds bank believe, leave it ready to be returned to the Bank, LDC, is frontrunner to purchase D&D private sector in four offerings spread over ten London, owner of 30 leading restaurants. It would years. get the 51 per cent stake of founder Sir Terence Conran, and also the 18 per cent owned by Caird Times, 3 December 2012 Capital. The remaining 31 per cent would be 19. Despite having effectively agreed to pay its larger retained by management. A number of rivals are rival to take the unit off its hands, RBS has been still in the talks so LDC could be outbid, even forced to call off the sale of its Indian commercial though it is the current frontrunner. and retail operations to HSBC. RBS said that the Sunday Times, 9 December 2012 sale had 'lapsed' and it would now begin to 'wind- down' the 31-branch business. The collapse of the 14. An estimated 4.8 million Lloyds Banking Group deal is understood to have come after protracted account holders will begin receiving letters talks over the transfer of the ownership of the informing them that their branch has been business with the Indian regulator. transferred to new ownership as part of the Project Verde sale to Co-operative Bank in July. The Daily Telegraph, 3 December 2012 Times, 28 November 2012 20. After refusing to cave in to pressure to sell its American business, RBS is expected to further SANTANDER shrink its investment bank. RBS has been pressed 15. A deal is expected to be announced soon between by City regulators to consider a sale of its Santander UK and SAV Credit in relation to American retail banking business, Citizens, which Santander's store card portfolio. SAV currently could be worth as much as £10 billion. However serves retailers such as Debenhams and Arcadia. the bank has said it cannot find a buyer quick Santander is worried that its reputation will be enough to meet the timetable of new capital damaged by criticism of the high interest rates demands. RBS is believed to be looking at ways to charged on store cards. trim capital-intensive areas of its investment bank as an alternative. Times, 21 December 2012 Sunday Times, 2 December 2012 THE ROYAL BANK OF SCOTLAND PLC 21. Private equity firm Corsair Capital has become a 16. The Royal Bank of Scotland ("RBS") is expected potential bidder for the 316 RBS branches to be to be the next bank to agree a settlement with sold. regulators over attempts to manipulate the LIBOR rate, following the settlement agreed between UK Evening Standard, 26 November 2012 and US authorities in December with UBS, and 22. Whitehall is proposing that the 316 RBS branches the one made with Barclays in June 2012. which are for sale could be nationalised and set up Daily Telegraph, 20 December, 2012 as a standalone bank if a buyer is not found. The tax payer, as the majority shareholder in RBS, 17. RBS is to launch a £200 million Carbon would automatically acquire an 83 per cent share Reduction Fund aimed at helping businesses of the new bank. reduce energy costs. The fund will be run by the bank's corporate and institutional banking Sunday Times, 18 November 2012 division. RBS will finance a range of sustainable UK GREEN INVESTMENT BANK PLC energy projects and will be able to lend at lower rates as the fund is backed by Funding for 23. The UK Green Investment Bank Plc ("UK GIB") Lending, with funding available for businesses has officially opened for business and has invested with a turnover of over £25 million. £8 million in a project to construct an anaerobic digestion plant in Teesside, and £5 million to Independent, 10 December 2012 retrofit Kingspan's UK industrial facilities. UK 18. RBS has predicted that it will take it ten years to GIB has been funded with £3 billion of fully return to the private sector, underlining the Government money and will aim to mobilise scale of the challenge facing executives and www.dlapiper.com | 03 additional private capital to develop a green scandal which has involved at least 20 of the economy.
Recommended publications
  • Assigning Responsibilities in the Libor Scandal
    1233 The Differential Management of Financial Illegalisms: Assigning Responsibilities in the Libor Scandal Thomas Angeletti How, in a context of growing critiques of financialization, can law contribute to protecting the legitimacy of finance? This paper argues that the assign- ment of responsibilities between individuals and organizations plays a deci- sive role, using the recent Libor scandal as an empirical illustration. To do so, the paper offers a Foucauldian framework, the differential management of financial illegalisms, dedicated to the study of illegalities in financial capi- talism. The comparison of the legal treatment of two manipulations of Libor, this key benchmark in financial markets, reveals how mid-level traders have been the object of criminal prosecution, while law undervalued the role of top managers and organizations. To capture how differential management is performed in practice, I analyze precisely how the conflict-resolution devices (criminal trial vs. settlement) and the social categorizations prevailing in the two manipulations of Libor favor different forms of responsibility, individual or organizational. I conclude by exploring the implications of law’s relation- ship to financial legitimacy. For more than a decade now, the financialization of capitalism (Krippner 2011; Van der Zwan 2014) has been the locus of many critiques. Financialization has been studied sufficiently to under- stand how much finance has invaded our daily lives (Martin 2002), without measuring necessarily fully its ramifications. The clear causality between the rise of wages in the financial sector and the rise in income inequality in the United Kingdom (Bell and Van Reenen 2013), the United States (Volscho and Kelly 2012), and France (Godechot 2012) has put the financial sector on the spot.
    [Show full text]
  • The Unbelievable Story of an Awkward Maths Genius, A
    <HELP> for explanation, <MENU> for similar functions LieBOR THE UNBELIEVABLE STORY OF AN AWKWARD MATHS 1) Tom Hayes (Trader) -10.12 GENIUS, A GANG OF BACKSTABBING 2) Tom's Brokers (Cabal) -66.69 BANKERS, AND THE 3) David Enrich (Author) 21.03 JOURNALIST WHO UNCOVERED ONE OF THE GREATEST SCAMS EVER TRIED IN 4) The Libor rigging scandal (Global Crisis) -176.12 FINANCIAL HISTORY Words by Joseph Bullmore The trader at the centre of the scandal: Asperger's sufferer Tom Hayes, currently serving an 11-year term in jail GENTLEMAN’S JOURNAL FEATURES 77 he Libor is the most important number in the world. It’s also probably the they didn’t raise suspicions harems of escorts – and often all five in com- THE How they did it... THE most boring. A single figure that underpins modern capitalism, the Libor (or SCAM among their managers, while EXCESS bination. Some stories were too salacious to T London Interbank Offered Rate) is the theoretical rate at which banks will their managers would invariably Trader 1: make the final edit. ‘This one broker – he lend to each other – the price, essentially, of borrowed money. The magazine you turn a blind eye in the face of ‘What's the call called himself Danny the Animal – was brag- hold in your hands at this very moment is drenched in Libor – it soaks through the ‘The thing about Tom is he’s very literal – no healthy profit spikes. (‘Where on the Libor?’ ‘At a certain point during my in- ging about how he’d stocked a boat in the credit card you used to pay for it, the price of printing ink, the mortgage overheads sense of sarcasm or subtlety,’ Enrich tells me.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Impact Report
    IMPACT REPORT 2020 ABOUT THIS REPORT This report covers United Way’s 2020 fiscal year (July 1, 2019 through June 30, 2020). For the latest information about our work, visit YourUnitedWay.org. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 4 OUR SERVICE AREA 6 STEPS TO SUCCESS 7 LETTER FROM JAMES L. M. TAYLOR, PRESIDENT & CEO 8 LETTER FROM LORI ELLIOTT JARVIS, BOARD CHAIR 8 2020 BOARD OF DIRECTORS 9 FUNDING 10 2020-22 COMMUNITY INVESTMENTS 12 COMMUNITY VOLUNTEERS 14 UNITED WAY IN THE COMMUNITY 16 KINDERGARTEN COUNTDOWN CAMP 18 VOLUNTEER INCOME TAX ASSISTANCE 20 WORKFORCE PARTNERSHIP TEAM 24 VOLUNTEERING 27 CORPORATE PARTNERSHIPS 32 COVID-19: LEADERSHIP IN A TIME OF CRISIS 34 2020 STEPS TO SUCCESS AWARDS 36 GIVING COMMUNITIES 38 2020 FINANCIALS 48 Impact Report | 3 INTRODUCTION 4 | United Way of Greater Richmond & Petersburg Impact Report | 5 OUR SERVICE AREA We serve the region’s neighborhoods and rural areas alike – 11 localities in all. 6 | United Way of Greater Richmond & Petersburg STEPS TO SUCCESS Our Steps to Success model identifies nine key milestones on the path to prosperity and serves as the framework for everything we do. Impact Report | 7 FROM OUR LEADERSHIP September 2020 September 2020 Thank you for reading United Way of Greater Richmond & Our region is changing rapidly, and the needs of our communities Petersburg’s 2020 Impact Report. I am glad to be able to share this are changing just as quickly. That has never been truer than it is moment of reflection with you. right now in 2020. 2020 has been a challenging and tumultuous year for everyone in Now more than ever, United Way of Greater Richmond & our region.
    [Show full text]
  • The Libor Scandal: a Need for Revised National and International Reforms and Regulations
    North East Journal of Legal Studies Volume 32 Fall 2014 Article 4 Fall 2014 The Libor Scandal: A Need For Revised National And International Reforms And Regulations Roy J. Girasa [email protected] Richard J. Kraus [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/nealsb Recommended Citation Girasa, Roy J. and Kraus, Richard J. (2014) "The Libor Scandal: A Need For Revised National And International Reforms And Regulations," North East Journal of Legal Studies: Vol. 32 , Article 4. Available at: https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/nealsb/vol32/iss1/4 This item has been accepted for inclusion in DigitalCommons@Fairfield by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Fairfield. It is brought to you by DigitalCommons@Fairfield with permission from the rights- holder(s) and is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 89 / Vol 32 / North East Journal of Legal Studies THE LIBOR SCANDAL: A NEED FOR REVISED NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL REFORMS AND REGULATIONS by Roy J. Girasa* Richard J. Kraus** INTRODUCTION Few individuals or even major investors are aware of the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR), a little-known activity that profoundly affects local and world finances. The total value of securities and loans affected by LIBOR is approximately $800 trillion dollars annually.
    [Show full text]
  • Former Citigroup and UBS Trader Convicted in Libor Case ­ the New York Times
    8/6/2015 Former Citigroup and UBS Trader Convicted in Libor Case ­ The New York Times http://nyti.ms/1N4llzh CLOSE X Former Citigroup and UBS Trader Convicted in Libor Case By CHAD BRAY AUG. 3, 2015 LONDON — Tom Hayes, a former trader at Citigroup and UBS, was convicted Monday on eight counts of conspiring to manipulate a global benchmark interest rate known as Libor, bolstering efforts by prosecutors here to pursue financial wrongdoing. Shortly after the verdict, Mr. Hayes was sentenced to 14 years in prison. The verdict came more than three years after a conspiracy among traders to manipulate the London interbank offered rate, or Libor, first came to light. The ensuing scandal has led to billions of dollars in fines and has rocked the reputations of some of the world’s biggest banks, including Barclays, the Royal Bank of Scotland, UBS and Deutsche Bank. Mr. Hayes, 35, was the first person to go to trial in Britain on criminal charges related to Libor manipulation, and his case was seen as a bellwether for British authorities, who have been criticized in the United States for not being as aggressive as the Justice Department when it comes to pursuing financial crime. A second trial of former traders who have been accused of conspiring with Mr. Hayes is set for September on charges related to the manipulation of Libor. A third trial of other individuals accused of manipulating Libor as it relates to the United States dollar is set for January. “The jury were sure that in his admitted manipulation of Libor, Hayes was indeed dishonest,” David Green, the director of the Serious Fraud Office, said in a news release.
    [Show full text]
  • P.R.I.M.E. Finance Panel of Recognized International Market Experts in Finance
    P.R.I.M.E. Finance Panel of Recognized International Market Experts in Finance Beyond LIBOR: New Benchmarks And New Issues Affecting Benchmarks Presentation by Thomas Werlen 2017 P.R.I.M.E. Finance Annual Conference 23 & 24 January, Peace Palace, The Hague Agenda 1 Scope of the Panel’s Discussions 2 From the LIBOR Scandal to other Benchmark Manipulations 3 Involvement of Authorities 4 Agenda 2 Beyond LIBOR: New Benchmarks and new Issues affecting Benchmarks Benchmarks causing regulatory issues include but are not limited to LIBOR Alternative systems to determine benchmarks are explored due to regulatory and investigatory pressure but also following industry initiatives Investigations are still ongoing and private enforcement is in full steam Goal of today is to update on current developments on all fronts 3 Agenda 1 Scope of the Panel’s Discussions 2 From the LIBOR Scandal to other Benchmark Manipulations 3 Involvement of Authorities 4 Agenda of Panel 4 From LIBOR… (1/2) Benchmark reference rate for debt instruments, including government and corporate bonds, mortgages, student loans, credit cards; as well as derivatives such as currency and interest swaps, among many other financial products In early 2008, New York Fed learns of false reports “we know that we’re not posting, um, an honest rate” (statement of Barclays employee to a New York Fed official) Provoked a series of regulatory actions, e.g.: Barclays settled a case with U.S. and UK authorities for $435 million in July 2012, and in August 2016 agreed to pay an additional $100 million to forty-four U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Banking and the Limits of Professionalism I
    2017 Thematic: Banking and the Limits of Professionalism 411 17 BANKING AND THE LIMITS OF PROFESSIONALISM DIMITY KINGSFORD SMITH,* THOMAS CLARKE** AND JUSTINE ROGERS*** I INTRODUCTION Few other occupations that aspire to professional status have the influence, both beneficial and destructive, or the raw power to resist regulation and political constraint, that banking has. The global financial crisis (‘GFC’) and revelations of bank manipulation of the benchmark London Inter-bank Offering Rate (‘LIBOR’),1 which followed quickly afterwards, showed devastatingly the worst of this influence and power. These failings have been diagnosed as stemming from a foundational collapse in the values of individuals and in the governance of banking entities.2 The critique has concentrated on demands for better decisions and conduct from individuals, as well as changes in the entities for which they work, to better support those individuals. This post-GFC prescription for banking has turned attention to the professions as a possible framework for promoting individual ethical conduct in banking.3 Indeed, since the LIBOR revelations, even banking itself has expressed a desire to professionalise.4 * Professor and Director of the Centre for Law, Markets and Regulation (‘CLMR’) University of New South Wales (‘UNSW’); LLM (London School of Economics, London) LLB (Sydney) BA (Sydney). Correspondence to Professor Kingsford Smith <[email protected]>. ** Professor of Management and Director of the Key University Research Centre for Corporate Governance, University of Technology Sydney; PhD (Warwick) BSocSc (Birm). *** Lecturer, UNSW Law; DPhil (Oxford) MSc (Oxford). The authors acknowledge the support of the Australian Research Council and the Professional Standards Councils for this work and particularly the comments of the anonymous referees and of fellow researcher, Hugh Breakey, on an earlier version of this paper and the work of Senior Research Fellow, John Chellew.
    [Show full text]
  • World Investment Report 2001: Promoting Linkages
    United Nations Conference on Trade and Development World Investment Report 2001 Promoting Linkages United Nations New York and Geneva, 2001 Note UNCTAD serves as the focal point within the United Nations Secretariat for all matters related to foreign direct investment and transnational corporations. In the past, the Programme on Transnational Corporations was carried out by the United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations (1975-1992) and the Transnational Corporations and Management Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Development (1992-1993). In 1993, the Programme was transferred to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. UNCTAD seeks to further the understanding of the nature of transnational corporations and their contribution to development and to create an enabling environment for international investment and enterprise development. UNCTAD's work is carried out through intergovernmental deliberations, technical assistance activities, seminars, workshops and conferences. The term “country” as used in this study also refers, as appropriate, to territories or areas; the designations employed and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. In addition, the designations of country groups are intended solely for statistical or analytical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage of development reached by a particular country or area in the development process. The reference to a company and its activities should not be construed as an endorsement by UNCTAD of the company or its activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Affairs and Lobbying Register
    Public Affairs and Lobbying Register 3x1 Offices: 16a Walker Street, Edinburgh EH3 7LP 210 Borough High Street, London SE1 1JX 26-28 Exchange Street, Aberdeen, AB11 6PH OFFICE(S) Address: 3x1 Group, 11 Fitzroy Place, Glasgow, G3 7RW Tel: Fax: Web: CONTACT FOR PUBLIC AFFAIRS [email protected] LIST OF EMPLOYEES THAT HAVE CONDUCTED PUBLIC AFFAIRS SERVICES Ailsa Pender Cameron Grant Katrine Pearson Lindsay McGarvie Patrick Hogan Richard Holligan LIST OF CLIENTS FOR WHOM PUBLIC AFFAIRS SERVICES HAVE BEEN PROVIDED North British Distillery Atos The Scottish Salmon Company SICPA Public Affairs and Lobbying Register Aiken PR OFFICE(S) Address: 418 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 6GN Tel: 028 9066 3000 Fax: 028 9068 3030 Web: www.aikenpr.com CONTACT FOR PUBLIC AFFAIRS [email protected] LIST OF EMPLOYEES THAT HAVE CONDUCTED PUBLIC AFFAIRS SERVICES Claire Aiken Donal O'Neill John McManus Lyn Sheridan Shane Finnegan LIST OF CLIENTS FOR WHOM PUBLIC AFFAIRS SERVICES HAVE BEEN PROVIDED Diageo McDonald’s Public Affairs and Lobbying Register Airport Operators Associaon OFFICE(S) Address: Airport Operators Association, 3 Birdcage Walk, London, SW1H 9JJ Tel: 020 7799 3171 Fax: 020 7340 0999 Web: www.aoa.org.uk CONTACT FOR PUBLIC AFFAIRS [email protected] LIST OF EMPLOYEES THAT HAVE CONDUCTED PUBLIC AFFAIRS SERVICES Ed Anderson Henk van Klaveren Jeff Bevan Karen Dee Michael Burrell - external public affairs Peter O'Broin advisor Roger Koukkoullis LIST OF CLIENTS FOR WHOM PUBLIC AFFAIRS SERVICES HAVE BEEN PROVIDED N/A Public Affairs and Lobbying Register Anchor
    [Show full text]
  • 1 'The Fight Against Fraud: a Critical Review and Comparative Analysis Of
    ‘The fight against fraud: A critical review and comparative analysis of the Labour and Conservative government’s anti-fraud policies in the United Kingdom’ Dr. Umut Turksen (Professor in Law & Business)1 and Dr. Nicholas Ryder (Professor in Financial Crime)2 1 Professor Umut Turksen, Kingston University, London. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Professor Nicholas Ryder, University of the West of England, Bristol. E-mail: [email protected] 1 “There is clear evidence that fraud is becoming the crime of choice for organised crime and terrorist funding. The response from law enforcement world-wide has not been sufficient. We need to bear down on fraud; to make sure that laws, procedures and resources devoted to combating fraud are fit for the modern age”.3 Introduction Initially, international efforts to tackle financial crimes have concentrated mainly on money laundering and terrorist financing. This is largely due to the United States of America (US) led ‘war on drugs’ and the ‘financial war on terrorism’. Fraud on the other hand has been placed lower in the list of public policy priorities and law enforcement efforts.4 Following the turbulent times we have experienced since the global economic downturn first in 1997 (triggered by the Asian crisis) and later in 2008 (triggered by the bursting of the US subprime mortgage bubble), there is evidence that politicians are changing their stance in tackling a number of fraudulent and malfeasant activities particularly in the banking and financial services sectors. Fraud can be defined as “persuading someone to part with something”,5 which includes “deceit or an intention to deceive”,6 or an “act of deception intended for personal gain or to cause a loss to another party” 7 and it “involves the perpetrator making personal gains or avoiding losses through the 3 Wright, R.
    [Show full text]
  • Farewell to LIBOR Steven Criscuolo, CPA, MBA | September 2017
    Farewell To LIBOR Steven Criscuolo, CPA, MBA | September 2017 We all know banks are in business to make money. While most of today’s banks are quite sophisticated and have multiple sources of income, the most basic and surest way to make money is to “borrow” from depositors at very low interest rates, and then lend to borrowers at higher rates. The difference between the average rate paid to depositors and the average rate collected from borrowers, referred to as the “spread,” represents a profit to the bank. Money made on the spread is a sure thing, unless the market rate of interest that must be paid to attract and keep depositors increases, while the rate collected from borrowers remains flat. For this reason, banks prefer to lend on a variable rate basis, maintaining their spread no matter how market interest rates move. This, combined with an increase in the trading of sophisticated market instruments such as interest rate swaps, foreign currency options and forward rate agreements, convinced the British Bankers Association to begin work on setting a short-term interest rate standard in 1984. On January 1, 1986, the London Interbank Offering Rate (“LIBOR”) was born. On any given day, 35 LIBOR rates are set – one for each of seven different time periods (ranging from one day to one year) in five different currencies (Dollar, Euro, Yen, Sterling, Franc). On each business day since January 1, 1986, twenty specific banks from around the world submit applicable rates “at which an individual Contributor Panel bank could borrow funds, were it to do so, by asking for and then accepting inter-bank offers in reasonable market size, just before 11:00 London time.”1 Submitted rates are used by The Intercontinental Exchange to calculate the day’s LIBOR rates.
    [Show full text]
  • Note LIBOR: the World's Most Important Headache
    Note LIBOR: The World’s Most Important Headache Alec Foote Mitchell* INTRODUCTION Imagine your friend has an appointment, but today she forgot her watch. In return for giving you $50, she wants you to keep an eye on the clock. But in the middle of the day, the clock suddenly vanishes. There might be some alternatives: you could use the sun to estimate the time, look to the traffic to see when rush hour starts, or you could guess. But how do you know whether those alternatives are sufficient? What seemed to be a simple contract was premised on a basic assump- tion: your clock would not disappear. But once it did, it threw the en- tire agreement into question and could result in your friend missing her appointment and you losing the $50. In finance, many contracts are based on a similar premise: the availability of LIBOR. The London Inter-Bank Offered Rate, known as LIBOR, has been dubbed “the world’s most important number.”1 The rate is ubiquitous in global finance, where it underlies almost $350 trillion in financial contracts2 and is meant to measure the estimated * J.D. Candidate 2021, University of Minnesota Law School. For my Mom and Dad, whose patience and guidance taught me that improving writing skills is a never- ending pursuit. To my sisters, whose intelligence and hard work have provided me with a source of continual inspiration. Special thanks to the editors and staff members of the Minnesota Law Review, whose work is often unnoticed but greatly improves legal scholarship, and to Professor Claire Hill for her feedback throughout my authorship of this Note.
    [Show full text]