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From Soldadera to Adelita: the Depiction of Women in the Mexican

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From Soldadera to Adelita: the Depiction of Women in the Mexican McNair Scholars Journal Volume 13 | Issue 1 Article 6 2009 From Soldadera to Adelita: The epicD tion of Women in the Mexican Revolution Delia Fernández Grand Valley State University Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/mcnair Recommended Citation Fernández, Delia (2009) "From Soldadera to Adelita: The eD piction of Women in the Mexican Revolution," McNair Scholars Journal: Vol. 13: Iss. 1, Article 6. Available at: http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/mcnair/vol13/iss1/6 Copyright © 2009 by the authors. McNair Scholars Journal is reproduced electronically by ScholarWorks@GVSU. http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/ mcnair?utm_source=scholarworks.gvsu.edu%2Fmcnair%2Fvol13%2Fiss1%2F6&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages References From Soldadera to Adelita: Anderson, E. and M.G. Burg (2007) Synthesis of a HDC-GFP Promoter-Gene Fusion as a Tool to Identify Histaminergic Cells and Examine The Depiction of Women in the Mexican Revolution HDC Regulation. GVSU McNair Scholars Journal 11: 5 Burg, M., Sarthy, V., Koliantz, G., and W. Pak. (1993) Genetic and molecular identification of a Drosophila histidine decarboxylase gene re- Abstract A gun is strapped to her back, as are ban- quired in photoreceptor transmitter synthesis. EMBO J. 12(3): 911-919. doliers across her chest. She wears a flow- Popular images of women during the Mexi- ing skirt, a revealing blouse, and a carefree Burg, M., and W. Pak. (1995) Separation of cis-acting regulatory regions required for photoreceptor and brain-specific expression of the histi- can Revolution (1911-1920) often depict expression on her face. This image has been dine decarboxylase gene of Drosophila. Invest. Ophthal. and Vis. Sci. 36(4): 1979. them as dressed provocatively, yet wearing reproduced repeatedly on t-shirts, calendars, a bandolier and gun. Although the image is address books, advertisements, and even in Fleming J., and T. Wang. (2000) Amino- and Carboxy- Terminal PEST Domains mediate Gastrin Stabilization of Rat L-Histidine Decarboxy- common, its origin is not well known. An ex- the media through movies, songs, and art lase Isoforms. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 20(13):4932-4947. amination of secondary literature and media (see Figure 1). She embodies the image of will show the transformation in the image of soldaderas, or women soldiers, who fought Melzig J., S. Bunchner, F. Wiebel, R. Wolf, E. Buchner, Burg M., and W. Pak. (1996) Genetic Depletion of Histamine from the Nervous System the female soldier (soldadera) over the course during the Mexican Revolution in the years of Drosophila Eliminate Specific Visual and Mechanosensory Behavior. Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 179:763-773. of the Revolution from that of the submissive between 1911 and 1920.¹ At this time in follower into a promiscuous fighter (Adelita). Mexican history, a patriarchal society con- Miller, E. and M.G. Burg (2008) Determination of epitope-labeled Hdc gene expression in transgenic flies of Drosophila, GVSU Student Sum- The soldaderas exhibited masculine charac- strained women and limited their lives in mer Scholars. Delia Fernández teristics, like strength and valor, and for these nearly every aspect. Women’s responsibili- McNair Scholar attributes, men were responsible for reshaping ties to their families and the expectations of Pollack I. and A., Hofbauer (1991) Histamine-like immunoreactivity in the visual system and brain of Drosophila melanogaster. Cell Tissue the soldadera’s image into the ideal (docile, yet the Catholic Church stifled any possibility Res 266:391–398. licentious) woman of the time. of equality with men. Whether intentional or not, becoming a soldadera allowed some Python, F. and R. F. Stocker (2002) Immunoreactivity Against Choline Acetyltransferase, γ-AminobutyricAcid, Histamine, Octopamine, and women to leave behind part of their respon- Serotonin in the Larval Chemosensory System of Drosophila melanogaster. The Journal of Comparative Neurology 453:157–167(2002) sibilities and begin a journey that would ul- timately help them gain equality with men. Sarthy, P.V. (1991) Histamine: A Neurotransmitter candidate for Drosophila photoreceptors. J. Neurochem. 57(5):1757-1768. Over the years, the image of the soldadera has been misrepresented in popular culture. The brave, strong woman who fought for equality, such as the anonymous soldadera depicted in Figure 2, has been transformed into the promiscuous woman often referred to as La Adelita, described above.² Unlike David Stark, Ph.D. the true soldadera, La Adelita hardly seems Faculty Mentor capable of fighting in a war. How and why has the image of the soldadera evolved into that of La Adelita? More importantly, why are the romanticized images of the soldadera perpetuated to this day in popular culture, including corridos (love songs) and movies? This paper examines the transformation of the soldadera into La Adelita. To this end, I provide an overview of Mexico during the Porfiriato (1876-1911), specifically focusing on the plight of women and their status as second-class citizens. Next, I analyze the sol- daderas themselves, including the different types of women who fought and their partic- ipation in the Mexican Revolution. Finally, I ¹ The word soldadera has its origins in the Spanish Conquest. The soldaderas were responsible for aiding the army by finding food and caring for injured soldiers. The term has also been applied to Spanish women who fought during the Conquest. As Spanish became Mexico’s language after the conquest, the term soldadera was used to describe all women who fought and aided in the Mexican conflicts. The first time it appeared in print was 1865. For more information, see Elizabeth Salas’ Soldaderas in the Mexi- can Military: Myth and History (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990), 11-33. ² There are many myths surrounding the identity of La Adelita, however her true identity is unknown. 52 Co-localization of Histamine and eGFP in the Central Nervous System from pHdc-5’-UTR-eGFP Transformants of Drosophila melanogaster GVSU McNair Scholars Journal VOLUME 13, 2009 53 discuss the evolution of the soldaderas’ image themselves. Their exploitation increased and accomplished all of this while upholding an stories about Villa’s opinion of soldaderas Manuela Oaxaca, who was fifteen years old over time in song and in film. What I found so did their anger at the government that image of innocence and purity, much like the and women in general. One story describes when she decided to follow her boyfriend suggests the romanticized depictions of La ignored them. Díaz’s government also over- Virgin Mary, who dutifully and faithfully ac- Villa as a man who wanted to protect women into the war.¹⁵ Salas describes other young Adelita are a result of men’s framing of these looked women and treated them as second- cepted her destiny without complaint. This and relegate them to “the back of firing line girls, twelve and thirteen years old, who were women soldiers in the way they recorded his- class citizens under the law. The Constitu- was the ideal woman in Mexican society. to places of safety.”⁹ Yet in another story, forced to accompany their parents into war tory. Men sought to recast the soldaderas’ tion of 1857 and Civil Code of 1884 greatly Participation in the Mexican Revolution, Villa orders the massacre of ninety women and later became soldaderas themselves.¹⁶ legacy as strong, assertive, and in some cases, restricted women’s rights. For example, the however, would open an avenue to liberation and children prisoners under his command, There were also women who did not become violent women because these women exhib- Constitution did not define citizenship for from the patriarchal society. believing that one of them conspired to kill soldaderas of their own volition. Some wom- ited masculine characteristics that clashed women, and by law women without citizen- him.¹⁰ Villa’s views on the soldaderas are not en were forced to join the war after they were with societal expectations of how women ship could not vote.⁴ Although suffrage was Who Were the Soldaderas? clear; nonetheless, both stories suggest he kidnapped by men in the Federal Army or the should act. Therefore men downplayed the important for women, their lack of citizen- likely did not want them fighting alongside revolutionary forces.¹⁷ This was a common accomplishments of soldaderas on the battle- ship was more problematic. Without it, One way women were emancipated was his troops. Emiliano Zapata must have felt occurrence; many of the soldaderas joined field and instead emphasized their beauty and women lacked rights and were dependent on by becoming soldiers in the Mexican Revolu- differently about the soldaderas because he the Revolution after seeing this happen to loyalty to the men in their lives. By rendering their husbands or fathers in ways that made tion. As soldaderas, women found they were included many women among his troops. family members and friends. Angela Jimenez female soldiers in a romanticized manner, life difficult. According to the Civil Code of able to rise above some of the limitations in Although some would assume that Zapata’s joined the war after watching her sister kill men effectively neutralized the threat these 1884, married women could not enter into a their lives. When soldaderas left home to forces would attract lower-class women, he a soldier who attempted to rape her.¹⁸ Jime- women posed to their masculinity. contract, sell property, or oversee their chil- take up arms, they left behind their tradi- drew support from women of diverse back- nez’s sister subsequently killed herself after dren’s education.⁵ Moreover, a Commercial Figure 1. Reproduction of Angel Martin's "La tional roles at the same time. Women shed grounds, including farmers and unmarried shooting the officer.¹⁹ This prompted Jime- The Porfiriato and the Plight of Women Code also prohibited them from working as Adelita" on Hecho en México Address Book, 1996. their docile image, strapped on bandoliers professors.¹¹ Venustiano Carranza also wel- nez to avenge her sister’s death by joining her teachers or attorneys for anyone except their and wielded guns – much like men.
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