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Resilience to Weather-Related Disasters of a CBFM Community in Ligao, Albay, Philippines

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Resilience to Weather-Related Disasters of a CBFM Community in Ligao, Albay, Philippines Environment and Natural Resources Research; Vol. 8, No. 1; 2018 ISSN 1927-0488 E-ISSN 1927-0496 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Resilience to Weather-Related Disasters of a CBFM Community in Ligao, Albay, Philippines Liezl B. Grefalda1, Juan M. Pulhin1,2 & Elsa P. Santos1 1 Department of Social Forestry and Forest Governance, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Philippines 2 UPLB Interdisciplinary Study Center for Integrated Natural Resources and Environment Management, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Philippines Correspondence: Liezl Grefalda, Department of Social Forestry and Forest Governance, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Philippines. E-mail: [email protected] Received: November 14, 2017 Accepted: November 27, 2017 Online Published: December 15, 2017 doi:10.5539/enrr.v8n1p1 URL: https://doi.org/10.5539/enrr.v8n1p1 Abstract This study assessed the resilience of a Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) community in Ligao, Albay, Philippines to weather-related disasters. Resiliency was measured using 38 indicators comprising human, social, natural, financial, and physical capitals. The study used household survey administered to 180 respondents, complemented by focus group discussions (FGD), key informant interviews (KII), and secondary data gathering. Index of five capital assets was calculated using the equation for data normalization by a scale of 0 to 1. The overall resiliency index was estimated by getting the weighted average of all the capital assets. Pearson Correlation, Chi-square and Spearman Correlation were used to analyze the relationship of age, gender, and household size to the overall resiliency of the community. The CBFM community is less resilient with an index of 0.382. This was attributed to a lesser access to social and natural capitals with indices of 0.233 and 0.244, respectively. However, the CBFM program remains a promising strategy in improving the adaptive capacity of upland communities by contributing to the enhancement of their social and natural assets. Results revealed that there is a positive correlation between household size and resiliency while age and gender were not correlated. To build resiliency, it is recommended to increase community capacity through education and skills development, ensure access to services, provide technical and financial support from the government and promote collaboration among various stakeholders. Keywords: capital assets, community-based forest management, resilience, weather-related disaster 1. Introduction Climate change is indisputable as exhibited by gradual changes in mean temperature and precipitation patterns, sea level rise, increased frequency of extreme weather-related events, and potentially catastrophic transformations of ecosystems (IPCC, 2007). These changes will increase the probability of extreme weather events which may be associated either with high precipitation (i.e., storms, flood and landslides) or with low precipitation (i.e., drought, heat and wildfire) (Keim, 2008). Climate change will also lead to greater exposure and sensitivity of rural populations through three major impacts on their livelihoods: increase in environmental risks, reduction in livelihoods opportunities, and in consequence, greater stresses on existing social institutions (Agrawal, 2008). The Philippines is located in the western rim of the Pacific ring of fires and typhoon belt, thus it is naturally vulnerable to various natural hazards such as earthquake, volcanic eruption, drought, tidal wave, landslide, flood, and tropical cyclones (Uy et al., 2010). Several studies in the Philippines reveal that climate variability and extreme event occurrences have increased in recent years. The country continuously faces the threat of extreme events as identified in the Climate Risk Index (CRI) (Harmeling, 2009). Every year, an average of 20 typhoons pass the country and about two to three destructive typhoons center on the Bicol region (PAGASA, 2016). Albay is one of the provinces in Bicol most affected by typhoons, being bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the East, Samar Sea on the Southeast, and Sibuyan Sea on the Southwest. Albay has 16% frequency probability of experiencing destructive typhoons due to its location (Uy et al., 2010). One of the worst typhoons that the province experienced was Typhoon Durian (locally named Reming) in November 2006. The 1 enrr.ccsenet.org Environment and Natural Resources Research Vol. 8, No. 1; 2018 disaster affected 1,060,785 people and damaged properties at about USD 71,787,460 (APSEMO, 2010). The increasing frequency of strong typhoons like Reming, together with the worldwide evidence of climate change impacts, illustrate that local communities are becoming more vulnerable to climate-related hazards. Aside from typhoons, Albay may be affected by other climate change events such as sea level rise, increased rainfall, and warmer temperatures. Those who suffer most from the impacts of disasters are the socially disadvantaged groups, very poor households, and natural resource-dependent communities (Agrawal, 2008). It is therefore imperative for societies and communities dependent on natural resources to enhance their adaptive capacity to the impacts of disasters, particularly when such impacts lie outside their experienced coping range (Tompkin & Adger, 2004). Thus, to minimize or reduce the impacts of disasters, the community has to be in a resilient state. Resilience is the ability of groups or communities to adapt in the face of external social, political, or environmental stresses and disturbances (Adger, 2000). To be resilient, societies must generally demonstrate the ability to: (1) buffer disturbance, (2) self-organize, and (3) learn and adapt (Trosper, 2002). Adaptive capacity, which is refers to the set of preconditions that enables individuals or groups to respond to climate change (Olsson & Folke 2001; Brooks 2003; and Berkhout et al., 2004), has been associated with many characteristics of resilience. Resilience can be seen in responses to rapid changes in environmental conditions, especially in response to natural hazards (Berke et al. 1993; Berke & Beatley, 1997). Five distinct dimensions encompassing resilience can be based on the notion of capitals, namely human, social, financial, physical, and natural (Mayunga, 2007). These dimensions and indicators present a quantifiable measurement of community resiliency which can be applied to determine the level of resiliency of a forest-dependent community. On the other hand, resiliency as a process-oriented concept and having a notion of adaptation can also be attributed to supportive policies (Manyena, 2006) and strengthened local institutions. Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) as a development strategy in the uplands areas in the Philippines envisions to empower people’s organizations (PO) and assist them in attaining sustainable management of forestlands and ancestral domains. This is achieved through effective partnership with support group such as the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Local Government Units (LGUs), Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) and other mandated agencies and their instrumentalities (DENR-FMB, 2008). However, the achievement of CBFM vision is hardly realized as the program faces continuing challenges, the latest of which is brought by disasters. By virtue of Executive Order 263, CBFM was adopted as the national strategy to ensure the sustainable development of the country’s forestland resources. However, the central problem of sustainable development is how to order society to simultaneously increase social resilience and ecological resilience (Harrison, 2000). Many researches on resilience focused on ecological resilience while the social dimension is somewhat overlooked (Harrison, 2000). Losses from climate extremes such as landslides, droughts and other climate- and weather-related phenomena have risen in recent decades (JRC/IES et al., 2009). The responses to such impacts and variability have to be determined locally and collectively (IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, 2007). As emphasized by Uy (2010), local actors are critical in achieving real impact on the ground as adaptation is highly site-specific. While there has been an increasing interest in studying vulnerability and adaptation practices of local communities in the Philippine uplands in relation to climate variability and change (see for instance Pulhin et al., 2008, Peras et al. 2008, and Tapia et al., 2014) there is a big gap in understanding the resilience of upland communities to weather-related disasters. Albay was seriously affected by the disaster caused by Typhoon Reming in 2006 (Uy et al., 2011). In general, Albay is considered a high-risk province due to hazards caused by volcanic eruptions, landslides, earthquakes, floods and typhoons. This study therefore assessed the resiliency of a forest-dependent community in the Philippines to the impacts of weather-related disasters by examining a CBFM community in the municipality of Ligao, province of Albay in the Philippines. Specifically, it identified and described the different weather-related disasters in the study area; determined the impacts of the weather-related disasters to the community especially on livelihood, income, health, agriculture, forest, water and infrastructure; assessed the level of resilience to weather-related
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