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<I>Cladosporium Sphaerospermum</I>

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<I>Cladosporium Sphaerospermum</I> Persoonia 21, 2008: 9 –16 www.persoonia.org RESEARCH ARTICLE doi:10.3767/003158508X334389 Morphological plasticity in Cladosporium sphaerospermum F.M. Dugan1, U. Braun 2, J.Z. Groenewald 3, P.W. Crous 3 Key words Abstract A morphologically distinct isolate of Cladosporium sphaerospermum from a North American patent collec­ tion, referenced as Cladosporium lignicola in the patent, was examined. Generic affinity was confirmed by scanning actin electron microscopic examination of conidiogenous loci and conidial hila. Species identity as C. sphaerospermum Cladosporium was indicated by DNA sequence data derived from actin and translation elongation factor 1­ genes, and the internal Davidiella α transcribed spacer region. The isolate broadens the morphological limits of C. sphaerospermum by production of EF­1α obclavate, occasionally transversely septate conidia with subrostrate conidiogenous apices (‘alternarioid’ conidia), ITS and by production of conidia larger than those in prior standard descriptions. Type material of C. lignicola was re­ morphology examined and compared with the North American fungus, from which it is morphologically distinct. The decision to wood­inhabiting reduce C. lignicola to synonymy under C. herbarum was confirmed. Article info Received: 18 March 2008; Accepted: 11 June 2008; Published: 25 June 2008. INTRODUCTION LSU nrDNA, EF­1α, RPB2), revealing species of Davidiella to cluster in a separate family (Davidiellaceae) from species Cladosporium is one of the largest genera of hyphomycetes, of Mycosphaerella (Mycosphaerellaceae), with both families with more than 772 names (Braun et al. 2003, Dugan et al. residing in the Capnodiales (Dothideomycetes). 2004). Cladosporium species are common, widespread fungi, A cladosporioid hyphomycete, deposited in the patent collec­ including endophytic, fungicolous, human pathogenic, phyto­ tion of the United States Department of Agriculture Northern pathogenic and saprobic species (Crous et al. 2007b). Saprobic Regional Research Lab (now National Centre for Agricultural species occur on various senescing and dead leaves and stems Utilization Research) as NRRL 8131 (= ATCC 38493), was ref­ of herbaceous and woody plants, are secondary invaders of erenced in U.S. Patent 4.086.268 as Cladosporium lignicolum necrotic leaf spots, and are frequently isolated from air, soil, (sic, without author). The patent does not state the original foodstuffs, paint, textiles and other organic matter (Riesen & substratum, but wood is a logical inference from the specific Sieber 1985, Brown et al. 1998, El­Morsy 2000). Furthermore, epithet. Ho et al. (1999) described NRRL 8131 from culture, some Cladosporium species, such as C. bruhnei, are common and provided several photomicrographs illustrating the fungus, contaminants in clinical laboratories and cause allergic lung including 0–1 transversely septate, obclavate conidia with mycoses (de Hoog et al. 2000, Schubert et al. 2007b). subrostrate apices (‘alternarioid’ conidia in their description). Because the genus Cladosporium is very heterogeneous, A comparison of the latter description and illustrations with the David (1997) attempted to circumscribe Cladosporium based original diagnosis of C. lignicola revealed obvious discrepancies on scanning electron microscopic examinations of the scar and called into question the correctness of the identification of and hilum structure in Cladosporium and Heterosporium. In the NRRL strain. To help ascertain the identity of NRRL 8131, so doing, David (1997) demonstrated that the structures of type material of C. lignicola has been re­examined and com­ the conidiogenous loci and hila in Heterosporium fully agree pared with the North American strain. with those of Cladosporium, proving that Heterosporium was a We were originally attracted to re­examination of NRRL 8131 not synonym of Cladosporium. Furthermore, he introduced the term only by the discrepancies referenced above, but by the unique ‘coronate’ for the Cladosporium scar type, which is character­ conidial morphology: the ‘alternarioid’ conidia resembled the ised by having a central convex part (dome), surrounded by a beaked conidia of Alternaria spp. (Simmons 2007). Scanning raised periclinal rim (Schubert et al. 2007b, Zalar et al. 2007). electron microscopy (SEM) examination of conidiogenous loci Several workers have employed DNA sequence data to prove and conidial hila in the NRRL strain of ‘C. lignicola’ confirmed that Cladosporium s.str. is a sister clade to Mycosphaerella generic affinity, and sequence analyses of the actin, translation s.str. (Braun et al. 2003, Crous et al. 2007a, b, Schubert et elongation factor 1­α and the internal transcribed spacer region al. 2007a, b), having teleomorphs in Davidiella. Schoch et al. (ACT, EF, ITS) were used to assign the strain to species. (2006) employed DNA sequence data of four loci (SSU nrDNA, 1 Western Regional Plant Introduction Germplasm Testing and Research MATERIALS AND METHODS Station, USDA­ARS, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164­ 6402, USA; corresponding author e­mail: [email protected]. Materials examined 2 Martin­Luther­Universität, Institut für Biologie, Geobotanik und Botanischer Several specimens deposited at PRM (Herbarium, Department Garten, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, D­06099 Halle (Saale), Germany. 3 CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Nether­ of Mycology, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic) under lands. C. lignicola were examined: on rotten wood, Czechia, near © 2008 Nationaal Herbarium Nederland Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures 10 Persoonia – Volume 21, 2008 2 DQ780351, EU570262, EF101378 EF679385, EF679463, EF679539 EU570257, EU570266, EU570273 EF679338, EF679409, EF679488 EF679377, EF679455, EF679531 DQ780343, EU570261, EU570269 AF393709, EU570268, EU570275 (ITS, EF, ACT) (ITS, EF, EF679353, EF679428, EF679505 EF679357, EF679432, EF679509 EF679384, EF679462, EF679538 EF679354, EF679429, EF679506 EF679355, EF679430, EF679507 EF679369, EF679446, EF679522 EF679370, EF679447, EF679523 EF679383, EF679461, EF679537 EF679386, EF679464, EF679540 EU570255, EU570264, EU570271 EU570256, EU570265, EU570272 EF679334, EF679405, EF679484 EF679336, EF679407, EF679486 EF679372, EF679450, EF679526 EF679376, EF679454, EF679530 EF679381, EF679459, EF679535 EF679382, EF679460, EF679536 DQ780350, EU570260, EF101384 EU570254, EU570263, EU570270 EU570258, EU570267, EU570274 GenBank numbers DQ780352, EU570259, EF101385 EF679350, EF679425, EF679502 EF679363, EF679440, EF679516 EF679367, EF679444, EF679520 EF679368, EF679445, EF679521 Zalar et al. 2007 Schubert et al. 2007 This study Schubert et al. 2007 Schubert et al. 2007 Zalar et al. 2007 This study Schubert et al. 2007 Schubert et al. 2007 Schubert et al. 2007 Schubert et al. 2007 Schubert et al. 2007 Schubert et al. 2007 Schubert et al. 2007 Schubert et al. 2007 Schubert et al. 2007 This study This study Schubert et al. 2007 Schubert et al. 2007 Schubert et al. 2007 Schubert et al. 2007 Schubert et al. 2007 Schubert et al. 2007 Zalar et al. 2007 This study This study Source Zalar et al. 2007 Schubert et al. 2007 Schubert et al. 2007 Schubert et al. 2007 Schubert et al. 2007 Agha ­ P. Zalar P. P. Zalar P. – – – G.A. de Vries – – Zalar P. Zalar P. A. Aptroot A. Arzanlou M. – – Hill C.F. A. Blouin J. Nitzsche Ale N. C. Möller – – – M. di Menna M. di Menna – D. Glawe – Collector A. Aptroot A. J.Z. Groenewald – – – Spain Slovenia South Africa South The Netherlands USA The Netherlands – The Netherlands Israel Slovenia United Kingdom India – The Netherlands New Zealand New Zealand Germany Germany Antarctica Belgium Turkey USA Norway Norway USA USA Africa South Country Papua New Guinea Belgium The Netherlands The Netherlands The Netherlands on leaf sp. sp. sp. sp. sp. coast Corylus Hypersaline water salterns Air conditioning system Thatch Man, sputum Spinacia oleracea scale Human nails – Air Hypersaline water from salterns Hypersaline water from Caloplaca regalis Quercus robur Hordeum vulgare Silene maritima Musa Hordeum vulgare Hordeum vulgare Hordeum vulgare Iris Iris aestivum Triticum Spinacia oleracea Narthecium ossifragum Narthecium ossifragum Iris Fuchsia excorticata Carya illinoensis Phyllactinia guttata Ambrosia artemisiifolia Phaseolus lunatus aestivum Triticum Host Soil along coral reef 2524; 1 ­ 967 ­ 1066 ­ 454 1733 ­ ­ EXF ICMP 15819 ICMP CPC 12098; NRRC 8131 MZKI B CPC 11822 CPC 14016; MRC 10263 CBS 121624; CPC 12211 IMI 49637 CBS 102045; EXF EXF CPC 12047; EXF CPC 11606 CBS 138.40 CPC 13368 CPC 13995; CAMS 000750 CBS 161.55 CPC 12755 CBS 121811; CPC 12756 CBS 843.91 11289; ATCC CBS 193.54; 38493; ATCC CBS 117728; CBS 673.69 CBS 121626; CPC 12052; 15579 ICMP CBS 116463; CBS 121628; CPC 12043; CBS 121629; CPC 11839; Accession number 36950 ATCC CBS 109.14; CPC 12476 CPC 12181 CPC 12183 CBS 107.20 CBS 299.67 CBS 157.82 CBS 109082 CBS 121621; CPC 12177 CBS 842.91 CBS 690.92 CBS 300.96 sp. – – – – – – Teleomorph – Davidiella allicina Davidiella Davidiella tassiana Davidiella macrospora Davidiella macrocarpa – – – isolates used for sequence analysis. complex sp. Cladosporium Table 1 Table Anamorph C. antarcticum C. bruhnei C. cladosporioides C. herbaroides C. herbarum C. iridis C. macrocarpum C. ossifragi C. pseudiridis C. ramotenellum C. sinuosum Cladosporium C. sphaerospermum F.M. Dugan et al.: Morphological plasticity in Cladosporium sphaerospermum 11 Prague (PRM 155424, holotype!); on bark, Bohemia, castle Ka cˇ ina at Nové Dovory, near Kutná Hora, 1856, J. Peyl (PRM 657824); Germany, Saxony, ‘ad
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