rrHB: AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL

(till

wW'fi E3fcl 4B' 5r«rcl m 1\L JkJM $ *-.*.*. ** i JL “ ""<<<•., | JLj m

Harris & Ewing THE CAPITOL AT NIGHT

@gl" ■ yfr^s Voi. HI MAY, 1926 No. 5 Dodge Cars Preferred by Great Commercial Houses One of the best proofs of 252. It would require many what the world thinks of pages to print them all. Dodge Brothers Motor Car is its widespread use—in And remember, that these large fleets — by great companies select their International Commercial automobile equipmentafter Houses. thorough competitive tests. Long life, economy and de¬ For instance, The Standard pendability in hard service Oil Company uses 456; are the qualities demanded Fairbanks-Morse Com¬ —qualities in which Dodge pany, 129; The General Brothers vehicles are ad¬ Cigar Company, 296; The mittedly without peer any¬ Public Service Companies, where in the world.

DaOBEBRQTHER5,lNC.DETRaiT

DDDEE BROTHERS MOTOR CARS FOREIGN S RNAL

11 PUBLISHPUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN POREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION

VOL III. No. 5 WASHINGTON, D. C. MAY, 1926 The Grafter

By ARTHUR GARRELS, Consul General, Athens TO Mahmudine, the venerable interpreter, No need for me to ask when he had come; I humanity in general was divided into three know that he had arrived that morning on the parts—gentlemen, men and persons—at B. I. from Aden. least, so much of it as was wont to come to the “Yes, south on the German, at 10; which Consulate at Zanzibar, back in the days when the accounts for my early call.” modern Service was still in its swaddling-clouts. And so we chatted on. It soon became apparent So I was prepared for the status of my visitor that he was not of the usual run. He was well when he was announced as “A gentleman to informed on the topics of the day and there were unmistakable signs of an optimistic and sanguine see you, sir.” Edwards* was the name the neatly turn of mind. He had lived with his brother, it engraved card bore. Mahmudine’s keenness of appeared, who cultivated oranges, lemons, apri¬ perception, as usual, had not erred, for the caller cots, and things on a large estate somewhere in fully looked the gentleman, as he stood framed in California. He himself had not done much of the doorway, one of those wonderfully carved anything. Some six months previously a desire ones which are as much a part of the equatorial to see the world had led him on his way. Through coast of East Africa as the blue skies, the cocoa- Japan, China, the Philippines, India, and the nut palm and the coral reef. His neatly trimmed Strait Settlements he had sauntered on, and thence Van Dyke beard was of golden tinge; his serge to Zanzibar. At this juncture of his tale he made suit of light blue and the finest weave; tan shoes the statement that, now that his funds were get¬ of the proper shade and polish; soft white shirt ting low, it behooved him to find some lucrative with well-fitting collar; flowing tie of neutral tint, employment. and socks and kerchief to match. His straw hat “But, surely,” I said, “you have resources and are not counting on replenishing your purse by was of the texture that the indolent hands of some finding something to do in Lourenco Marques or Philippine or Malay maiden weave so well. He Durban ?” held a light gnarled bamboo stick with a bit of “Yes, indeed,” came the reply, accompanied by silver placed just right by a Japanese artisan. He a complacent smile. “Oh, I am not afraid; God was the first to speak. will take care of me.” And he spoke with an air “Good morning, Consul. Eve come to pay my of the fullest conviction that left no doubt as to respects.” the extent of his faith in the munificence of the “How do you do? Won’t you sit down? Are Almighty. From its anchorage in the roadstead you staying with us long, or are you going south came a warning blast from the German, and he on the German?” was off. At the club that noon, as was his custom when * Fictitious. in port, the skipper of the B. I. joined the group 141 !_ THEAMERICANp'OKEIGN ^ERVICE| JOURNAL at the table—poor fellow, he found a sailor’s Mahmudine announced a visitor shortly after the grave a few years later when his palatial steamer day’s work had begun. on its maiden trip sailed into oblivion from “A person to see you, sir.” Durban. As I looked up I saw that, as usual, Mahmu- “Hello, Consul,” he hailed me. “A queer coun¬ dine’s judgment was not amiss. A glance was tryman of yours we brought down with us this sufficient to note that the individual fell, indeed, morning from Aden; funny chap. Absorbed in into the third category of Mahmudine’s division Whitaker’s Almanac and the Bible on the entire of men, but I was not prepared for the utterance: trip. Sat for hours on the forecastle at night “Good morning, Consul. I’ve come to pay my stargazing. Saw him boarding the German as I respects.” came off this morning. Have you seen him?” The phrase! The words ! There was no mis¬ A further comment or two, and we were ab¬ taking them. But the appearance of the man— sorbed in the business at hand—the determination was it possible? Yet I recognized him. Lost in by the dice as to who was to sign the chit for the an unkempt growth was the trim Van Dyke of squashes the boy had just served—yes, it was golden hue; gone were the well-fitting serge suit, squashes during the day in Zanzibar—the more the immaculate shirt and collar with the flowing potent drop came to its own when the sun “popped tie, the tan shoes and the hat of texture fine, the off”—and it does virtually “pop off” in Zanzibar jaunty stick; and in their stead a soiled duck suit, on the horizon of the cloth shoes that had Eastern Sea. not known contact The clove crop, with the “bianco” copra stocks, prog¬ box for many a day; ress of the Tanga a battered tope which Railroad in German he held in a trem¬ East; native fairs in British East, and bling hand. missionary matters “Well!” but I gave in Uganda, so de¬ no voice to the manded thought and thought about faith attention that my in a benign Provi¬ visitor was soon for¬ dence evidently hav¬ gotten as the weeks ing been misplaced, slipped by. One and so I drolled off morning, just as old into the bromidic Ali was serving phrase, “so you are chota hadsra* the back again?” “sail-o”—the horn on “Yes, Consul; the local Eiffel Tower there was nothing in on the beach by the Lourengo Marques palace — sounded nor in Durban for three blasts. That me to do, so I came signified a steamer back.” from the south. The German was due and “But, don’t you had arrived on sched¬ know, there is abso¬ ule. That meant lutely nothing you mail, some callers, can do here ? The perhaps, and the American colony is added activity about small, and there is no the Consulate that fund at my disposal steamer day always from which I might brought with it. I assist you.” was not unprepared, “Oh, that’s all therefore, when right, Consul,” he in¬ terrupted. “I’ll not * Fruit and tea served at daybreak. ARAB CARVED DOOR AT ZANZIBAR bother you.” 142 “But are you really quite broke? No money swamps adjacent to Zanzibar City that it had be¬ at all ? Perhaps a telegram to your brother ” come possible to live there with comfort. He “Oh, no; not that. That would be impossible.” had known Livingstone and Stanley, and the re¬ “But what will you do?” nowned Tippoo-Tib, and many interesting tales “Oh, that’s all right,” and his face lit up with he knew of these men. a look of serenity. “God will take care of me. Then, there was the Prime Minister, a genial Don’t worry, Consul. If I need you I’ll come soul and a gentleman. We met again in after around.” years, when the destiny of the German ships, “But, really, you know ” But he would brought by the British Fleet to Alexandria, came none of it. under his judicial decision as judge of the Brit¬ “Please, Consul. No. Good-bye,” he said, and ish prize court. And there was the Judge, who went away. gained later his C.M.G., and now, I believe, dons Here was a new one. What did it mean? I the robes of justice in a British high court in knew that I should see him again. No white man the Equatorial East. Jolly always, he was. I could remain, even for 12 hours, in Zanzibar, liked him, for he liked my stories. And the sailor unattached, a stranger, without funds, unless it man, director of the ports and lights administra¬ were in the hands of the police. tion. He was a bit stolid, but good company At the club that day at noon I spoke to the ever; and the others, all with endearing attri¬ commandant of police, a fine young soldier, who butes in varying degrees. was destined, some six years hence, to be among “Whiskeys and sodas at the shamba on Satur¬ the first to fall for England in the shambles on day?” some one asked. the fields of France. I told him the tale of my “As usual,” said the doctor. The shamba was visitor that morning, so that the unfortunate one the doctor’s hobby. A little farm, or country might have unhindered opportunity to put his fine place, where he propagated fruit trees, pine¬ faith to the test. apples, and experimented with the food plants of “Of course, old fellow,” said Durant; “I’ll tell temperate climes. It was our custom to jaunt out the askaris not to molest him, but just keep an there by rickshaw on Saturday afternoons- eye on him.” “Any luck with those orange-tree shoots you It was a well-attended session that day. Be¬ put out some years ago?” queried the captain of sides the commandant there was the doctor—we the port. all loved him, Europeans and natives alike. He “All right as far as mere growth goes. But had devoted his life to Zanzibar, and it was they need something besides that to make them through his indefatigable efforts in draining the bear. I have spoken to the Agricultural Depart¬ ment. but they appear to have no one that knows anything about the nec¬ essary process—graft¬ ing, I believe is what it’s called.” Fruit trees and graft¬ ing—the words caught my attention and sent my thought spinning along. It absorbed me and left me unconscious of my surroundings, so unconscious that I had paused in the very act of hurtling the dice from the leather box, which I now held poised in up¬ lifted hand. Forgetful of the fact that the cast From A. Garrels. WclS to decide whether BEACH AT ZANZIBAR the Judge or I was to 143 sign the chit for the morning’s consumption of distinction of not fitting in with one of Mahmu- squashes by the coterie assembled. No wonder, dine’s categories of men. therefore, the Judge’s words, “Come on, “Well, Consul, I came ” now, Consul; wake up. Have you seen I interrupted: “Never mind the respects this a ghost, or what?’’ The die was cast; time. Where have you been? Have you had I signed the chit; and then, as fast as the food ? four brown legs of Simba and Mussa could propel He looked a bit shaken, and there was a tremor the Consulate rickshaw—a perfect product from in his voice. His eyes, too, glistened with what the Birch factory—I was on my way. When I I am sure was a tear. arrived at the Consulate the venerable Mahmudine was in the midst of his orisons, or whatever it is “Oh, yes”; he said, “I’ve had some bananas and a devout Mohammedan is in the midst of when a pineapple.” he is absorbed in his noonday prayer. Impati¬ “Well, first go to the kitchen.” There was an ently I waited for the gaily colored mat to be attempt at a protest, to which, however, I paid folded; the camerband to be put in place over the no attention, but continued, “The impeechief immaculately white kanzu; * the bared feet prop¬ will give you some food. Then Mahmudine will erly sandaled and the dragoman’s mantle again in have a clean suit for you and the boy will give place over the stately figure. your shoes a coat of ‘bianco.’ The Indian barber, “Mahmudine,” I exclaimed. “Find the askari just by the Goanese store on the main street, will and when Mussa and Simba have eaten send them give your heard a trimming. Here’s a chit. When all in different directions to find the ‘person’ who all that is done, come back.” was here this morning.” “But, Consul, really I don’t understand.” “Fruit trees and grafting,” I unwittingly re¬ “No need for you to understand yet,” was my peated the phrase, and smiled. rejoinder. “Go, now.” The hour and a half given to luncheon and a In due time he returned. “The ‘gentleman’ to stretch in the Bombay chair had come to an end. see you, sir,” said Mahmudine. But no Mussa nor Simba nor the askari nor the Indeed, he again looked the gentleman. “person” had arrived. At 4.30 they drifted back, “Sit down,” I said. The words were delivered the three emissaries, but without the object of with a brusqueness that was more of a command their search. Nor was there sign of him the fol¬ than a cordial utterance of hospitality. I went lowing day. But on the next, in the morning. straight to the point. “When you were with your Mahmudine announced: “He is here, sir.” I was brother in California, you were much interested amused that some one, at least, had attained the in fruit trees; I mean in their tending and cul¬ tivation ” * White gown worn by Arabs, t Cook. “Well, Consul, really, hardly that. I, eh—but—’’ I continued, “Oh, yes; you were. Now, don’t interrupt. You know all about pruning and graft¬ ing and such matters.” “But, Consul ” “Oh, yes; you do,” I went on. “You know all about those things. Now, come with me to the club. There you will meet the doctor. He has a nice job for you, a house, food, and an opportunity to show what you know about fruit trees.” “But I know nothing,” he protested. “Then learn.” I re¬ From A. Garrels. plied, emphatically. “But PALACE AND STONE BOAT TANKS come with me.” 144 A word or two with the doctor. “Just the Highness with that soft voice and pleasing smile man I want to know,” he said. So it was ar¬ which almost might have belonged to a charming ranged. They left together that afternoon for woman. “You Americans are a wonderful people. the shaniba, the doctor and the grafter, who You have done a great deal for Zanzibar. You stayed there, too; and the native boys under his were the first treaty power. You have built the direction pruned and grafted and cultivated orange electric-light plant, the telephone, the railroad to and lime trees, and experimented with peach Boobooboo, and now it remains for an American trees and pineapples. He also had ample leisure to sweeten our oranges and make our limes more to peruse his Whitaker and the Bible, and to star¬ sour. For he is an American—-is he not?—-that gaze at those skies where the heavenly canopy gentleman down there in the grove with those challenges comparison with the most beautiful of shenziesf the splendors of other climes. “He is, I believe,” I said, and again smiled to “Lyne,” said the doctor man one evening at the myself. club some months later, “if you want that grafter He was there, my grafter, by the carriage when you may have him. He has about finished with I left the palace for Zanzibar early Monday morn¬ me.” ing. “Indeed, I do,” replied the Director of Agri¬ “Well, Consul,” he said, “you see, God has culture. “Send him around. There is a lot for taken care of me.” him to do. Prison Island, and H. H. [so, among At which I smiled. us, we referred to His Highness the Sultan] wants How he left Zanzibar, and whether God, too, something done at Chwaka Palace.” I overheard helped him from its hospitable shores, I do not this conversation and smiled to myself. know. Perhaps A. W. W. can tell. He came to An Indian lancer, a detachment of which the delights of that beautiful island shortly after. formed the Sultan’s bodyguard, came clattering In 1921, while inspecting Consulates on the east down our narrow street one morning shortly after coast of Africa, it was my good fortune to have the conversation related above, and left for me an the opportunity of spending a day in Zanzibar. I invitation from His Highness. “His Highness was there long enough to partake of the hospi¬ will be pleased if Mr. Garrels, the American Con¬ tality at lunch of one of my old friends. When sul, will join him with a small party of friends the fruit was passed I remarked, “What splendid for the week-end at Chwaka Palace on Saturday. oranges!” My hostess said, “Oh, yes; they came Andrade will arrange transportation.” There was from Dr. Spurrier’s shamba. You must remem¬ a little personal note from the A. D. C. “My dear ber—where we used to go on Saturday afternoons. Garrels,” it ran, “Don’t fail to come. The regu¬ And they are really the finest oranges in Zan¬ lars will all be there. No beebes * this time.” zibar.” And so it happened that His Highness, Seyyid At which I smiled. Ali bin Hamoud bin Mo¬ hammed bin Said, Sultan of Zanzibar, and I were strolling on the stretch of white sand that bor¬ ders the beach just by the palace at Chwaka. We had been talking, or, rather, he. His lot was not a happy one, poor young man, and he let me see a bit of what troubled his soul. He has passed on now. His end, I am afraid, was not a glorious one. “Consul,” said His

From. A. Garrels. * Women, ladies, t Farmers. ZANZIBAR STEVEDORES 145 IMMIGRATION EXPERTS sea ports and 123 exclusions or an actual rate of error of 0.72 persons in 1,000 arrivals. By COERT DU Bois, Consul, Department Here are the 10 offices handling the most visa NINE thousand five hundred and seventy- work without exclusions: two shots and no misses. That is the Visas Issued record of the visa work of Consul George 1. Glasgow 9,572 E. Chamberlin of Glasgow, and his staff, during 2. Stuttgart 5,229 the six months ending December 31, 1925. Be¬ 3. Munich , 3,707 fore every officer in Europe has time to say “Ah, 4. Cologne 3,666 yes. But he was assisted by a Public Health 5. Bremen 3,561 Service Surgeon and an Immigration Inspec¬ 6. Liverpool 3,504 tor,” it should he quickly added that Consul John 7. Oslo 2,827 E. Kehl and his staff at Stuttgart, with no such 8. Belfast 2,726 expert advice, shot a matter of five thousand 9. Frankfort 2,420 two hundred and twenty-nine times without a 10. Stockholm 2,365 miss. Also, taking countries as a whole, Ger¬ Arranged in order of the lawest percentage many has the best records. of error, here are the ten best records of those These records are based on the total number offices which had exclusions: of visas of all sorts, including transit certificates, Visas Exclu- Per- issued at consular officer during the period under Issued sions cent review. Against it, as misses, is measured the 1. Dublin 7,451 1 .013 number of exclusions at dll American sea ports 2. Berlin 4,012 ' 1 .024 of entry during the same period whether the ex¬ 3. Hamburg 3,390 1 .026 clusion followed simply the local Board of In¬ 4. Goteborg 2,095 1 .047 quiry hearing or was based on a denied appeal 5. Paris 3,909 2 .051 to the Secretary of Labor. Dividing the first by 6. London 9,312 6 .064 the second we get what we call an “apparent 7. Dresden 1,512 1 .066 percentage of consular error.” It is useful for 8. Warsaw 4,446 5 .110 purposes of comparison. For the Service as a 9. Cobh 5,040 8 .150 whole there were 169,664 alien arrivals at our 10. Naples 1,972 3 .150 The 10 worst records will not be published but any officer interested can find out if he is on that list. Take the number of visas you is¬ sued in the two quarters under review and divide them into the number of exclusions notified to you in a recent instruc¬ tion. If the result is 1.6 percent or higher, you are on the tail-ender list. But you probably won’t be next time. Take it by and large, it looks very much as though we had immigra¬ tion experts in 300 odd From A. Garrels. consular offices of the 7 THE OUAY,/V ZANZIBAR United States. 146 The Development of American Commercial Policy The Last of Three Articles Based Upon Lectures Delivered in the Foreign Service School of the Department of State, January, 1926

By WALLACE MCCLURE, Assistant to the Economic Adviser III Meantime certain elements of the more gen¬ Policies and Problems of Today eral foreign policy of the United States had be¬ gun to furnish powerful arguments in favor of MEASURED by the criterion of most- maintaining commercial equality. Most import¬ favored-nation treatment of goods in ant of these was the doctrine of the Open Door. customs and national treatment of ship¬ This phrase is used primarily with reference to ping, American commercial policy, as was in¬ situations where profitable opportunities for com¬ dicated in the previous articles, may be accounted merce and investment abroad occur and where historically a policy of equality. In respect of the representatives of certain powers may be charges falling upon ships the early laws of the urging or may be likely to urge the granting of Federal Government were discriminatory; re¬ exclusive advantages in favor of their nationals. search by authoritative writers has left little The United States has insisted that equality of doubt, however, that the discriminations were opportunity should prevail in such cases. In the primarily retaliatory rather than expressive of a celebrated notes regarding China which Secre¬ free choice of policy. Certain it is that the tary Hay in 1899 addressed to Japan and to the American Government made early and success¬ great European powers, customs and shipping ful efforts to establish equality as the general equality were among the conditions specified policy among nations, at the same time eliminat¬ which the United States expected would be ob¬ ing the inequalities of its own statutes. In re¬ served within spheres of interest and leased ter¬ spect of customs duties, practice rather than ritories. In 1906 the United States became party theory must be relied upon to support the thesis to the act of Algeciras, the outstanding purpose of equality. The conditional interpretation of the of which was to provide for the Open Door in most-favored-nation principle and the several ex¬ Morocco. clusive tariff agreements with other countries, Almost co-incident with the outbreak of the while distinctly involving policies of discrimina¬ war came the repeal by the American Congress tion, did not actually result in serious exceptions of the portion of the Panama Canal act which to the habit of applying the same customs duties exempted American coastwise vessels from the to similar goods regardless of the country of payment of tolls; the result consituted a notable origin. contribution not only to the policy of maintain¬ At the time of the outbreak of the World War ing inviolable the integrity of treaties, but to the there had been no alteration in the country’s advancement of commercial equality. most-favored-nation policy. The tariff law in The traditional policy of national treatment force, though it had repealed the maximum-min¬ for shipping other than coastwise shipping (a imum provisions which sought reciprocal equality recognizedly legitimate exception) was destined of treatment and though it contained a pro¬ to receive a rude shock soon after the Armistice. nouncement favoring special reciprocity treaties, For at least two generations prior to the war did not take any effective position comparable to American capital had found other lines of in¬ the positions of its predecessors of 1897 and vestment more profitable than the ocean carry¬ 1909. In certain ways American shipping policy ing trade and American merchantmen had be¬ had witnessed a perceptible backsliding toward come a rarity on the high seas. But the neces¬ inequality. For instance, the tariff laws of 1909 sities of war caused the construction of a great and 1913 contained provisions for preferences to fleet of vessels, destined in large part to be super¬ American vessels; but as these preferences were fluous with the return of peace conditions. The rendered nugatory by treaty stipulations and situation was naturally an object of solicitude court decisions, they were academic rather than with both Congress and the public. practical violations of equality. Among those who were seeking ways and 147 means to give employment to the fleet were cer¬ ingly felt justified in refraining from the denun¬ tain very insistent advocates of preferential ciation of the clauses in American commercial duties applicable to American as compared with treaties which pledged national treatment to the other vessels engaged in international trade. They other countries’ shipping. On December 6, 1921, were able to write into the Merchant Marine act, President Harding, in his address to Congress, 1920, commonly called the Jones act, the cele¬ said: brated Section 34, as follows: “During the life of the act no Executive has “That, in the judgment of Congress, articles complied with this order of the Congress. When or provisions in treaties or conventions to which the present administration came into responsibil¬ the United States is a party, which restrict the ity it began an early inquiry into the failure to right of the United States to impose discrim¬ execute the expressed purpose of the Jones act. inating customs duties on imports entering the Only one conclusion has been possible. Frankly, United States in foreign vessels and in vessels Members of House and Senate, eager as I am of the United States, and which also restrict the to join you in the making of an American mer¬ right of the United States to impose discrimina¬ chant marine commensurate with our commerce, tory tonnage dues on foreign vessels and on ves¬ the denouncement of our commercial treaties sels of the United States entering the United would involve us in a chaos of trade relationships States should be terminated, and the President and add indescribably to the confusion of the is hereby authorized and directed within 90 already disordered commercial world. Our days after this act becomes law to give notice to power to do so is not disputed, but power and the several governments, respectively, parties to ships, without comity of relationship, will not such treaties or conventions that so much there¬ give us the expanded trade which is inseparably of as imposes any such restriction on the United linked with a great merchant marine. More¬ States will terminate on the expiration of such over, the applied reduction of duty, for which the periods as may be required for the giving of treaty denouncements were necessary, encouraged such notice by the provisions of such treaties or only the carrying of dutiable imports to our conventions.” shores, while the tonnage which unfurls the flag on the seas is both free and dutiable, and the This provision appears to have evoked little cargoes which make a nation eminent in trade discussion or even notice until after the law be¬ are outgoing, rather than incoming.” came effective. President Wilson took the posi¬ President Coolidge has not departed from the tion that the conduct of foreign affairs was an position of his predecessors. Thus the historic executive function in respect of which Congress practice of the United States remains the same, had no authority to give commands and accord¬ but the policy of the country as written into its statute law, leans heav¬ ily toward the very system of discrimina¬ tion that characterized its retaliatory statutes of early days and was discarded as soon as other nations could be persuaded to adopt equality. Its reappear¬ ance at a time when other nations were maintaining equality unimpaired is hardly explicable except in the light of the difficult problem presented by the vast, idle, war-cre¬ ated fleet.

From A. Garrels. Curiously enough the SUBURBS, ZANZIBAR developments of the war 148 period, while influencing American shipping nations consenting to the peace and associating policy in the direction of inequality, were so themselves for its maintenance.” American rep¬ shaping events as to place in the discard the tra¬ resentatives at Paris, moreover, had made deter¬ ditional American form and interpretation of the mined efforts to obtain the insertion in the Treaty most-favored-nation clause and to replace the of Versailles of stipulations for equality as a conditional with the unconditional or equality general rule of international commerce. policy of most-favored-nation treatment. In its policy toward the territories surrendered The processes which brought this about had to the victors in the World War and held under been in operation for a generation before 1914. mandate of the League of Nations, the United The United States had become a strong industrial States has insisted that no discriminatory eco¬ nation with an increasing surplus of manufac¬ nomic practices should he permitted. Secretary tured goods for export. Possessed of such an Colby addressing Lord Curzon, British Foreign economic situation, a country usually finds its in¬ Minister, in 1920, said: terests best served by a fair field and no favors in “I need hardly refer again to the fact that the foreign markets. Placed upon an equality in the Government of the United States has consist¬ customs houses of other countries its characteris¬ ently urged that it is of the utmost importance tic exports can he counted upon to hold their to the future peace of the world that alien terri¬ own. It has no desire to discriminate among tory transferred as a result of the war with the countries which send their products, in return, to Central Powers should be held and administered its own markets. in such a way as to assure equal treatment to the The war accelerated the trend of industry to¬ commerce and to the citizens of all nations. In¬ ward production in amounts vastly in excess of deed it was in reliance upon an understanding home demands. American manufacturers ex¬ to this effect, and expressly in contemplation panded their plants to meet the needs of the con¬ thereof, that the United States was persuaded suming world largely deprived of its European that the acquisition under mandate of certain sources of supply. Experience with special re¬ enemy territory by the victorious powers would ciprocity arrangements had not recommended he consistent with the best interests of the world.” them as trustworthy promoters of export trade This policy was maintained in the negotia¬ tion of treaties under which the United States, and the United States Tariff Commission, in an as co-victor, consented that particular countries elaborate report (1919), favored a policy of should act as mandatories of specified areas. equality. The Open Door continued to be a car¬ (Continued on page 164) dinal tenet in American foreign policy; it was reaffirmed with emphasis at the Conference on the Limitation of Armament (1922) and at the Con¬ ference of Lausanne (1923). During the war and at the peace conference the American Govern¬ ment had expressed it¬ self in no certain terms against discriminations adversely affecting the commerce of any country compared with others. President Wilson in the third of the Fourteen Points declared in favor of “an equality of trade conditions among all the WATER CARRIERS, ZANZIBAR From A. Garrets. 149 THE The Foreign Service School has held the fol¬ lowing lectures: “The Liquor Treaties and Prohibition En¬ FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL forcement,” Mr. William R. Vallance. “Diplomatic History and the Practice of Dip¬ I Vol Til MAY, 1926 No. 5 | lomacy,” by Professor Bernadotte E. Schmitt, of the University of Chicago. PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREIGN “The Federal Trade Commission and Cooper¬ SERVICE ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. ation in American Export Trade,” Dr. William The American Foreign Service Journal is published monthly F. Notz, Chief of Export Trade Division, Fed¬ by the American Foreign Service Association, and is distributed by the Association to its members gratis. The Journal is also eral Trade Commission. open to private subscription in the United States and abroad at the rate of $1.00 a year, or 35 cents a copy, payable to the “The Reparation Problem and the Dawes American Foreign Service Journal, care Department of State, Plan,” Mr. Spencer Phenix, and Dr. Arthur N. Washington, D. C. The purposes of the Journal are (1) to serve as an exchange Young. among American Foreign Service officers for personal news and for information and opinions respecting the proper discharge of “Intergovernmental Debts,” Dr. Young. their functions, and to keep them in touch with business and administrative developments which are of moment to them; and “Foreign Loans,” Dr. Young. (2) to disseminate information respecting the work of the Foreign Service among interested persons in the United States, “The Petroleum Situation,” Mr. A. H. Red- including business men and others having interests abroad, and field, Geological Survey, and Mr. Paul T. Cul¬ young men who may be considering the Foreign Service as a career. bertson. Propaganda and articles of a tendentious nature, especially “Raw Materials,” Mr. Culbertson. such as might be aimed to influence legislative, executive or administrative action with respect to the Foreign Service, or “Estates of Deceased Citizens and the Per¬ the Department of State, are rigidly excluded from its columns. Contributions should be addressed to the American Foreign formance of Notarial Services,” Mr. Glenn A. Service Journal, care Department of State, Washington, D. C. Smith. Copyright, 1925, by the American Foreign Service Association “Welfare and Whereabouts Work,” Mr. Rich¬ ard S. Leach. CONTENTS “Indexes, Archives, and Codes,” Mr. David A. Salmon. PAGE “Economic Policy,” Dr. Arthur N. Young. “New States of Europe,” Mr. William R. THE GRAFTER—By Arthur Garrels 141 Castle, Jr. IMMIGRATION EXPERTS—By C. du Bois. . . 146 “Federal Reserve System,” Mr. E. A. Golden- DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICAN COMMERCIAL weiser, Acting Director, Division of Research and Statistics, Federal Reserve Board. POLICY—By W. McClure 147 “Foreign Banking Systems,” Mr. Robert B. ITEMS 151 Warren, Division of Research and Statistics, WASHINGTON IN SWITZERLAND—By G. B. Federal Reserve Board. Ravndal 153 “Accounting,” Mr. William McNeir. “Extradition,” Mr. Joseph R. Baker. INCOME TAXES OF FOREIGN OFFICERS 155 “Allowances and Estimates,” Mr. John D. SERVICE CHANGES 157 Johnson. COMMERCIAL 158 “Foreign Service Administration,” Mr. Her¬ bert C. Hengstler. MARRIAGES 158 “Marine Insurance,” Mr. James L. Madden, BIRTHS 158 Manager, Insurance Department, United States Chamber of Commerce. NECROLOGY 158 “American Participation in World Insurance,” FIFTY YEARS IN AMERICAN CONSULATE. .. 158 Mr. James L. Madden. INCOME TAX EXEMPTION FOR BUSINESS “Chambers of Commerce,” Mr. Chauncey D. MEN 159 Snow, Manager, Foreign Commerce Depart¬ ment, United States Chamber of Commerce. ROTARY CLUB AT LEGHORN—By /. B. Jack- “Organization for Foreign Trade,” Mr. son 162 Chauncey D. Snow. <■; 150 AMBASSADOR MYRON T. HERRICK, has been for the past four years in the Near /\ Paris, who recently recovered from the East as Secretary of the American Commission i 1 effects of a severe cold, made a short visit in Constantinople and delegate at Angora of the to Algiers and Morocco for his health. High Commission. Mr. Shaw was also a mem¬ ber of the American Delegation at the Lausanne Ambassador Alanson B. Houghton has returned Conference in 1923 and before returning to take to London. up his new duties in Washington, visited the Balkans, Syria, Palestine and Egypt. Minister Willis C. Cook, Caracas, is now in the United States on leave, which he is spending at Mr. Allan Dulles, whose four years’ assign¬ his home in Sioux Falls, S. Dak. ment as Chief of the Division of Near Eastern Affairs has terminated, is being sent on tem¬ Minister Jefferson Caffery, El Salvador, will porary detail to Geneva as a member of the spend some time in the Department before pro¬ American Representation to the Geneva meeting ceeding to his new post. on the Limitation of Armaments. Thereafter he will take up his assignment as Counselor of Consul R. D. Murphy, who was recently as¬ the Legation in Peking. signed to the Department, has been detailed for duty in the Division of Foreign Service Admin¬ Mr. A. J. Pearson, Minister to Finland, is in istration. the United States on leave.

American Minister Irwin B. Laughlin, Athens, Diplomatic Secretary Lawrence Dennis, now and Mrs. Laughlin are spending their vacation in at Tegucigalpa, has been assigned to Managua, Washington. temporarily, to relieve Minister Eberhardt, when he takes his leave in the near future. Mr. G. Howland Shaw, Foreign Service Of¬ ficer Class III, has just assumed charge of the Minister H. Percival is on leave in the United division of Near Eastern Affairs. Mr. Shaw States from his post at Copenhagen.

The Staff at Tokyo. Left to right: Lt.-Com. H. R. Hein; R. Burgher; Major P. R. Faymonville ; N. Armour; Ambassador MacVeagh; E. L. Neville; L. Sussdorf; Maj. R. S. Bratton; A. B. Calder. 151 _ UTHEAMERICANpOREIGN^EKVICEJOURNAL

Consul W. M. P. Mitchell has been detailed for Consul Robert Harnden, Rosario, and Mrs. duty in the Department for a period of 30 days. Harnden expect to motor from Washington to Berkeley, Calif., during a part of their leave in Vice Consul Samuel G. Ebling, Stockholm, is this country. now on leave of absence at his home in Bellefon- taine, Ohio. Foreign Service Inspectors were last heard from at the following places: Consul Digby A. Willson, recently at Asuncion, Consul General Robert Frazer, Jr., Adelaide, upon his return to the United States spent a por¬ Australia. tion of his leave at the Immigration Station, New Consul General Thomas M. Wilson, Cape Orleans. Consul Willson also expects to visit the Town, Cape of Good Hope. station at Ellis Island before he leaves the United Consul General Samuel T. Lee, Buenos Aires, States. Argentina.

BRITISH CARTOON OF 1912 “There you are, old top; that's the man who’ll tell you what’s German for ‘Please pass the mustard.’ ”

Consul John Farr Simons, Riga, who is accom¬ Consul General Louis G. Dreyfus, Jr., London, panied by Mrs. Simons, is visiting relatives in England. Harrisburg, Pittsburgh, and New York City. Consul General James B. Stewart, en route to Mexico City. Consul Harold M. Collins, Dublin, will spend Diplomatic Secretary Matthew E. Hanna, his leave at Marion, Va. Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Consul General William H. Gales, Amsterdam, Consul Frank Bohr, Mexicali, has been quite ill who is now in Washington, is stopping at the with typhoid fever. Mayflower. (Continued on page 154) 152 WASHINGTON IN SWITZER¬ Tessin, the Italian speaking Canton of the Swiss Confederation, from which incidentally hails LAND Motta, one of the Swiss Republic’s most noted statesmen. By G. BIE RAVNDAL, Consul General, Zurich It is a pleasure to record that the government ON THE “new quay,” in front of Park officials of Lugano spontaneously joined in the Hotel in Lugano, there is a pavilion sup¬ Washington birthday observance. Early in the ported by granite pillars. In it, on a morning of the anniversary day they caused a pedestal, stands a bronz bust of George Wash¬ laurel wreath, ornamented with the cantonal ington. It is said that this bust dates back to colors of Tessin, to be placed at the foot of the the days of the Civil War in the United States, pedestal where was deposited another, with the and that it was ordered cast by a former res¬ American national emblem attached, furnished ident of Tessin who had returned from a pro¬ by Mrs. Louis Lombard, wife of the distinguished longed and fairly profitable residence in America gentleman who served as Vice Consul of the and felt desirous in some tangi¬ ble way of showing his gratitude to his adopted country. For a number of years the bust oc¬ cupied a conspicuous place in his garden at Lugano and, when the property was expropriated by the city council, the municipal author¬ ities provided the pavilion above referred to. On one occasion, during the restless years follow¬ ing the Armistice, the bust was thrown into the lake by an un¬ known malefactor. However, it was promptly salvaged by the local government and now occu¬ pies its seat of honor on the “new quay,” serene and undisturbed. It seemed appropriate, since a reference had been discovered in Baedeker’s to this “statue” of Washington, hitherto unknown to the present scribe, and since Lugano is situated within the confines of the Zurich consular district, to repair thither in order to celebrate the birthday anni¬ versary of the father of our country. Since the railway has be¬ come electrified, Lugano, a sister city of Locarno, is reached in four hours from Zurich, and owing also to the electrification the 20 minute passage through the St. Gotthard tunnel is achieved without the slightest dis¬ comfort. Having crossed the Alps, one at once runs into Italian sunshine, immensely wel¬ come at this season after the fogs Consul General Ravndal, officials and guests of the City of Lugano, of the north. We are now in Siiritserland, before the bust of Washington 153 United States at Lugano during the war, one of Diplomatic Secretary Walter H. Schoellkopf, Uncle Sam’s one dollar a year men. In front Buenos Aires, and Mrs. Schoellkopf spent some of the pavilion, at 10 a. m., a party of Swiss and time in Augusta, Ga., where they were joined for Americans joined in rendering homage to Amer¬ the Easter holidays by their son, Walter H., Jr., ica’s first President. Mr. Max Fiedler, Pres¬ who is a student at Chestnut FT ill Academy. ident of “Swiss Friends of America,” who had come along from Zurich, eloquently praised both Mr. Charles Forman, Consul at Buenaventura, George Washington and the immortal institutions who was recently in the United States on leave, founded in his day. Signor Veladini, Mayor of has returned to his post. Lugano, paid a similar tribute, and the writer re¬ sponded by thanking the Lugano authorities for having accorded the George Washington statue Vice Consul Dwight W. Fisher, Antwerp, is such a prominent place in their beautiful city and now in Washington on leave of absence, and is for the friendly sentiments expressed towards renewing old acquaintances in the Department, the United States. Trevano Castle, Mr. Lom¬ with which he was connected before entering the bard’s far famed home, where the principal par¬ Foreign Service. ticipants in the morning ceremony subsequently reconvened, was gracefully decorated in honor Consul Maxwell K. Moorhead, Dundee, accom¬ of the day. panied by Mrs. Maxwell, is spending his leave of Tessin is well represented in the United States, absence in Pittsburgh, Pa. especially in California, whose “Tessin Colony” some years ago actively took part in the popular subscription throughout Italian speaking Switzer¬ Vice Consul Edward B. Rand, recently assigned land which resulted in the erection on the Piazza to Cartagena, is spending leave in Miami Beach, dell’ Indipendenza in Lugano of the great Fla., and Shreveport, La., before sailing for his patriotic monument whose inscription, LIBERE post from New Orleans. E SVIZZERE, is so suggestive a slogan. Mrs. Hosmer, wife of Consul Charles B. Hos- mer, Sherbrooke, who has been in ill health for ITEMS some time, continues to show gradual improve¬ (Continued from page 152) ment. Diplomatic Secretary Allen W. Dulles, for¬ merly chief of the Division of Near Eastern The State Department Club held its regular Affairs, is now on leave of absence. meeting on the evening of March 25, at Rau- scher’s. The Metropolitan Male Quartet gave an attractive program, after which there was dancing.

Consul Thomas McEnelly, Chihuahua, was re¬ cently operated upon for appendicitis. For a short time his condition was quite serious, but on April 12 a telegram was received that he was progressing satisfactorily.

The Foreign Service luncheon for March was held at Rauscher’s, on the 23rd. Prof. A. P. Dennis, formerly Commercial Attache, now vice- chairman of the Tariff Commission, was the speaker.

Mr. Samuel H. Cross, formerly Commercial Attache and recently Chief of the European Divi¬ sion of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Com¬ Inspector and Mrs. Dreyfus, and Mrs. Hollis merce, has resigned to enter business.

snapped at Lisbon (Continued on page 163) 154 INCOME TAXES OF FOR¬ The compensation for services rendered by American Diplomatic and Consular officers comes EIGN SERVICE OFFICERS within the meaning of the term “earned income” OFFICE OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY, as defined in section 209, whether such compensa¬ TREASURY DEPARTMENT, tion consists of salaries, fees, or other emoluments. Washington, April 12, 1926. Since the place where the services are performed The Honorable determines the source of the income, the compen¬ The Secretary of State. sation received by American Diplomatic and Con¬ sular officers for services rendered without the SIR : I have the honor to acknowledge receipt United States comes within the meaning of the of your letter dated April 5, 1926 (your reference term “amounts received from sources without the FA 811.5123/2089), in which you refer to depart¬ United States” as specified in section 213 (b) mental letters dated March 13 and 26, 1926, con¬ (14), regardless of the fact that such compen¬ cerning the exemption from Federal income tax sation may he fees collected in a foreign country of earned income received from sources without or salaries paid by you. Therefore, an American the United States by persons who are nonresidents Diplomatic or Consular officer who is a bona fide of the United States for more than six months nonresident of the United States for more than during the taxable year. six months during the taxable year is not required You enclose copies of despatches from the to include in his gross income the amount re¬ American Consulates General at Montreal, Can¬ ceived as compensation for services rendered ada, and Havana, Cuba, regarding the exemption without the United States. from Federal income tax of the income received By direction of the Secretary. by American Consular officers. These officials are Respectfully, of the opinion that the fees of American Consular MCKENZIE Moss, officers are exempt from Federal income tax under Assistant Secretary of the Treasury. section 213 (b) (14) of the revenue act of 1926, on account of the fact that such fees are collected from foreigners. You state, however, that it is TRADE CONVENTION not clear whether the provisions of section 209 of the revenue act of 1926 are sufficiently broad The thirteenth National Foreign Trade Con¬ to exempt from taxation the salaries of American vention held at Charleston, S. C., on April 28, Diplomatic and Consular officers, and you desire 29, and 30, comprised the following program: to be advised in regard thereto. In this connec¬ Wednesday, April 28 tion it is noted that at some of the Consular offices sufficient fees are not collected to provide First General Session.—1 Call to order by for the payment of salaries and expenses, and it James A. Farrell, National Foreign Trade Coun¬ is, therefore, necessary to draw on you for funds. cil. 2 Organization of convention. 3 Addresses In reply I have the honor to advise that sec¬ of welcome, Hon. Thomas G. McLeod, Gover¬ tion 213 (b) (14) of the revenue act of 1926 nor of South Carolina; Hon. Thomas P. Stoney, provides that there shall be excluded from gross Mayor of Charleston. 4 “The Foreign Trade income: Outlook,” James A. Farrell, United States Steel “In the case of an individual citizen of the Corporation, New York City. 5 “Commercial United States, a bona fide nonresident of the Possibilities of the South Atlantic,” R. Goodwyn United States for more than six months during Rhett, Peoples-First National Bank, Charleston, the taxable year, amounts received from sources S. C. without the United States if such amounts consti¬ Group Sessions.—Group I—“Education for tute earned income as defined in section 209; but Foreign Trade.” 1 “Who Needs to Be Edu¬ such individual shall not be allowed as a deduction cated?” (a) The General Public, (b) Business from his gross income any deductions properly Executives in General, (c) Prospective Business allocable to or chargeable against amounts ex¬ Executives, (d) Foreign Traders, (e) Prospec¬ cluded from gross income under this paragraph." tive Foreign Traders, W. E. Butterbaugh, La That portion of section 209 which is pertinent Salle Extension University, Chicago, 111. 2 “What to the instant case is as follows: should be the Balance and Relationship between “(1) The term ‘earned income’ means wages, the Practical and Vocational and the Theoretical salaries, professional fees, and other amounts re¬ Aspects of Foreign Trade Courses?” R. S. Mac- ceived as compensation for personal services Elwee, Ph.D., Bureau of Foreign Trade and actually rendered * * *.” Port Development, Charleston, S. C. 3 “Where 155 and From Whom can General, Cultural and Luncheon Technical Information Best Be Obtained?” 4 Speaker, John L. Merrill, All-American Cables General discussion. Company. “Communications—The Electric Thursday, April 29 Nerves of Trade.” 1 “The Problem of the Far East,” Dr. Jere¬ Group Sessions.—Group III—“Export Sales miah W. Jenks, Alexander Hamilton Institute, Policy.” (In cooperation with the American New York City. 2 “The European Situation of Manufacturers Export Association). 1 “Adapt¬ ing products to markets.” 2 “The Executive Atti¬ 1926,” Henry M. Robinson, First National tude Toward Export.” 3 “The Trend of Manu¬ Bank, Los Angeles, Calif. 3 “The Import Ele¬ facturing Costs in the United States.” ment of Our Foreign Trade,” Fred I. Kent, Group IV.—“Foreign Credits.” (In cooperation Bankers’ Trust Co., New York City. with the National Association of Credit Men). Chairman, C. C. Martin, Foreign Credit Forum, New York City. Session Topic: TO MEMBERS OF THE UNITED “Is Credit Necessary in Export Trade?” STATES DIPLOMATIC AND CON¬ SULAR SERVICE. 1 “How and When It Should be Granted,” E. B. Filsinger, Lawrence & Co., New York DEAR SIR: City. 2 “ Pitfalls, and How to Avoid Them,” Secretary of State Kellogg, in an address D. W. Fernhout, Manning Abrasive Co., New before the Council on Foreign Relations, in York City. 3 General Discussion. December, said: “Foreign Affairs has been Group V—“Export Problems of the South At¬ of real assistance to the State Department.” lantic.” 1 “Inland Rate Structure of the South¬ Mr. Hughes, while Secretary of State, said: “Foreign Affairs is one of the most helpful east,” Thomas J. Burke, Traffic Commissioner, contributions to a better understanding of Charleston, S. C. 2 “Economic Resources of the our foreign relations ever made by private South Atlantic,” Dr. Erich W. Zimmermann, enterprise.” Professor of Commerce, University of North We believe every member of our Foreign Carolina. 3 “The New South and Its Foreign Service would find Foreign Affairs of very Trade.” practical use in his work. Following the Friday, April 30 suggestion of several members of the Serv¬ ice, therefore, we have decided to make the Group Sessions.—Group VI—“The Where and following special offer (good only during How in Profitable Exporting,” Chairman, W. R. the next three months) : Cummings, Export Managers’ Club. 1 “Where —Markets Old and New,” F. K. Rhines, Gen¬ A THREE YEARS’ SUBSCRIPTION eral Fireproofing Co., New York City. 2 “How FOR $10 —Export Manager, Attached and Unattached,” (Three Years for the price of two—a sav¬ A. Schoonmaker, Bourne-Fuller Co., New York ing to you of ONE-THIRD) City. 3 “Export Commission House Methods This offer is strictly limited to present of 1926,” G. R. Parker, American Exporters’ and members of the American Diplomatic and Importers’ Association, New York City. Consular Service. The rate is far below any Group VII.—“Export Advertising (In cooper¬ other rate which we have ever allowed. It ation with National Advertising Association). may apply either to new subscriptions or to Chairman, James S. Martin, Remington Type¬ renewals. Our only condition is that copies writer Co., New York City. Session Topic: of the review must be addressed in care of “The New American Penetration.” 1 “Direct the Department of State, Washington, for Results and How to Get Them,” Allen T. transmission by pouch. Preyer, Vick Chemical Co., Greensboro, N. C. We hone you will take advantage of this 2 “Indirect Results and How to Use Them,” special offer and send us your order without David Leslie Brown, Goodyear Tire and Rub¬ delay. Foreign Affairs, 25 W. 43d St., ber Co., Akron, Ohio. 3 “Building Goodwill for N. Y. C. American Products,” J. W. Sanger, Frank Sea¬ man, Inc., New York City. 156 Third General Session W. M. Parker Mitchell, detailed to Depart¬ 1 “Building Trade Through Foreign Loans.” ment, temporarily. Edmund B. Montgomery, now detailed to Lon¬ 2 “The South’s Part in American Exports,” Geo. don, assigned Consul at Madras. G. Crawford, Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad John J. Muccio, Vice Consul at Hamburg, as¬ Co., Birmingham, Ala. 3 “Making American signed Vice Consul at Hongkong. Competition Effective,” C. C. Martin, National Robert D. Murphy, Consul at Seville, detailed Paper and Type Company, New York City. 4 to Department. Report of General Convention Committee. Alfred T. Nester, Consul now detailed to Oslo, The following officers of the Department of detailed to Naples. State and Foreign Service Officers will attend Orsen N. Neilson, now detailed to Dublin, as¬ the convention on behalf of the department: Mr. signed Consul to Teheran. Charles J. Pisar, now assigned Consul at Ran¬ Herbert C. Hengstler, Mr. W. R. Castle, Jr., goon, detailed at Calcutta, temporarily. Mr. A. E. Southard, Mr. F. T. F. Dumont, and John R. Putnam, Consul at Chefoo, assigned Mr. R. F. Kelley. Consul at Amoy. Edward B. Rand, now detailed to Department, promoted in Unclassified Grade to $2,500, ap¬ SERVICE CHANGES pointed a Vice Consul, and assigned Vice Con¬ Diplomatic Branch sul to Cartagena. Philip Adams, of Massachusetts, now Consul E. Talbot Smith, Consul detailed to Berlin, de¬ at Malta, appointed a Secretary in the Diplomatic tailed to Hamburg. Addison E. Southard, now detailed to Depart¬ Service and appointed Third Secretary at Tirana. ment, assigned Consul General at Singapore. John S. Gittings, of Maryland, Third Secretary Clarence J. Spiker, Consul at Swatow, detailed at Riga, appointed Third Secretary, Prague. to Shanghai. Consular Branch Harry E. Stevens, Vice Consul at Canton, pro¬ moted in Unclassified Grade to $3,000. Paul H. Ailing, now at Beirut, assigned Vice Francis H. Styles, Consul at Loanda, detailed Consul at Aleppo, temporarily. to Cape Town. John W. Bailey, now at Geneva, assigned Vice Ralph J. Totten, Consul General now on in¬ Consul at Loanda. spection tour, assigned Consul General at Cape Herbert C. Biar, now at Nottingham, assigned Town. Vice Consul at Oslo. Ralph R. Willey, Vice Consul at Calcutta, as¬ signed Vice Consul at Rangoon, temporarily. Henry R. Brown, Consul detailed to Genoa, detailed to Milan. Non-Career Service Leo J. Callanan, now at Genoa, assigned Vice Raymond L. Archer, appointed Honorary Vice Consul at Medan. Consul at Melbourne. Per Torsten Berg, Honorary Vice Consul at Julian C. Dorr, Vice Consul at Naples, as¬ Stockholm, resigned. signed Vice Consul at Genoa. ^ Herbert W. Carlson, Vice Consul and Clerk, Albert M. Doyle, Consul detailed to Amster¬ Sault Ste. Marie, appointed Vice Consul and dam, detailed to Rotterdam. Clerk at Windsor. Arthur C. Frost, Consul detailed to Habana, George C. Cobb, Vice Consul and Clerk at assigned Consul at Tampico. Boulogne sur Mer, temporarily, appointed Vice George G. Fuller, Vice Consul at Teheran, as¬ Consul and Clerk at Havre. signed Vice Consul at Berlin. Walter T. Costello, Vice Consul and Clerk at Sydney, N. S. W., appointed Vice Consul and Charles I. graham, Consul detailed to Shang¬ Clerk at Melbourne, temporarily. hai, resigned, Thomas R. Flack, Vice Consul and Clerk at Julian F. Harrington, now at Antwerp, as¬ Vienna, appointed Vice Consul and Clerk at signed Vic$ Consul at Dublin. Bremen, temporarily. David McK. Key, now detailed to Department, Roy V. Fox, Clerk at Berlin, appointed Vice assigned Vice Consul at Antwerp. Consul there. 157 'THEAMERICAN ^ORElGN^ERVICE|JOnRNAL

Koyne V. Gram, Vice Consul and Clerk at Girvan Teall, Vice Consul and Clerk at Toron¬ Rangoon, appointed Vice Consul and Clerk at to, appointed Vice Consul and Clerk at Vienna. Saigon, temporarily. Frederick S. Weaver, Vice Consul and Clerk Russell B. Jordan, Clerk at Yokohama, ap¬ at Corinto, appointed Vice Consul and Clerk at pointed Vice Consul there. San Salvador, temporarily. Stephen E. Kendrick, Vice Consul and Clerk Duncan M. White, Vice Consul and Clerk at at Vienna, appointed Vice Consul and Clerk at Leipzig, appointed Vice Consul and Clerk at Toronto. Soerabaya. Sylvio C. Leoni, Vice Consul and Clerk at Milam, appointed Vice Consul and Clerk at COMMERCIAL Genoa. During the month of March, 1926, there were James C. Powell, Vice Consul and Clerk at 3,454 Trade Letters transmitted to the depart¬ Ciudad Juarez, appointed Vice Consul and Clerk ment as against 3,221 in February, 1926. The at Torreon. Consulate General at Paris, France, took first Raymond O. Richards, Vice Consul and Clerk place in the number of Trade Letters submitted, at Santo Domingo, appointed Vice Consul and having (128), followed by Tegucigalpa, Hon¬ Clerk at Caracas, temporarily. duras (106); Habana, Cuba, (77); Shanghai, George B. Seawright, Vice Consul and Clerk China, (70), and Riga, Latvia (36). at Malmo, appointed Vice Consul and Clerk at A total of 2,243 reports were received during Goteborg. the month of March, 1926, as compared with Eli Taylor, Vice Consul and Clerk at Acapulco, 2,353 reports during the month of February, Mexico, appointed Vice Consul and Clerk at 1926. Aguascalientes. MARRIAGES Curtice-Jones. At Kobe, Japan, on March 6, 1926, the marriage of Mrs. Marion Curtice and Mr. Alexander Wallance Jones was solemnized. Mrs. Curtice is the widow of the late Raymond S. Curtice, American Consul. ANNOUNCEMENTS Consul General and Mrs. Albert Halstead, Montreal, announce the engagement of their daughter, Aline, to Mr. W. Rice Amon, of New York, to take place in June. BIRTHS A daughter, Blanche Josephine, was born at Santa Cruz, Teneriffe, Canary Island, on Jan¬ uary 22, 1926, to American Consul and Mrs. Raleigh A. Gibson. A son, Alpheus Hyatt, was born on April 6, 1926, at Washington, D. C., to Vice Consul and Mrs. A. Dana Hodgdon. NECROLOGY Mr. Thomas Dunlap, father of American Con¬ sul Maurice P. Dunlap, Port au Prince, died in Washington on April 2, 1926, from an attack of heart disease. At the time of his death Mr. THOMAS R. GEARY Dunlap was in his 72nd year. The JOURNAL 158 wishes to express to Consul Dunlap its deep INCOME TAX EXEMPTION sympathy at his loss. FOR AMERICAN BUSI¬ Mr. Thomas R. Geary, who served as Amer¬ NESS MEN ABROAD ican Vice Consul at Malaga, Spain, from March From National Foreign Trade Council, New York 4, 1891 to October 3, 1916, died at Malaga after ITH the signature by President Cool- a long illness on March 16, 1926. Mr. Geary idge of the 1926 Tax Revision bill, was very proud of his connection with the Con¬ Americans who live in other coun¬ sulate and manifested always a lively interest tries and are engaged there in efforts to in its affairs. He was prominent in business expand the foreign trade of the United States, circles in Malaga. A search of the old Registers step at last up on a plane of tax equality of the department discloses the fact that Mr. with their competitors of other nationalities. Geary’s father, John R. Geary, acted as Vice This is due to the inclusion in this bill of a pro¬ vision which has been sought continuously during Consul at Malaga for nearly 20 years, from the last six years by the National Foreign Trade October 24, 1863, to April, 1883. Council on behalf of American chambers of com¬ merce abroad. Under the clause as it has now passed bone fide non-residents during six months FIFTY YEARS IN AMERICAN or more of the taxable year are relieved from CONSULATE AT tax upon income earned in the country of res¬ LIVERPOOL idence. Six years ago the National Trade Council ON FEBRUARY 23. 1926, Mr. William took this matter up with Congress and the Pierce, a British subject and a native of Treasury Department at the urgent solicitation Liverpool, completed 50 years of uninter¬ of the American Chamber of Commerce in rupted service in the American Consulate at Shanghai, Beunos Aires, Rio de Janeiro and Liverpool. elsewhere. The first approach to Congress was During Mr. Pierce’s connection with the con¬ sulate he has served under the following officers: General Lucius Fairchild, 1876-78. Mr. Stephen B. Packard, 1878-85. Mr. Charles T. Russell, 1885-89. Mr. Thomas H. Sherman, 1889-93. Colonel James E. Neal, 1893-97. Mr. James Boyle, 1897-1905. Mr. J. L. Griffiths, 1905-09. Mr. Horace Lee Washington, 1909-24. Mr. L. J. Keena, 1924-to date. The staff of the consulate upon the 50th an¬ niversary of his entrance into the office presented Mr. Pierce with a silver tea service as an ex¬ pression of their sincere affection and esteem. The presentation was made by Vice Consul Hugh Watson who has been attached to this consulate for almost 25 years. On March 3, a dinner was held at the Midland Adelphi Hotel, on invitation extended by Mr. L. J. Keena, American Consul, Liverpool, in honor of Mr. Pierce and to celebrate the com¬ pletion of his half century of service in the Liver¬ pool consulate. Among the guests were many distinguished British business men and officials of Liverpool, and a number of visiting Amer¬ ican Consuls from nearby districts. WILLIAM PIERCE 159 ' ^pHE^MERICAN p OREIGN gEKVICE JOIIRKAL

fore the bill passed the Senate. Since that time the Foreign Trade Council has been plugging away in the effort to get a provision included in one of the subsequent tax revision bills. It has confined its efforts, however, to securing relief for individuals. The Chamber of Commerce of the United States, the National Association of Manufacturers, and some other trade organiza¬ tions, took the matter up also and gradually a considerable measure of support of the proposi¬ tion was developed in Congress. When the Ways and Means Committee of the House reported the present bill it contained a provision which, while it recognized the principle, limited the relief simply to only those who were engaged in selling American products in other met with a demand for proof that other trading countries. This result was not satisfactory to nations do not tax their nationals resident in for¬ any one. The business men understood at once eign countries upon income earned in the coun¬ that only a small fraction of the Americans living try of residence. The effort to supply that proof in other countries and engaged in business there involved the Foreign Trade Council in a labor would be relieved. Yet they understood clearly of nearly a year. The Council prepared a ques¬ that in many cases it is the efforts of such men tionnaire which was sent out through the State who make possible the expanding sales of Amer¬ Department and the Department of Commerce ican products. The experience of the automobile to our Consuls and commercial attaches in for¬ men is a case in point. American automobile eign countries, calling upon them for the tax makers began their efforts in the export trade laws of the countries where they were stationed. with the attempt to sell their machines and were It took five or six months to accumulate the not successful, but when they set up service material and another five or six months was in¬ stations abroad they promptly produced very volved in the careful examination of these laws. satisfactory results. Yet, under the provision The result of all this work was the proof that reported by the House, the men connected with the United States was the only nation taxing its the service stations who were, after all, the most nationals abroad in this way. important factor in American automobile sales¬ This tax operated as a serious handicap in the manship in foreign countries, would not have efforts to expand American foreign trade because been affected. it was regarded by Americans who went abroad The House adopted the provision as reported in the interest of business as an unfair discrim¬ by the Ways and Means Committee and immedi¬ ination against them. It has always been difficult ately there was a violent protest on the part of to get competent Americans to go abroad for long American Chambers of Commerce in Rio, periods of residence in the promotion of business, Havana and London. Dr. R. P. Momsen, Pres¬ and this tax discrimination added to that diffi¬ ident of the American Chamber in Rio, was in culty. Yet it has always been obvious that Amer¬ the United States at the time and he submitted a ican salesmanship and American management of vigorous protest to the Finance Committee of distribution centers of our goods in foreign coun¬ the Senate. tries was of the highest importance in expand¬ These protests were confusing to the Finance ing the foreign sales of our products. Committee whose members saw themselves being • « • . o Five years ago the Treasury Department took criticized by Americans in foreign countries for the matter up and largely through its support a doing what they thought would be applauded by provision was included in the tax revision bill of such Americans. Thereupon they struck the 1921, as reported to the House, which would whole provision out of the bill. have exempted foreign traders in a certain de¬ Friends of the measure, however, including gree. That bill, however, included corporations as representatives of the Foreign Trade Council and well as individuals. The entire provision was Dr. Momsen, went to Washington and succeeded stricken out on the floor of the Senate just be¬ in getting opportunity to explain the matter fully- 160 Every year General Motors spends mil¬ lions of dollars in research work, and millions more in installing new machin¬ ery to incorporate in its cars the latest improvements that research proves will add to the value of General Motors cars. Last year one division of General Motors, alone, spent $2,000,000 in such additions to its plants. A great proving ground for automobiles RUNNING day and night, in good of the factory engineers, every model of a weather and bad, a group of cars repre¬ General Motors car, to be approved for pro¬ senting every General Motors model is tested duction, must stand up satisfactorily under on the General Motors Proving Ground. longer and harder driving than it is ever sub¬ On this proving ground are many miles of mitted to by an owner. If there is a weak spot every sort of road an automobile is called up¬ in a car, these proving ground tests find it. on to travel: smooth concrete highways and You can be sure, therefore, when you buy rocky paths; level speedways and 24-degree a General Motors car that it has been com¬ hills. pelled to prove its value; point by point and In addition to passing the laboratory tests test by test. TO DEALERS: For particulars regarding the advantages of a connection with General Motors and the possibilities of representation in your terri¬ tory, address General Motors Export Company, 224 West 57th Street, New York. GENERAL MOTORS BUICK <• CADILLAC « CHEVROLET « OAKLAND - OLDSMOBILE « GMC TRUCKS

161 been removed, and a substantial step forward has been made possible in the promotion of our for¬ eign business. ALIENS AT LEAST WRITE BEST BOOKS ABOUT US DR. WILLIS FLETCHER JOHNSON, in the North American Review IT is a noteworthy circumstance that many of the best books about nations or their great men are written by aliens. This is the case alike in the domains of history and description, of biography, sociology and of politics. The supreme tribute to the genius of Hannibal lies in the fact that all our histories of him were writ¬ to members of the Finance Committee and sev¬ ten by his foes, yet abound in panegyrics which eral Senators. his own countrymen could hardly have excelled. Senator Jones of Washington, Chairman of the The first great history of our Revolution was powerful Committee on Commerce of the Sen¬ written by an Italian; the unrivaled history of the ate, made a trip to South America last year and Dutch Republic and the United Netherlands was in visits at Rio, Montevideo and Buenos Aires the work of an American, as were the histories had become familiar with the problem on the of the Spanish conquests in the Western Hemis¬ spot. Senator Jones introduced an amendment phere. Lincoln’s best biographer is an English¬ covering the situation fully, which was called up man. The first great exponent of American by Senator Smoot and accepted by the Finance democracy was a Frenchman. Committee just before the final fight on the bill The master treatise on the organization and in the Senate. operation of the American Commonwealth was One of the difficulties in securing this legisla¬ written by an Englishman, and a comparable tion has been the fact that the total amount of work on the Government of England by an income involved was so small in the aggre¬ American. These are the landmarks. The spaces gate. The Treasury Department has not among them are filled with a multitude of others, included it in any of the estimates of rev¬ increasing in number year by year; a highly de¬ enue reduction it has submitted to either sirable process. For the gift—and the exercise house of Congress. The irritation it pro¬ of the gift—“to see oursel’s as others see us” is duced among Americans abroad, however, was splendidly profitable, both subjectively and ob¬ a serious detriment to the conduct of our jectively. It is well to have each nation made to foreign trade. By this legislation one more know how it, and its institutions, and its great of the handicaps on American Foreign Trade has men look to others; and it is well for those of one nation to study other nations. Thus is pro¬ moted that reciprocity of knowledge and appre¬ ciation which is one of the best bases of peace IN THE NATION’S CAPITAL and friendship. GUDE’S FLOWERS THE ROTARY CLUB AT OF COURSE! LEGHORN Glide—Florist By J. B. JACKSON, Consul, Leghorn 1212 F St. N. W. 1102 Conn. Ave. N. W. PROMINENT among the innovations in Italy these days is the establishment of In¬ WASHINGTON, D. C. ternational Rotary Clubs in the principal TELEPHONE MAIN 4278 cities, and along the lines of and entertwined Flowers via Telegraph—Anywhere—Any Time with the same organization known throughout the United States, where it had its birth. There 162 are at present (March 15, 1926) 11 clubs in Italy, with a supervisory office at Milan. The club at Leghorn, organized in March, 1925, has 31 members, the personnel of which is excep¬ tionally representative of the leading professions and industries of the city. The list includes such prominent persons as the Minister of Communi¬ cations for Italy, whose home is in Leghorn, the Governor, Mayor, an admiral, a Consul (Amer¬ ican), lawyers and notaries, manufacturers of various products, civil, structural and electrical engineers, agriculturalists, importers, exporters, ship-builders, shipping and transportation agents, doctors, surgeons and other medical specialists, etc. On the occasion of the first anniversary of the organization of the Leghorn Rotary Club, on

March 7, 1926, the members thereof gave a © Plate, Ltd. luncheon at the Miramara Hotel, Castiglioncello, 15 miles south of Leghorn, attended by 60 mem¬ Gathering Material bers and their relatives and friends. At 4 o’clock p. m. the party visited the Italian Naval Academy Views of life all over the world—such as this of at Leghorn, had tea at the Palace Hotel at 6, and a Singalese maid gathering rubber sap—and well-written, non-technical articles are being dinner at the same hotel at 8.30 p. m., and wounc^ sought eagerly by the National Geographic up the day’s festivities with a ball there, which Society for its monthly publication. lasted until the wee sma’ hours of the morning. Why not add to your income and bring your work to the attention of ITEMS the million subscribers for the (Continued from page 154) National Geographic Magazine?

A weekly published in Turin, Italy, devoted its Photographs of the scenes that are “everyday” front page recently to a portrait and laudatory to you are readily available for your camera, article concerning Mr. Dana C. Sycks, on the or perhaps friends or native photographers have occasion of his transfer from Turin to Buenos such pictures. Aires. Descriptions, too, should be full of this human The visit of the Pan-American journalists to interest, giving the reader the sense of actually Washington in the first week of April reminded visiting the lands described. a Foreign Service officer, well versed in affairs All material accepted is paid for Latin-American, of a similar time a year or two promptly at attractive rates, and that ago when a delegation of Pan-American pen- which is unavailable is returned women was in Washington and a renowned Capi¬ promptly by insured post. tal hostess committed an immemorial bull. Ad¬ dressing a senorita from Chile, she said: “I am Write for descriptive booklets to The Editor so sorry, but I know only two words of Spanish— manana, meaning tomorrow, and pajama, mean¬ ing tonight.” The F. S. O. added that this re¬ National Geographic Magazine minded him of another hostess who was trying to Washington, D. C. be pleasant to a lady from Mexico and asked her if she could dance the serape or sing a cantina. 163 THE DEVELOPMENT OF (2) Disriminates in fact against the com¬ merce of the United States by law or administra¬ AMERICAN COMMERCIAL tion with respect to import, export or other POLICY duties, regulations or restrictions in such a way (Continued from page 149) as to place the commerce of the United States In 1922 Congress completed a general revision at a disadvantage compared with the commerce of the tariff. The usual course of a single of any foreign country; schedule of rates, applicable in general regard¬ And when he finds that the public interest less of the country of origin of imports, was con¬ will be served thereby; he is directed to proclaim tinued. Acting under the advice of the Tariff new or additional duties, calculated to offset the Commission the Senate incorporated and the unequal imposition upon American commerce, House accepted in the pending measure a pro¬ but not exceeding 50 percentum ad valorem, upon vision similar in principle to the maximum-min¬ the importation of any or all of the products of imum stipulation of the act of 1909, and in the discriminating foreign country. forms to provisions often found in the laws of If an industry in a third country receives ben¬ other countries, but novel in American general efit as a result of discriminations practiced by any customs legislation. Section 317, authorizing the country against the United States, the products President to levy additional duties upon the pro¬ of that industry are, moreover, liable to be sub¬ ducts of countries that failed to accord their jected to additional import duties. lowest customs duties to the exports of the “Foreign country” is defined to mean: “Any United States, may be summarized as follows: empire, country, dominion, colony, or protector¬ Whenever the President finds that any country: ate, or any sub-division .... thereof . . ., (1) Imposes upon the disposition in, trans¬ within which separate tariff rates or separate portation through or re-exportation from its ter¬ regulations of commerce are enforced.” ritory any unreasonable exaction upon any pro¬ The Department of State interpreted Article duct of the United States which is not equally 317 as expressing a decision of the United States enforced upon similar products of every foreign to seek equality of treatment for its products in country; or all countries and, by way of consistency, neither to ask nor to give special favors. Accordingly, i the request that was customarily made to Brazil for special tariff treatment to certain American Carl M. J. von Zielinski products by a provision in its annual financial Leslie B. Cooper Luis M. Alzamora budget was not repeated at the beginning of FOREIGN TRADE AND FINANCIAL ADVISERS 1923; before the end of the year two treaties

Specializing in had been signed with other countries and modi The handling of Alien Property Custodian Claims, and vivendi were in operation with Brazil and one Miscellaneous Collections Here and Abroad. other nation, providing reciprocally for uncon¬ New Financing, Funding of Debts, Re-Organization of ditional most-favored-nation treatment in cus¬ Foreign Firms, Incorporations Under American toms matters. In these as in subsequent arrange¬ Laws, Branch Managements. ments certain qualifications have had to be made, Financial Investigations and Credit Information the United States invariably noting the excep¬ Agents and Correspondents tion of its commerce with Cuba and with its in practically all parts of the world insular possessions. By April 1, 1926, uncondi¬ tional most-favored-nation agreements had been HAITIAN-DO MINI CAN DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION concluded as follows: Agents for Treaties: Turkey (August 6, 1923), Germany Savage & Stevens Arms, U. S. Ammunition, and (December 8, 1923), Hungary (June 24, 1925), Sonora Phonograph Co. Esthonia (December 23, 1925), and Salvador (February 22, 1926). Only the treaty with E. TOSSE & COMPANY, INC. Germany is as yet in effect. Exporters of Modi vivendi: Brazil (October 18, 1923), CHEMICALS AND DRUGS Czechoslovakia (October 29, 1923, renewed December 5, 1924), Nicaragua (July 11, 1924), 90-96 Wall Street New York City Guatemala (August 14, 1924), Dominion Repub¬ lic (September 25, 1924), Greece (December 9, 164 1924) , Poland, including Danzig, (February 10, 1925) , Esthonia (March 2, 1925), Finland (May 2, 1925), Lithuania (December 23, 1925), Lat¬ via (February 1, 1926), Turkey (February 18, 1926) , and Rumania (February 26, 1926). In a majority of cases these modi vivendi became operative on the date of signature but in some instances the other party to the agreement re¬ quired its submission to the national parliament. All are now in effect except those with Lithuania and Latvia. Taken together they form the definite expression of a new and important devel¬ opment in American commercial policy—a de¬ velopment which harmonizes American policy in respect of most-favored-nation treatment with that generally accepted by the commercial world. Even countries which, like France, hesitate to make promises of equality of treatment, interpret the most-favored-nation clause unconditionally. The new policy of most-favored-nation treat¬ ment in conjunction with the continued practice of national treatment of shipping may thus rea¬ sonably be considered to characterize the ex¬ ternal commercial policy of the United States as one not only of equality but of liberality. Cer¬ tain problems, however, still remain, a few ex¬ amples of which may appropriately be mentioned. The Tariff act of 1922, like its predecessors, beginning with the act of 1890, contains a num¬ ber of isolated provisions the effect of which is to increase or create duties upon imports into the United States for reasons other than dis¬ Leadership crimination by the country of their origin against FAST, visible typewriting began with the American commerce. Such provisions are based introduction of the Underwood Typewriter upon a line of policy antagonistic to that of Sec¬ more than a quarter of a century ago. Dur¬ tion 317; a good example is found in Paragraph ing this time there have been no changes in the fundamental principles of its construction, 369 of the Schedule of dutiable articles: although certain minor improvements have “Automobiles, automobile bodies, automobile been made. The Underwood Typewriter still chassis, motor cycles, and parts of the foregoing, holds the sovereign position in typewriter speed, accuracy and durability. It has proved not including tires, all of the foregoing whether its right to this leadership by winning every finished or unfinished, 25 per centum ad valorem: International Typewriter Contest since its PROVIDED, That if any country, dependency, Inception eighteen years ago. province, or other sub-division of government Commerce pays tribute by acceptance—at the imposes a duty on any article specified in this dawn of every business day more than two paragraph, when imported from the United million Underwoods go into action. States, in excess of the duty herein provided, UNDERWOOD TYPEWRITER CO., INC. there shall be imposed upon such article, when imported either directly or indirectly from such 1413 New York Avenue N. W. country, dependency, province or other sub-divi¬ Washington, D. C. sion of government, a duty equal to that imposed Branches in all Principal Cities by such country, dependency, province or other sub-division of government on such article im¬ ported from the United States, but in no case shall such duty exceed 50 percentum ad valorem.” UNDERWOOD The occurrence of 11 such stipulations in the Speeds the Worlds Business tariff law is a matter of real, if minor, concern 165 THE combination of Eversharp and Wahl Pen, identical in design, makes a pair of writing tools whose beauty will fascinate you—whose long-lived usefulness will surprise you. If you have one, match it with the other in the same design. Both are so perfected mechanically that they are unqualifiedly guaranteed. Made in styles and at prices to suit all tastes and purses. If you cannot obtain Wahl Products, locally, write direct to us. THE WAHL COMPANY, NEW YORK, N. Y„ U. S. A. to proponents of a policy of equality. A natural bargaining be adopted and the power to negotiate development of such a policy would be the elim¬ agreements lowering duties on certain products ination of these portions of the tariff law. within certain limits be vested in the Executive Attention may also be called to the proposal branch of the Government.” recently made by the Committee on Foreign Af¬ A policy of entering into bargains with other fairs of the Chamber of Commerce of the United countries for conventional reductions in import States: duties is one that has long existed in certain “1. That the general principle of unqualified European and other countries side by side with most-favored-nation treatment be retained as the a policy of unconditional most-favored-nation basic principle of our commercial treaty struc¬ treatment: the reductions made in a treaty to one ture. country are generalized to all countries entitled to the lowest rates. But, as countries bargaining “2. That, frankly recognizing its limitations, with others usually seek and obtain reductions provisions be inserted in future commercial that are especially important to their own par¬ treaties protecting American products from dis¬ ticular varieties of exportable goods, most- crimination through tariff classifications and im¬ favored countries seldom receive as great bene¬ port restrictions. fits as the other party to a given bargaining “3. That constant effort be made to induce treaty. The proponents of such a policy believe foreign countries to modify prohibitive duties, that its adoption by the United States would ex¬ and to secure for our products favorable treat¬ tend the foreign market for certain manufac¬ ment in the tariffs of the world. tured goods which are typically American. “4. As an aid in securing favorable tariff In giving its consent to the treaty of Decem¬ treatment for American exports a policy of tariff ber 8, 1923, with Germany, which treaty con- 166 tains provisions for unconditional most-favored- nation treatment of goods and national treat¬ MAJESTIC World's Largest ment of shipping, the Senate made the reserva¬ Ship tion that the national treatment clauses “shall remain in force for 12 months from the date of exchange of ratification, and if not then ter¬ minated on 90 days’ previous notice shall remain in force until Congress shall enact legislation in¬ consistent therewith when the same shall auto¬ matically lapse at the end of 60 days from such enactment, and on such lapse each high contract¬ ing party shall enjoy all the rights which it would have possessed had such .... articles not been embraced in the treaty.” Similar limita¬ tions have been arranged for during the nego¬ Ocean freight tiation of subsequent treaties and represent an effort to reconcile the policies of Sections 317 of the tariff law and Section 34 of the merchant service— marine law. Meantime, however, careful study Frequent Sailings of the question of shipping discrimination ap¬ With from four to five sail¬ pears to have convinced most of those interested ings from New York each in the matter that adverse treatment of Ameri¬ week and frequent departures can shipping in foreign ports would, under such from Montreal, Boston, Phila¬ a regime, make its last condition worse than its delphia, Baltimore, Hampton first. Consequently it is more than possible that Roads and other Atlantic and future developments in shipping policy will con¬ gulf ports to all principal tinue in the traditional channel of equality. 104 Ships European ports, and a fort¬ More Than a nightly service between New Continued discrimination on the part of other Million Tons York and California, our countries against American commerce, and re¬ 55 Years’ service has a distinct advan¬ fusal to negotiate equality of treatment agree¬ Experience tage in frequency of sailings. ments, must inevitably raise the question of the World-wide The result is prompt for¬ defensive imposition of penalty duties under Sec¬ in Scope warding of all shipments as a tion 317 of the tariff law and under analogous matter of course. Frequent Frequency of sailings is only one of a provisions in the customs laws. Sailings number of points of superiority of the vast ocean freight service offered by As the United States proceeds with its pro¬ Meeting the White Star, Atlantic Transport, gram of negotiotions, and as equality of treat¬ Individual Panama Pacific and other lines asso¬ -Needs ciated in the International Mercantile ment agreements multiply, variation, in detail at Marine organization. least, is likely to give rise to inconveniences that Ship via IMM. will argue in favor of replacing a host of bi-lat- Regular Services Between New York New Orleans London Antwerp eral instruments with a single convention to which Boston Galveston , Liverpool Hamburg Philadelphia Houston and ,, the countries of the world generally may become Baltimore Montreal Manchester Glasgow parties. Such a convention providing for national Hampton Roads Quebec Avonmouth Southampton Apply to No. 1 Broadway, New York, or our treatment of shipping has, indeed, already been offices in principal cities signed by the representatives of many nations. Customs matters have been the subject of more than one mutilateral agreement, and a general WHITE STAR LINE convention containing unconditional most- RED STAR LINE ♦ ♦ AMERICAN LINE favored-nation provisions would seem a natural LEY LAND LINE * PANAMA PACIFIC LINE consummation of the present policies of (the ATLANTIC TRANSPORT LINE WHITE STAR - DOMINION LINE United States and numerous other countries. INTERNATIONAL MERCANTILE MARINE COMPANY

(THE END) 167 WHEN Hupmobile engineers designed this New Six they planned to maintain their always high stan¬ dards of quality—but in reality they have surpassed them* All the comfort, steadfastness, and economy of upkeep that have made Hupmobile stand out for seventeen years are preserved; and now previous triumphs are dwarfed by the remarkable abilities of this new creation—the Hupmobile Six, Economical—powerful in pick-up and speed range—roomy and comfortable—you will be more than pleased with the motor car you have been waiting for so long*

HUPP MOTOR GAR CORPORATION Detroit, Michigan, U. S. A. Cable address: Hupp, Detroit

168 HB MB C OREIGN ER CE qiirna1 T A ^ ^F S ^ II '

David C. Kerr, former American Vice Consul at Vancouver, British Columbia, who has also served in a consular capacity at Barcelona, Spain, STANDARD OIL CO. OF NEW YORK and at Birmingham, England, was sentenced to 26 Broadway New York serve one year in jail and fined $50, on April 1, by Justice Jennings Bailey in Criminal Court, on a charge of accepting a bribe of $50 to facilitate the entry into the United States of a Chinese in violation of the exclusion laws. There are four more such charges pending against him, but it is not likely they will be pressed, in view of his plea of guilty to the charge on which he was sentenced. Kerr is alleged to have accepted the $50 on July 27, 1922, to admit Chin Jan Yen.

His Imperial Highness, Ras Tafari, prince The Mark of Quality regent and heir to the throne of Emperor of Ethiopia (Abyssinia), as an evidence of his per¬ sonal friendship for the United States Govern¬ ment, with which his country has had treaty rela¬ tions for several years, has sent to President Cool- idge an autographed photograph of himself with Socony his highest compliments. It is of full cabinet size and shows the prince regent wearing a jeweled coronet and rich robes of state, and is heavily framed in solid silver, stamped with the royal crest. Products

The Inspector of Diplomatic Missions in South America is taking with him a memorandum indi¬ Illuminating Oils cating the desire of the Department to have a complete card catalog of the books in each mission. Lubricating Oils and Greases The catalog will be made in duplicate, and one copy will be sent to the Department. The memo¬ Gasoline and Motor Spirits randum contains directions for making out a simple author catalog. Fuel Oil This catalog will enable the Department to have a record of all the libraries of the missions and Asphaltums, Binders and thus be able to indicate at once where special information may be obtained. Furthermore, the Road Oils accurate list thus obtained will enable the Depart¬ ment to guide and assist the missions in building Paraffine Wax and Candles up a practical working library suitable to the needs of each office. Lamps, Stoves and Heaters

Mr. Hoffman Philip, American Minister to Persia, has been named as a special representa¬ Branch Offices in the Principal Cities of tive of the President, with the rank of Envoy Japan Philippine Islands Turkey Extraordinary, for the coronation of Reza Shah China Straits Settlements Syria Pahlevi, which, it is reported, is to take place in Indo-China Netherlands India Bulgaria Teheran on April 25, 1926. Siam South Africa Greece Brig. Gen. Harry A. Smith, Assistant Chief of India Australasia Jugoslavia Staff of the War Department, has been designated by the Department of State, in agreement with the 169 War Department, as a member of the special mis¬ During the period from March 20 to March 29 sion for the coronation of the Shah, and is shortly the Foreign Service School studied the regulations leaving for Teheran. governing the settlement of estates and the per¬ formance of notarial services, the work being con¬ The American Consulate at Nancy, France, is ducted under the direction of Mr. Glenn A. Smith, to be closed on April 30. of the Division of Foreign Service Administration. The course included the usual written exami¬ Oral examinations for the Foreign Service were nation made up of the following questions: held on April 13 for those candidates already in 1. (a) What do you understand by an acknowl¬ the noncareer service, and April 19 to 23, inclu¬ edgment? (b) What do you understand by an sive, for other candidates. affivadit? (c) Distinguish between the two. The following took the examination on April 2. An American citizen calls at your office and 13: Rudolph J. Blais, Clerk, Havre; Robert C. makes of you all or one of the following requests: Cockburn, Vice Consul, Kingston, Jamaica; Wil¬ (a) That you draft his will, (b) That you give liam G. Roll, Vice Consul, Bremen. him any information or advice possible as to the Seyenty candidates announced their intention of preparation of his will, (c) That you take his taking the general oral examination from April 19 to 23. acknowledgment to his will. How will you pro¬ ceed in each of the three cases ? Secretary Kellogg entertained at the Pan Ameri¬ 3. Name three cases in which, because of the can Union on the evening of April 13, in honor person or service involved, no fee is charged for of the visiting journalists from Latin America. the performance of a notarial service.

Plant Executives in 46 Countries do business with Lubrication Headquarters

HY ? Because big industrial ex¬ Wecutives the world over recognize grade lubricating oils to mechanical the Vacuum Oil Company as the equipment in every country of the world. world’s foremost experts in lubrication. Because the aim of the Vacuum Oil Because all our recommendations Company is to benefit the industrial are based on more than 60 world by bringing about years experience in manufac¬ smoother and more efficient turing and in applying high- Lubricating Oils operation of machinery. A injtfor mb type of soviet VACUUM OIL COMPANY 170 INVESTMENT SERVICE WHEREVER THE CABLE GOES

FACILITIES afforded bond buyers The National City Bank of New York by The National City Company Head Office: 55 Wall Street, New York far outreach the boundaries of the United States. Other New York City Offices 42nd Street at Madison Avenue Through the close affiliation of the company with the world-wide Fifth Avenue at 28th St. 72nd Street at Broadway branches of The National City Bank 57th Street at Seventh Ave. Bowery at Bond Street of New York and the International Banking Corporation — which is Foreign Branches owned by the Bank—late quotations and information on dollar securities ARGENTINA CHILE ITALY are available in many foreign Buenos Aires Santiago Genoa countries. Rosario Valparaiso CUBA PERU Havana and all Lima Cable communication enables The BELGIUM National City Company, through the important cities banking organizations, to duplicate, Antwerp ENGLAND PORTO RICO to a degree, the comprehensive ser¬ Brussels London San Juan vice given to investors through its City Branch West End Br. URUGUAY offices in more than 50 leading cities BRAZIL FRANCE Montevideo in the United States and Canada, Pernambuco The National and in London, Geneva and Tokio. Rio de Janeiro City Bank of Santos [Agency] New York VENEZUELA Customers in any part of the world Sao Paulo (France), S. A. Caracas may arrange for the safe keeping of securities and for the collection and distribution of income through the Customers’ Securities Department of International Banking Corporation The National City Bank. [Owned by The National City Bank of New York] Head Office: 60 Wall Street, New York

Domestic and Foreign Offices CALIFORNIA JAPAN Tokio San Francisco Kobe Yokohama JAVA CHINA Hongkong Canton Peking Batavia Dairen Shanghai Hankow Tientsin PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Harbin Cebu Manila INQUIRIES addressed to our New l York or London Offices will re¬ DOMINICAN REPUBLIC REPUBLIC OF PANAMA Santo Domingo City and Colon Panama ceive prompt attention. Lists of cur¬ other important cities rent investment offerings will be SPAIN found at all offices of The National ENGLAND—London Barcelona Madrid City Bank and International Bank¬ INDIA Calcutta STRAITS SETTLEMENTS ing Corporation. Bombay Rangoon Singapore THE NATIONAL CITY COMPANY HEAD OFFICE: NATIONAL CITY BANK BUILDING, NEW YORK Geneva LONDON: 34 BIS HOPS GATE, E. C. 2 Tokio BONDS SHORT TERM NOTES ACCEPTANCES

171 4. (a) Distinguish between letters rogatory and 7. State briefly what services a Consul may per- a commission to take testimony, (b) By whom form in connection with real estate left by an may a commission to take testimony be executed ? American deceased in his district. 5. Under what circumstance would you perform 8. An American dies in your district leaving a notarial service for an alien in connection with certain personal property, of which you take a document to be used in a foreign country? charge. You know of no heirs or legal represen¬ 6. John Doe, an American citizen, dies in your tatives, but have information to the effect that the deceased left $1,000 on deposit in an American district, leaving no will and no legal representa¬ bank. What action will you take with respect to tive. His effects, of which you take charge, con¬ this deposit? sist of $100 in cash; $50 in traveler’s checks; a 9. Describe in detail the requirements to be ob¬ $50 Liberty bond, unregistered; and personal J served by a consular officer in inventorying the effects which you value at $100 and subsequently , , , , ~ . . personal effects„ ot£ a deceased American.A sell for $80. There was owing to him $200 which ...... 10. TTHaving collected all claims and paid all 3-ou collect. He ow'ed $300 which you pay. His debts, how will you dispose of the personal estate burial expenses, which you pay, are $50. His of a deceased American in the following cases: relatives in the United States, on learning of his (a) Where there is a legal claimant, (b) Where death, send you $200 to cover eventual expenses. there is no legal claimant. State in detail the procedure which should be followed in each case, State the amount of the fee to be collected and indicating in addition what documents or report indicate in detail your calculations. are to be transmitted to the Department of State.

Consular Representatives of the United States:

The United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company puts at your disposal its services in writing your bond. Special attention is given to the requirements of consular officers, our Washington manager, Mr. Lee B. Mosher, having formerly been in the Consular Service. When you have in mind any form of bond, this company will be pleased to write it for you. JOHN R. BLAND, President.

United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company

RESOURCES OVER $34,000,000.00

Washington Branch Office Suite 327, Southern Building, 15th and H Streets, Washington, D. C.

172 The Almeric an Foreign Service ^Association Honorary President FRANK B. KELLOGG Secretary of State

Honorary Vice-Presidents JOSEPH C. GREW Under Secretary of State LELAND HARRISON Assistant Secretary of State J. BUTLER WRIGHT Assistant Secretary of State WILBUR J. CARR Assistant Secretary of State R. E. OLDS Assistant Secretary of State

President Vice-President

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE FRANCIS WHITE Chairman RALPH J. TOTTEN Vice-Chairman WILLIAM DAWSON COERT DUBOIS EDWARD L. REED

HERSCHEL V. JOHNSON Secretary-Treasurer of the Association

JOURNAL STAFF FELIX COLE Editor

J. THEODORE MARRINER 1 F. LAMMOT BEGIN [ Associate Editors WILLIAM W. HEARD J FRANK C. LEE Business Manager

MONNETT B. DAVIS 1 <# .Associate Business Managers H. L. WILLIAMSON ) H. S. FULLERTON Treasurer of Journal

The American Foreign Service Association is an un¬ official and voluntary association embracing most of the members of The Foreign Service of the United States. It was formed for the purpose of fostering esprit de corps among the members of the Foreign Service, to strengthen service spirit and to establish a center around which might be grouped the united efforts of its members for the improvement of the Service.