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Pre-Crash Scenario Typology for Crash Avoidance Research

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Pre-Crash Scenario Typology for Crash Avoidance Research DOT HS 810 767 April 2007 Pre-Crash Scenario Typology for Crash Avoidance Research This document is available to the public from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161 This publication is distributed by the U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, in the interest of information exchange. The opinions, findings and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the Department of Transportation or the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The United States Government assumes no liability for its content or use thereof. If trade or manufacturer’s names or products are mentioned, it is because they are considered essential to the object of the publication and should not be construed as an endorsement. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED April 2007 Final Report, 2004 - 2006 October 2003 – October 2005 shes 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Pre-Crash Scenario Typology for Crash Avoidance Research 6. AUTHOR(S) PPA # HS-19 Wassim G. Najm, John D. Smith, and Mikio Yanagisawa . 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION U.S. Department of Transportation REPORT NUMBER Research and Innovative Technology Administration John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center DOT-VNTSC-NHTSA-06-02 Cambridge, MA 02142 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING U.S. Department of Transportation AGENCY REPORT NUMBER National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 400 7th St. SW DOT HS 810 767 Washington, DC 20590 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161. 13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words) This report defines a new pre-crash scenario typology for crash avoidance research based on the 2004 General Estimates System (GES) crash database, which consists of pre-crash scenarios depicting vehicle movements and dynamics as well as the critical event immediately prior to a crash. This typology establishes a common vehicle safety research foundation for public and private organizations, which will allow researchers to determine which traffic safety issues should be of first priority to investigate and to develop concomitant crash avoidance systems. Its main objectives are to identify all common pre-crash scenarios of all police-reported crashes involving at least one light vehicle (i.e., passenger car, sports utility vehicle, van, minivan, and light pickup truck); quantify their severity in terms of frequency of occurrence, economic cost, and functional years lost; portray each scenario by crash contributing factors and circumstances in terms of the driving environment, driver, and vehicle; and provide nationally representative crash statistics that can be annually updated using national crash databases such as GES. This new typology includes 37 pre-crash scenarios accounting for approximately 5,942,000 police-reported light-vehicle crashes, an estimated economic cost of 120 billion dollars, and 2,767,000 functional years lost. These statistics do not incorporate data from non-police-reported crashes. 14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES General Estimates System, pre-crash scenarios, vehicle safety research, crash avoidance 128 research, crash frequency, economic cost, functional years lost 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 298-102 PREFACE The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), in conjunction with the Research and Innovative Technology Administration’s Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (Volpe Center), conducts vehicle safety research in crash avoidance and crashworthiness. In particular, extensive analyses have been performed to define the crash and injury problems, identify intervention opportunities, assess the state-of-the-art technology for crash avoidance and injury mitigation systems, and estimate potential safety benefits of promising systems. This research supports NHTSA’s mission to save lives, prevent injuries, and reduce health care and other economic costs associated with motor vehicle crashes. This report presents results obtained from the analysis of the 2004 General Estimates System crash database. It describes a new typology of pre-crash scenarios leading to all police-reported crashes that involve at least one light vehicle (e.g., passenger car, sports utility vehicle, van, minivan, and light pickup truck). Authors of this report are Wassim G. Najm, John D. Smith, and Mikio Yanagisawa of the Volpe Center. The authors acknowledge the technical contribution and cooperation from Dr. David L. Smith and Mr. Ray Resendes of NHTSA. This acknowledgement is also extended to Mr. Richard Deering of General Motors for his technical support and desire for cooperation between the automotive industry and NHTSA in vehicle safety research. Also acknowledged are the technical staffs from the Crash Avoidance Metrics Partnership. i METRIC/ENGLISH CONVERSION FACTORS ENGLISH TO METRIC METRIC TO ENGLISH LENGTH (APPROXIMATE) LENGTH (APPROXIMATE) 1 inch (in) = 2.5 centimeters (cm) 1 millimeter (mm) = 0.04 inch (in) 1 foot (ft) = 30 centimeters (cm) 1 centimeter (cm) = 0.4 inch (in) 1 yard (yd) = 0.9 meter (m) 1 meter (m) = 3.3 feet (ft) 1 mile (mi) = 1.6 kilometers (km) 1 meter (m) = 1.1 yards (yd) 1 kilometer (km) = 0.6 mile (mi) AREA (APPROXIMATE) AREA (APPROXIMATE) 1 square inch (sq in, in2) = 6.5 square centimeters (cm2) 1 square centimeter (cm2) = 0.16 square inch (sq in, in2) 1 square foot (sq ft, ft2) = 0.09 square meter (m2) 1 square meter (m2) = 1.2 square yards (sq yd, yd2) 1 square yard (sq yd, yd2) = 0.8 square meter (m2) 1 square kilometer (km2) = 0.4 square mile (sq mi, mi2) 1 square mile (sq mi, mi2) = 2.6 square kilometers (km2) 10,000 square meters (m2) = 1 hectare (ha) = 2.5 acres 1 acre = 0.4 hectare (he) = 4,000 square meters (m2) MASS - WEIGHT (APPROXIMATE) MASS - WEIGHT (APPROXIMATE) 1 ounce (oz) = 28 grams (gm) 1 gram (gm) = 0.036 ounce (oz) 1 pound (lb) = 0.45 kilogram (kg) 1 kilogram (kg) = 2.2 pounds (lb) 1 short ton = 2,000 pounds (lb) = 0.9 tonne (t) 1 tonne (t) = 1,000 kilograms (kg) = 1.1 short tons VOLUME (APPROXIMATE) VOLUME (APPROXIMATE) 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 milliliters (ml) 1 milliliter (ml) = 0.03 fluid ounce (fl oz) 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 milliliters (ml) 1 liter (l) = 2.1 pints (pt) 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 milliliters (ml) 1 liter (l) = 1.06 quarts (qt) 1 cup (c) = 0.24 liter (l) 1 liter (l) = 0.26 gallon (gal) 1 pint (pt) = 0.47 liter (l) 1 quart (qt) = 0.96 liter (l) 1 gallon (gal) = 3.8 liters (l) 1 cubic foot (cu ft, ft3) = 0.03 cubic meter (m3) 1 cubic meter (m3) = 36 cubic feet (cu ft, ft3) 1 cubic yard (cu yd, yd3) = 0.76 cubic meter (m3) 1 cubic meter (m3) = 1.3 cubic yards (cu yd, yd3) TEMPERATURE (EXACT) TEMPERATURE (EXACT) [(x-32)(5/9)] °F = y °C [(9/5) y + 32] °C = x °F QUICK INCH - CENTIMETER LENGTH CONVERSION 0 1 2345 Inches Centimeters 0126 3 4 5 711098 1112 3 QUICK FAHRENHEIT - CELSIUS TEMPERATURE CONVERSION °F -40° -22° -4° 14° 32° 50° 68° 86° 104° 122° 140° 158° 176° 194° 212° °C -40° -30° -20° -10° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90° 100° For more exact and or other conversion factors, see NIST Miscellaneous Publication 286, Units of Weights and Measures. Price $2.50 SD Catalog No. C13 10286 Updated 6/17/98 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..................................................................................................v 1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 1 1.1. 44-Crashes Typology ............................................................................................. 2 1.2. Pre-Crash Scenarios Typology ............................................................................. 6 1.3. Report Outline........................................................................................................ 7 2. IDENTIFICATION OF NEW PRE-CRASH SCENARIO TYPOLOGY.................... 8 2.1. Scenario Coding Schemes...................................................................................... 8 2.2. Crash Contributing Factors and Circumstances................................................ 9 2.3. Societal Harm Measures.....................................................................................
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