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Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Types of the Early 1990'S

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Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Types of the Early 1990'S 1//-,11//1/,1/1/1,//1/1// II/ f1/1 Pedestrian and Bicycle "_.- 'y~96.-:~883}_9 Crash Types of the Early 1990's Publication No. FHWA-RD·95·163 June 1996 Research and Development Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center u.s. Department of Transportation 6300 Georgetown Pike Federal Highway Administration REPRODUCED BY: ,- I!]'§ --- Mclean, Virginia 221 01·229~ .u.s. Deplll'tment ot Commerce - National TechnlcaJ Information Service c Spnngfield, Virginia 22161 FOREWORD Pedestrians and bicyclists comprise more than 14 percent ofall highway fatalities each year. In some large urban areas, pedestrians account for 50 percent oftraffic fatalities. Estimates for 1994 indicate that 150,000 pedestrians and bicyclists were injured in traffic crashes, and many injuries are not reported to recordkeeping authorities. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) developed a system of "typing" pedestrian and bicyclists crashes, defined by specific sequences ofevents. Each crash type has precipitating actions, predisposing factors, and characteristic populations and/or locations that can be targeted for intervention. The research documented in this report is the result ofthe application ofNHTSA's crash typology to a sample of5,000 pedestrian and 3,000 bicycle-motor vehicle crashes from five states with the purpose of refining and updating the crash type distributions. Particular attention was given to roadway and locational factors in order to identify situations where engineering and/or educational or regulatory countermeasures might be effectively implemented to reduce the frequency ofthe crashes. The information contained in this report should be of interest to State and local bicycle and pedestrian coordinators, transportation planners, and transportation engineers involved in safety and risk management. Other interested parties include those in education, enforcement, and the .medical profession. ~?@aW . ~~rey F. Paniati, Acting Director Office of Safety and Traffic Operations Research and Development NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship ofthe Department of Transportation in the interest ofinformation exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade and manufacturers' names appear in this report only because they are considered essential to the object ofthe document. ----------- PROTECTED UNDER ----------- All RIGHTS RESERV~~TERNATIONAl COPYRIGHT NATIONAL TECHNICA . U.S. DEPARTMENT oi 6rg~~~~~ON SERVICE Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. Z. Government AccessIon No. 3. Recipient s Catalog No. FHWA-RD-95-163 4. Title and Subtitle S. Report Date PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE CRASH TYPES OF June 1996 THE EARLY 1990'S 6. Perfonnmg OrganIZatIOn Code 8. Perfonnlng Organization Report No. - 7. Author(s) William W. Hunter, Jane C. Stutts, Wayne E. Pein and Ch~mte L. Cox 9. Perforrn,mg Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Highway Safety Research Center 3A4b University of North Carolina 11. Contract or Grant No. CB #3430, 730' Airport Road Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3430 DTFH61-92-Y-30048 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type or Report and Penod Covered Office of Safety. and Traffic Operations R&D Research Report Federal Highway Administration 8/92 - 2/95 6300 Georgetown Pike 14. Sponsoring Agency Code McLean, VA 22101-2296 IS. Supplementary Notes Contracting Officer's Technical Representatives (COTR's) Justin True and Carol Tan (HSR-20) 16. Abstract ""'~4'The purpose of this research was to apply the basic NHTSA'pedestrian and bicyclist typologies to a sample of recent crashes and to refine and update the crash type distributions with particular attention to roadway and locational factors. Five thousand pedestrian- and 3,000 bicycle-motor vehicle crashes were coded in a population-based sample drawn from the States of California, Florida, Maryland, Minnesota, North Carolina, and Utah. Nearly a third of the pedes­ trians were struck at or near (within 16 m (50 ft) of an intersection. Midblock events were the second major pedestrian crash type grouping, representing over a fourth (26 percent) of all crashes« _The bicycle-motor vehicle crash types distributed as: (1) parallel paths - 36 percent, (2) crossing paths - 57' percent, and (3) specific circumstances - 6 percent. Most frequent parallel path crashes were motorist turn/merge into bicyclist's path (34.4 percent) of all parallel path crashes), motorist' over- taking (24.2 percent), and bicyclist tuIn/merge into motorist's path (20.6 percent)...Most frequent crossing path crashes were motorist failed to yield (37.7 percent of crossing path crashes), bicyclist failed to yield at an intersection (29.1 percent), and bicyclist failed to yield midblock (20.5 percent). Future safety considerations should be systemwide and include an examination of .intersections and other junctions, well designed facilities, and increased awareness of pedestrians and bicyclists by motor vehicle drivers. 17. Key Words: 18.'Distribution Statement Pedestrian, bicycle, motor vehicle, No restrictions. This document is available to crashes, crash types, safety. the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161 . 19. secunty l.:Iassit. (01 this report) ZO. Secunty Classil. (01 this pagel . ZI. No. 01 Pages ll.. Prtce Unclassified Unclassified Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Rd' f r did . h' d epro uctlOn 0 lorm an comp ete page IS aut onze •• • • APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS TO 51 UNITS APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS FROM SI UNITS Symbol When You Know Multiply By . To Find symboll~ Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol LENGTH LENGTH in inches 25.4 millimeters mm mm millimeters 0.039 inches in . feet ft feet 0.305 meters m m meters 3.28 ft yd yards 0.914 meters in m meters 1.09 yards y~ mi miles 1.61 kilometers . km km kilometers 0.621 miles mi AREA . AREA Z z , 'in square inches 645.2 square millimeters mmZ mmZ square millimeters 0.0016 square inches in Z ftZ square feet 0.093 square meters mZ m .square meters 10.764 square feet ftZ Z ydl square yards, 0.836 square meters mZ m square meters 1.195 , square yards ydl ac aaes 0.405 hectares ha ha hectares 2.47 aaes ac mil square miles 2.59 square kilometers km2 km2 .square kilometers 0.386 square miles mil VOLUME VOLUME floz fluidounces 29.57 milliliterS mL mL milliliters 0.034 fluidounces . fI oz gal gallons 3.785 liters .. L L liters 0.264 gallons gal 3 1-'. ft3 cubic feet 0.028 cubic meters m3 m cubic meters 35.71 cubic feet ft3 1-'. III yfP cubic yards .0.765 cubic meters m3 1113 cubic meters 1.307 cubic yards yfP 3 NOTE: Volumes greater than 1000 I shall be shown in m • MASS MASS oz ounces 28.35 grams g g grams 0.035 ounces oz Ib pounds" ·0.454 kilograms kg kg kilograms 2.202 pounds Ib T shontons(2000 lb) 0.907 megagrams Mg Mg megagrams 1.103 shan tons (2000 Ib) T (or "metric ton") (or or) (or or) (or "metric ton") TEMPERATURE (exact) TEMPERATURE (exact) of Fahrenheit 5(F-32)19 Celciu5 °C °C Celcius 1.. 8C + 32 Fahrenheit of temperature or (F-32)11.8 temperature temperature temperature ILLUMINATION ILLUMINATION· ·fc foot-atndles 10.76 lux Ix Ix lux' 0.0929 . foot-atndles fc fI foot-Lamber1s 3.426 . candelalm 2 cdlmz cdlm2 Candelalm2 0~2919 '. foot-Lambens fI FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS Ibf poundforce 4.45 newtons N N newtons 0:225 poundforce Ibf IbfJinZ poundforce per 6.89 kilopascals kPa kPa kilopascals 0,145 poundforce per Ibflin2 square inch square inch • 51 is the symbol for the International System of Units. Appropriate (Revised September 1993) rounding should be made to comply with Section 4 of ASTM E380. TABLE OF CONTENTS t' CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ... ,. 0•,••••••••••••••••••••••• •• 1 BACKGROUND 0 • 0 •••••• ,0••••••••••••••••••••• '1 SPECIFIC AIMS .. , ' ' ;' .. " ' ' 2 GENERAL APPROACH' .' '.'.; ; ' 3 , , TASKS 0 •• , •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4 CHAPTER 2. OVERVIEW'OF PEDESTRIAN CRASHES .. 0•••••••••••• •• 9 , , PEDESTRIAN CHARACTERISTICS : '. ........ 9 ~ DRIVER CHARACTERISTICS ... 0 •• ' •••• 0 • ; ••••••••••••• ,. 11 TEMPORAL/ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 12 LOCATIONAL FACTORS . .. 0 •••••••••••••••• ,' ••••••••••• 15,' ROADWAY FACTORS 0 ••••• 0 ••• 0 ••••• , •••••••••••••••• ;' 16 VEHICLE FACTORS , 21, ,CRASH CHARf\CrERISTICS .. " , :' ~ '.' ," 22, ,CONTRIBUTING FACTORS "' ' 23, - FAULT ," , , ,,' , 26 I til :;;- I •••• ',' ••• 0' ••••••• •••••• •" •• " •••••••' ••••••••• '.' • CHAPTER 3. PEDESTRIAN CRASH TYPES . 0 •••• '. ••••••••••••••• •• 29 FURTHER GROUPING OF PEDESTRIAN CRASH TYPES' ~' ' 34 , , 'PEDESTRIAN CHARACTERISTICS' '. 'Co ••••' ••• : ,> ••••••••••••• 36 PedestrianAge . "0 •• .0 0 : • 0'" ••••• 0" ••••• o' .: •• •••, 36 Pedestrian Gender ..... 0••••••0••••••••••••••• '.' ••• • 46 Pedestrian Sobriety .. ; .. .: 0••••0•••00 '. •••••••••••••" 46 Pedestrian Injury Severity , .. ' 0 •••••••••••• , •••• : 49,' DRIVER CHARACTERISTICS . .' '. ....... .. ...... .. .. 49' :~ Driver Age 0 ••• 0 • , •• 0 ••• , •• .>. '.: :,...;.. ; .:.. :.:. " 49 Driver Gender 0 • • • • , • • • • •• ,••••••••••••• 0" • •• 52 Driver Sobriety 0•••••,••••••••• .'. •••••• ••• • ;. '52 -, LOCATION/ENVIRONMENT CHARACTERISTICS, -.. ; : 52' Urban/Rural Location 0 •••• '0 ••••• '. : ••• , •••••••• : , '52' Private Property. ,': ',0 ,; • 0 ••• : • 0 ••• 0 " •• 0 •••• : 52 Day of Week .... ; 0 0 • • '0 o' ,• '. • 0 •••• ;• o' ••• ••• :. ••••• 56' Time of Day ..
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