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Tilburg University Victims of Terrorism in Pakistan Waheed, Athar Tilburg University Victims of terrorism in Pakistan Waheed, Athar Publication date: 2018 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in Tilburg University Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Waheed, A. (2018). Victims of terrorism in Pakistan: Review of existing victim services and scope of improvement. Wolf Publishers. 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Download date: 27. sep. 2021 Victims of Terrorism in Pakistan Victims of Terrorism in Pakistan Review of Existing Victim Services and Scope of Improvement Athar Waheed Victims of Terrorism Terrorism is the most dehumanizing factor in the present world. Pakistan among top five in Pakistan most affected countries lost 22,191 civilians and 6,887 law enforcement officials by acts of terrorism from 2003 to December 2017 (South Asia Terrorism Portal, 2017). This is the first study of its kind in the country that aims to explore the victims’ experiences on their needs and provided services in order to propose a comprehensive policy framework to Review of Existing Victim Services improve the conditions of victims. The findings are based on semi-structured interviews conducted with 230 victims of terrorism in seven regions of Pakistan. It was observed that diversity, relativity and complexity were three major characteristics of victims’ needs. The and Scope of Improvement different stakeholders including government, international bodies, non-governmental institutions and local community provided insufficient services to the victims of terrorism. The recommended policy framework is based on principles of multidisciplinarity, problem solving and normativity. Terrorvictimity has multiple causations and consequences. No single quick-fix formula can be proposed as a remedy but answer lies in plurality of responses by all concerned institutions. The study recommends establishing an elaborate victims services infrastructure, victims’ databases, separate victim laws ensuring victim rights for effective participation and a mechanism for timely information to the victims in addition to compliance of Pakistan to international instruments on victims of terrorism. Athar Waheed Athar Waheed Constitutional & Administrative Law International Public Law & Politics Human Rights & Humanitarian Law Wolf Legal Publishers Law series: (International) Criminal Law Environmental Law Technology & Law EuropeanEducation LawCaribbean Law Law Labour LawHealth Law Private Law 820 9 789462 404793 NUR NUR www.wolfpublishers.com VICTIMS OF TERRORISM IN PAKISTAN Review of Existing Victim Services and Scope of Improvement Athar Waheed VICTIMS OF TERRORISM IN PAKISTAN Review of Existing Victim Services and Scope of Improvement Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan Tilburg University op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof. dr. E.H.L. Aarts, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties aangewezen commissie in de Ruth First zaal van de Universiteit op 26 februari 2018 om 16.00 uur door Muhammad Athar Waheed, geboren te Sahiwal, Pakistan Promotor: Prof. dr. mr. M.S. Groenhuijsen Copromotor: Dr. L.M. van der Knaap Overige commissieleden: Dr. S.B.L. Leferink Prof. dr. mr. R.M. Letschert Prof. dr. S. Parmentier Prof. dr. A.C.M. Spapens Dedicated to Victims of terrorism and their families across the world VICTIMS OF TERRORISM IN PAKISTAN Foreword Einstein (1879-1955) said “Only two things are infinite in this world, the universe and human stupidity, and I am not sure about the former” (Einstein, n.d.). Although, human beings have made a considerable progress in the field of science and technology but we are still living in a dangerous world. It was October 19, 2009 when I received an official notification of my posting as Sub-divisional Police Officer (SDPO) in kohat city of Kyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province of Pakistan. I reached the town in the evening and received an invitation from District Police Officer (DPO) for dinner at his official residence. On the first morsel of food at dining table, we suddenly heard a big explosion. We rushed to the spot and it was a suicide attack in a mosque. Twenty-four people were killed on the spot. The courtyard of the mosque was full of human blood and body pieces. After few minutes, a police officer told me that the head of suicide attacker was recovered. A lot of people were rushing to the place of incident to find their dear one. Suddenly, a lady was found crying at the crime scene and I could not understand her language. She was speaking Pushtu. I was curious to know about her and asked my colleagues to enquire. They told me that she lost her mental balance and saying ‘Do not go to the mosque’. After further enquiry, it was revealed that her husband came for prayer and her two sons also accompanied their father. When the baby girl saw her two brothers following the father, she also started chasing them. When they reached the mosque, a blast occurred and all four of them were killed in the incident. I was taken aback with deep remorse. The yell of an innocent lady that lost her husband and three children is still recoiling in my mind. Her screaming was posing a big question mark to me as a police officer and a concerned citizen. Why the whole state and society is helpless in saving its innocent citizens including women and children? Why they are still discounted in our criminal justice system? Why their needs and problems are not being addressed? Why we VICTIMS OF TERRORISM IN PAKISTAN always talk about terrorism and do nothing for its victims? It was a defining moment in my life and I decided to work for victims of terrorism in my country. This doctoral study is the result of the same passion where I made an attempt to explore the challenges faced by the victims of terrorism in Pakistan and to find ways to improve their conditions. After some months of that incident, I got an opportunity to attend a seminar on victimology at United Nations Far East Institute of Crime Prevention and Treatment of Offenders (UNAFEI), Tokyo, Japan where I met with John Dussich. His knowledge and personality inspired me and I took further interest to know about victimology as a discipline. Afterwards, I met with Professor Marc Groenhuijsen on a post-graduate diploma course on victimology and victim assistance at Tokiwa Institute of Victimology (TIVI) in Japan. His talk at the course further inspired me and I decided to start my research work in this field of enquiry. Although, it was a difficult decision in view of my professional and personal circumstances but I decided to proceed further. After approval of my research proposal at International Victimology Institute (INTERVICT) at Law school, Tilburg University, Netherlands, I was lucky to find two passionate scholars in my life that not only guided but also motivated me to accomplish this difficult task. I am thankful to my supervisors, Prof. dr. Marc Groenhuijsen and Associate Professor Leontien M. van der Knaap for their guidance and motivation. I must acknowledge that it was rather impossible for me to accomplish this work without their support. Apart from academic support of my supervisors, my family remained a source of strength for me. My mother prayed for me and I got encouragement from her words. My wife, Amara Athar was always supportive to me at the time of anxiety and frustration to meet the deadlines. Although, she was herself a busy police officer and it remained a challenge for both of us to give proper time to our children. I am thankful to my kids, Izza and Ayan for understanding my absence during my travels to different places VICTIMS OF TERRORISM IN PAKISTAN regarding my work and studies. I am also thankful to all those individuals who helped me to conduct interviews of victims in far-flung areas of the country. I am also thankful to instructors and trainees of National Highways and Motorway Police Training College, Pakistan for coordinating some interviews through their local connections. I am also thankful to Mr. Waseem and Zaheer in my office to assist me for compiling the data. During my stay in the United States for one year regarding Hubert Humphrey Fellowship on victim of terrorism, I am thankful to Kristi Rudelius-Palmer, Co-Director of Human Rights Center, Professor Kevin Gerdes at Humphrey School of Public Policy, University of Minnesota, Dr. Akhtar and Mr. Tadese at Statistical Division of California Social Welfare Department for their support in my studies. I want to acknowledge that this research work is not an end in itself. My efforts to accomplish this task are beyond my academic pursuits. I want to contribute something tangible for the victims of terrorism in practical terms to give a meaning to their lives. It is just a way to achieve the ultimate ambition of providing effective and efficient services to the victims of terrorism in Pakistan. I have established Pakistan Society of Victimology (PSV) as the first national victimological forum in the country to introduce best practices in the field of victimology.
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