DOCSLIB.ORG

Role of Fandom in Sports Throughout History and Modern Times Thesis by Jiří Jánočko Submitted in Partial Fulfillment Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Role of Fandom in Sports Throughout History and Modern Times Thesis by Jiří Jánočko Submitted in Partial Fulfillment Of Role of Fandom in sports Throughout history and modern times Thesis by Jiří Jánočko Submitted in partial fulfillment Of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts In Communication and Mass Media State University of New York Empire State College 2016 Reader : Todd Nesbitt Acknowledgement : I want to thank my mum mostly as she was the one always pushing me and supporting me throughout university years and being able to get to this point and about to graduate. I also want to thank my big brother Martin that was watching over me , pushing me and making sure i keep hustling. Also I would like to thank all my teachers it must not been easy with me always but thank to your guidance being able to finish this. .....Van Wilder OUT ! Table of Content : Introduction :Page 5-7 Chapter 1 :Fandom In Ancient Times : Page 8-17 1.1 Fandom In Ancient Greece : Page 8 1.2 Fandom In Ancient Rome : Page 10 1.3 Fandom In Nazi Germany : Page 13 Chapter 2 :Rise of radio and Television and its impact on fandom: Page 18-29 2.1 The rise of Radio : Page 19 2.2 The role of Television : Page 22 Chapter 3 : Digital media and its effect on fandom: Page 30-35 3.1 Convenience : Page 30 3.2 Participation of the audience : Page 32 3.3 Sports figures as celebrities : Page 33 Chapter 4 : The sociological aspects for fans interest in sport :36- 40 4.1 Connection and Identity : Page 36 4.2Narratives in sports fandom : Page 38 Conclusion : Page 41-46 Abstract : This Thesis discusses the role of fandom in sports throughout history and modern times. The three historical eras that are looked at are the times of Ancient Greek Olympic games , the times of roman gladiators and at the Nazi Olympics in 1936. By viewing the role that sports had on the societies throughout years we can see the importance it played in many people's lives. After this the paper looks at the different technological inventions such as radio and TV and how it helped to popularize sports globally , and in the end see how the new digital media keeps changing the shape how people view sports. Sports have been used as a powerful tool by governments and countries since the ancient times and it still has the same use as it had all those hundredths years ago. Professional Sports bring a unique kind of entertainment for the viewers as it's like going to theatre to see a play but without knowing the outcome of the story. Sports evoke so many emotions in people from happiness , sadness being proud and mostly it creates bond between people that these sporting event creates. It's important for us to understand the origins of this phenomenon of sports fans and this paper will touch on all those different areas. Introduction In Ancient times sports became a form of competition in physical activity or in games of similar nature. These sports first took form of casual entertainment to improve the physical abilities of the participants. In most of these sports there were always certain rules by which one can achieve the victory. One of the first recorded professional sports events in our history are the Ancient Greek Olympic Games that happened in 776BC. These Olympic games served as to honor the god of thunder Zeus. These games served as a place for equal competition for the surrounding nations that were during the times of war. During the period of the games there was a ¨Olympic truce¨ which meant that the fights have been stalled during the time of the games as not to anger Zeus. These games served as platform for the athletes from their nations to gain the graces of gods for their nations and become heroes in the eyes of their people. This was the first time that masses of people gathered to observe athletes perform and root for them. When we move further down the history another big events in sports history were the Gladiator games in Ancient Rome that started in 1st century BC. During that time the role of the athletes changed but also the role of the passive viewers changed. These fights were put on to entertain the poor masses and to be used as distraction by the rich and to keep the peasants happy and entertained. At the time the emergence of ¨teams¨ and rich owners owning teams and stables of athletes that represented them and their 5 colors. This was the first time that people aligned themselves with different athletes and supported them during the fights . These fighters gave the people hope , that by fighting hard you can achieve greatness even at those times , but mostly it kept them entertained as these masses gathered in massive coliseums to watch these fighters fight to the death. While throughout history sports were often used as distractions by the government to keep people happy that has changed drastically now. With the emergence of mass media such as radio, printed media and TV the perception of sports has changed. While in ancient times only way to see sports was to go watch them live in person , with the rise of all these different medias it became much easier to observe these events and to get invested in watching them. While even in one of the first news papers there always were sports sections that were reporting on the events as it became clear people are interested in watching sports and emerging themselves in it. Radio brought us the first live sports cast that was reporting the events that were happening at the time on the field. This already brought even more people interested in sports as they could even listen to the sports but the TV was really a game changer. With televisions came live casts of sports games that quickly turned into one of the most watched things on the television. Even today the single most watched TV program in United States is the Super Bowl every single year. Live sports casts suddenly brought in the general public and whole mass audience as during big sporting events or international matches sports fans or not turned in to watch the event and support their nations athletes. Suddenly the public was closer than ever to all these athletes and sports and became more immersed in the world , and it became larger part of life of many people today. 6 Today with internet the obsession with athletes and following sports is even bigger than ever. You can follow your favorite athlete or team on Facebook, Twitter , their WebPages or anywhere on internet , and this gives these athletes a huge super star like status. Now more than ever athletes are taken as a huge celebrities that are followed by millions of fans all around the world as the way for them to connect with any fan over the world is now easier than ever. These stars then are not only seen in sports as they became large part of the popular culture. You can see them in commercials , TV shows , being written about all the time and often not because of the regard to their performance. We put athletes today on pedestals because as kids we are taught to look up to these athletes as role models because of their performances on the field but while we grow up we become more interested in them whole as objects. This paper will discuss the sociological effects of sports , specifically it will examine the role of audience or ¨fans¨. It is important for us to realize the role that the sports play in our everyday lives, as we can see that throughout the history sporting events were a way to get citizens occupied and to give them a place to look for idols and to cheer for someone. For us to be able to understand the evolution of the role of the fandom throughout history we will look into the role that sports formerly had in society and how fandom has changed. The question this thesis will answer is what the appeal of sport has been to people and the reasons for fans and fandom to exist over time . It will attempt to predict the future role of fandom in sports and society. 7 Chapter 1 Fandom in Ancient Times 1.1 Fandom in Ancient Greece For the first case of fandom in history we can look to Ancient Greece and the Olympic Games that they held every four years from 776 BC all the way through till 394 AD when the emperor Theodosius canceled them. As Judith Swaddling explains in her work there were many ways that the citizens at the time were affected and how this was the birth of arena sized sports competitions that gave birth to the first fans as they were thousands of people watching live and celebrating their athletes. As mentioned in her paper it was a tradition that during the times of the Olympic Games there was called a ¨Olympic truce¨ between the competing nations , as these games were in celebration of the Greek god Zeus so no blood was to be spilled during the times of competition. By winning these competitions the athletes and the nations that were represented by them were suppose to be blessed by the Zeus which could be explained as origin to the tribalism that we see in sports fans even in modern times. The fact that suddenly common citizens were rooting for these athletes it created a sense of community as these people gathered around to cheer onto these strangers.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 'Freaky:' an Exploration of the Development of Dominant
    From ‘Classical’ To ‘Freaky:’ an Exploration of the Development of Dominant, Organised, Male Bodybuilding Culture Dimitrios Liokaftos Department of Sociology, Goldsmiths, University of London Submitted for the Degree of PhD in Sociology February 2012 1 Declaration: The work presented in this thesis is my own. Dimitrios Liokaftos Signed, 2 Abstract Through a combination of historical and empirical research, the present thesis explores the development of dominant, organized bodybuilding culture across three periods: early (1880s-1930s), middle (1940s-1970s), and late (1980s-present). This periodization reflects the different paradigms in bodybuilding that the research identifies and examines at the level of body aesthetic, model of embodied practice, aesthetic of representation, formal spectacle, and prevalent meanings regarding the 'nature' of bodybuilding. Employing organized bodybuilding displays as the axis for the discussion, the project traces the gradual shift from an early bodybuilding model, represented in the ideal of the 'classical,' 'perfect' body, to a late-modern model celebrating the 'freaky,' 'monstrous' body. This development is shown to have entailed changes in notions of the 'good' body, moving from a 'restorative' model of 'all-around' development, health, and moderation whose horizon was a return to an unsurpassable standard of 'normality,' to a technologically-enhanced, performance- driven one where 'perfection' assumes the form of an open-ended project towards the 'impossible.' Central in this process is a shift in male identities, as the appearance of the body turns not only into a legitimate priority for bodybuilding practitioners but also into an instance of sport performance in bodybuilding competition. Equally central, and related to the above, is a shift from a model of amateur competition and non-instrumental practice to one of professional competition and extreme measures in search of the winning edge.
    [Show full text]
  • Professional Wrestling, Sports Entertainment and the Liminal Experience in American Culture
    PROFESSIONAL WRESTLING, SPORTS ENTERTAINMENT AND THE LIMINAL EXPERIENCE IN AMERICAN CULTURE By AARON D, FEIGENBAUM A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2000 Copyright 2000 by Aaron D. Feigenbaum ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are many people who have helped me along the way, and I would like to express my appreciation to all of them. I would like to begin by thanking the members of my committee - Dr. Heather Gibson, Dr. Amitava Kumar, Dr. Norman Market, and Dr. Anthony Oliver-Smith - for all their help. I especially would like to thank my Chair, Dr. John Moore, for encouraging me to pursue my chosen field of study, guiding me in the right direction, and providing invaluable advice and encouragement. Others at the University of Florida who helped me in a variety of ways include Heather Hall, Jocelyn Shell, Jim Kunetz, and Farshid Safi. I would also like to thank Dr. Winnie Cooke and all my friends from the Teaching Center and Athletic Association for putting up with me the past few years. From the World Wrestling Federation, I would like to thank Vince McMahon, Jr., and Jim Byrne for taking the time to answer my questions and allowing me access to the World Wrestling Federation. A very special thanks goes out to Laura Bryson who provided so much help in many ways. I would like to thank Ed Garea and Paul MacArthur for answering my questions on both the history of professional wrestling and the current sports entertainment product.
    [Show full text]
  • Sports & Entertainment
    IRVING CONVENTION & VISITORS BUREAU Sports & Entertainment WELCOME PLAYING INTO Located in the center of the Dallas/Fort Worth area and adjacent OVERTIME to DFW International Airport, Irving is most often known HOTELS through its connections to professional sports. The city is home Irving has 75+ hotels and more than 11,000 to the Dallas Cowboys’ global headquarters and the annual rooms. The city’s hotels home of the PGA Tour’s AT&T Byron Nelson Championship. range from resort and luxury to all-suite and A Place to Team Up. Sporting Like Being Right on the value properties, with groups find it easy to team with Irving’s 50-Yard-Line. In Irving, you can rates to suit any budget. central location and world-class also catch a Texas Wild World And with over 200,000 facilities. Our sporting venues are not TeamTennis match or attend the square feet of meeting limited to the professional. Las Colinas, North Texas LPGA Shootout. space, Irving hotels Irving’s business district, has served as include ample function the site of the 2000 U.S. Olympic Team In addition, Irving’s prime location space for events. Trials for the Triathlon competition and provides quick access to all the more recently for the Pan American major sports venues in the area. TRANSPORTATION Triathlon Championships. Athletes AT&T Stadium, home of the five- Most Irving hotels swim the business district’s unique time Super Bowl champion Dallas offer complimentary adjacent lake before hitting the streets Cowboys and Globe Life Park shuttle transportation for the running and cycling portions.
    [Show full text]
  • Youth Sports Entertainment a UNIQUE FRANCHISE OPPORTUNITY
    Youth Sports Entertainment A UNIQUE FRANCHISE OPPORTUNITY WWW.HIFIVEFRANCHISE.COM Why Hi-Five Sports? Hi-Five is your ticket to get in the game with your Our desire to be ahead of the industry curve has very own youth sports business. Hi-Five will give driven us to create cutting edge programs and you the tools necessary to have your very own marketing solutions. The Hi-Five Sports Zone Hi-Five Sports Camp. We see our summer multi-sport is the culmination of everything we’ve built! camp as the “sporty” version of your typical day With nearly 30 years of operating experience, camp with all the themes and Hi-Five continues to innovate the events that go along with it. youth sports industry Hi-Five Sports Franchises with its unique take also include year round on “Youth Sports programs to feed into Entertainment”. your Hi-Five Sports Camp. HI-FIVE SPORTS CLUBS OPTIONS Existing Rec Facility Model Home Based Business Model Locations through revenue shares and/or rentals Summers and school days tend to be the slowest times for recreation facilities. We’ve built programs Focused on fun and fundamentals, we provide that turn off-hours into big revenue. classes, leagues and fabulous sports camps. Our Hi-Five Sports Camps are perfect for winter and programs are documented step-by-step. We also spring breaks and days off of school. Beyond that, have face-to-face training and videos on-demand. we also offer preschool team sports classes. Fun and sports fundamentals are our main focus for ages 3-13.
    [Show full text]
  • Wrestling and Popular Culture
    CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture ISSN 1481-4374 Purdue University Press ©Purdue University Volume 4 (2002) Issue 1 Article 5 Wrestling and Popular Culture Dalbir S. Sehmby University of Alberta Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb Part of the Comparative Literature Commons, and the Critical and Cultural Studies Commons Dedicated to the dissemination of scholarly and professional information, Purdue University Press selects, develops, and distributes quality resources in several key subject areas for which its parent university is famous, including business, technology, health, veterinary medicine, and other selected disciplines in the humanities and sciences. CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture, the peer-reviewed, full-text, and open-access learned journal in the humanities and social sciences, publishes new scholarship following tenets of the discipline of comparative literature and the field of cultural studies designated as "comparative cultural studies." Publications in the journal are indexed in the Annual Bibliography of English Language and Literature (Chadwyck-Healey), the Arts and Humanities Citation Index (Thomson Reuters ISI), the Humanities Index (Wilson), Humanities International Complete (EBSCO), the International Bibliography of the Modern Language Association of America, and Scopus (Elsevier). The journal is affiliated with the Purdue University Press monograph series of Books in Comparative Cultural Studies. Contact: <[email protected]> Recommended Citation Sehmby, Dalbir S. "Wrestling and Popular Culture." CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 4.1 (2002): <https://doi.org/10.7771/1481-4374.1144> This text has been double-blind peer reviewed by 2+1 experts in the field. The above text, published by Purdue University Press ©Purdue University, has been downloaded 6482 times as of 11/ 07/19.
    [Show full text]
  • Sports Media: I a Modern Institution L!
    l '1 ' j CHAPTER i 4 l 1 Sports Media: I A Modern Institution l!. Robert V. Bellamy, Jr. Duquesne University l I The contribution of sports to media is difficult to overstate. In terms of content, hundreds of television and radio programs and networks, magazines, videogames, and newspapers focus on sport, as do hundreds of thousands of Internet sites. The seemingly insatiable appetite for sports content long ago extended from game or event coverage to reviews, previews, and "inside" information. The consistently growing importance of sports also is demonstrated by the expanding amount of fantasy sports information, lifestyle content, and even fictional content related to sports. The importance of sports as media content programming and software Is further demonstrated by its key role in the diffusion of the newer media technologies. Just as sports broadcasts (primarily baseball and boxing) were used to market television sets in the 1950s, media sports are today a major selling point for digital and high­ definition television (HDTV) receivers, as well as videogames (see Lomax, chap. 23) and broadband Internet service (see Real, chap. 10; Mahan & McDaniel, chap. 25; Lomax, chap. 23, this volume; and King, 2005). Even nonfans can not help but notice how much media attention sports receive. Sports coverage consistently and increasingly appears both in its own specialized all-sports media (ESPN, Sports Illustrated, CBS Sportsline, et al.) and as an integral part of the news of the day. Unlike most other Industries, sports capture the atten­ tion of the public on an ongoing basis. At a macrolevel, sports and media have long been considered to be separate institutions in a symbiotic, if somewhat dysfunctional, relationship.
    [Show full text]
  • The Global Sport Ecosystem
    Global Sport Leadership Practice The Global Sport Ecosystem Joe Bailey spent the first 25 years of his professional career associated with the sport of American football (Dallas Cowboys and the NFL). When he joined one of the world’s leading executive search and assessment firms, Russell Reynolds Associates, in 1995, it was natural to begin by focusing on assignments in functional areas in football (NFL and the CFL). He then broadened his client base to include basketball (NBA), horseracing (Hong Kong Jockey Club), Olympic sports (Salt Lake) and other competitions. Subsequently, he did work with various media companies in the print sectors (The Sporting News), television and radio (Vulcan Media), facilities (Reunion Arena/American Airlines Center), and internet (Rivals.com). He expanded the practice to include companies that provided goods and services such as accounting (PricewaterhouseCoopers) and equipment (Wilson Sporting Goods). The Global Sport Ecosystem (GSE) was first conceived in 1996 by Bailey as a straightforward way to both explain and compare and contrast the “sports” practice from the “media” practice and “entertainment “practice. The GSE has been refined over some 20 years but its basic elements remain the same. DECEMBER 2014 1 RESEARCH STUDY From 1995 until 2005, Bailey conducted more than 250 assignments, predominately within the GSE while continuing his operational experience by simultaneously managing several offices for the firm, including the New York flagship operation. During the early stages of his service consulting career, he became aware of the underlying differences among “sports,” “media, “and “entertainment” in both their business models and in the leadership and management talent required to execute the business.
    [Show full text]
  • Team Physicians As Co-Employees: a Prescription That Deprives
    Marquette University Law School Marquette Law Scholarly Commons Faculty Publications Faculty Scholarship 1-1-2005 Team Physicians as Co-Employees: A Prescription That Deprives Professional Athletes of an Adequate Remedy for Sports Medicine Malpractice Matthew .J Mitten Marquette University Law School, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/facpub Part of the Law Commons Publication Information Matthew J. Mitten, Team Physicians as Co-Employees: A Prescription That Deprives Professional Athletes of an Adequate Remedy for Sports Medicine Malpractice, 50 St. Louis U. L.J. 211 (2005). Reprinted with permission of the Saint Louis University Law Journal © 2005 St. Louis University School of Law, St. Louis, Missouri. Repository Citation Mitten, Matthew J., "Team Physicians as Co-Employees: A Prescription That Deprives Professional Athletes of an Adequate Remedy for Sports Medicine Malpractice" (2005). Faculty Publications. Paper 531. http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/facpub/531 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Marquette Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Marquette Law Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TEAM PHYSICIANS AS CO-EMPLOYEES: A PRESCRIPTION THAT DEPRIVES PROFESSIONAL ATHLETES OF AN ADEQUATE REMEDY FOR SPORTS MEDICINE MALPRACTICE MATTHEW J. MITTEN* Playing-field injuries and related illnesses are an inherent part of professional sports that are assumed by players. At the major league level, professional players in most team sports have unionized and have shifted the costs of medical treatment for these injuries to their respective teams.
    [Show full text]
  • WWE Wrestlers Are Employees I. Introduction
    Putting the Smackdown on World Wrestling Entertainment Inc. With the Raw Truth: WWE Wrestlers Are Employees I. Introduction World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc. (“WWE”) was founded in 19801 and has been publicly traded since 1999.2 The company’s primary revenue stream comes from its media operations3 which are based on coverage of professional wrestling events. WWE currently has exclusive contracts with more than 300 professional wrestlers4 which prohibit the wrestlers from working for any business other than WWE and from marketing their services to any other company.5 These exclusive contracts include explicit provisions which state that the wrestlers are independent contractors.6 One such provision specifically states that due to the wrestlers’ status as independent contractors, they are not entitled to workers’ compensation coverage for “injury, disability, death or loss of wages” that arise out of the wrestlers’ professional activities.7 These contractual provisions, however, are not dispositive evidence of the legal relationship which exists between WWE and the wrestlers.8 While the judicial system traditionally is committed to parties’ right to freedom of contract,9 when determining proper worker classification the court will disregard contractual language concerning the legal relationship of the parties if it is at odds 1 https://bleacherreport.com/articles/713929-wwes-vince-mcmahon-finding-his-true-place-in-the-history-of-pro- wrestling 2 https://corporate.wwe.com/news/company-news/2000/10-25-2000 3 https://corporate.wwe.com/~/media/Files/W/WWE/press-releases/2020/3q20-earnings-pr.pdf
    [Show full text]
  • Performing the Muscular Freak and Monster
    Muscular Otherness: Performing the Muscular Freak and Monster John Paul Staszel A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS August 2009 Committee: Dr. Scott Magelssen, Advisor Dr. Lesa Lockford Dr. Eileen Cherry-Chandler i Abstract The historic “freak show” presented human difference as a popular form of entertainment, which both fascinated and repulsed. While voyeuristically consumed to look at on stage, freak show performers were often alienated from the rest of society, stared at, and called “freaks” and “monsters”—terms connoting repugnance and physical disorder. Today, the muscular body is a newly emergent form of physical bodily difference inviting our stares, and the gaze at its difference is still very much informed by the historical mode of staring at the freak and monster. However, these terms, when applied to muscular identities in popular discourse, no longer only have negative connotations associated with disgust and disgrace. The muscular bodies and public personas of famous bodybuilders, and their performances as war heroes, crime fighters and sports stars, have had a tremendous impact—inspiring millions, including myself, to take up a bodybuilding lifestyle for health and aesthetic reasons. The inspiration we get from these muscular identities, however, lies in more than their standardized performances as hero or athlete. These performers have also modeled positive, empowering images of the “muscular freak” and “muscular monster,” new character types that invite idolization and admiration. In this manner, images and performances featuring the muscular body have altered our social understanding of terms normally associated with the classification of the deformed and ostracized human body into terms of honor, veneration and praise.
    [Show full text]
  • WWE: Wrestling, Wellness & Entertainment – an Analysis of Work and Health in Professional Wrestling
    WWE: Wrestling, Wellness & Entertainment – An Analysis of Work and Health in Professional Wrestling By Joseph Fargiorgio A Thesis Presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in Sociology Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Joseph Fargiorgio, 2014 ABSTRACT WWE: WRESTLING, WELLNESS & ENTERTAINMENT – AN ANALYSIS OF WORK AND HEALTH IN PROFESSIONAL WRESTLING Joseph Fargiorgio Advisor: University of Guelph, 2014 Professor Vivian Shalla Within the past fifteen years, a significant number of professional wrestlers have died before age 45, with the most publicized case being the Chris Benoit double murder suicide of 2007. A significant lack of academic research has been conducted on the nature of work in professional wrestling and on the impact of such work on the physical and mental health of wrestlers. Interviews with 10 currently active professional wrestlers were conducted between November 2012 and February 2013 to learn about work in wrestling, specifically how they view their own work in regard to their overall health and lifestyle. Using a standpoint perspective, this study explores the working life and health of professional wrestlers in the Untied States through the experiences of professional wrestlers working in the industry. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis could not have been possible without the professional wrestlers who participated in this project. Thank you very much for your help, providing your insights, and sharing your world with me. Thank you to Dr. Vivian Shalla for advising me on this project. Thank you for your encouraging words, your advice, and your meticulous work editing the various drafts of this thesis. Your kindness and dedication to your students does not go unnoticed.
    [Show full text]
  • I Team Dynamics and Doping in Sport: a Risk Or a Protective Factor?
    Team dynamics and doping in sport: A risk or a protective factor? Report compiled for the World Anti-Doping Agency Target Research Scheme Paul Dimeo, Justine Allen, John Taylor, Sarah Dixon and Leigh Robinson School of Sport, University of Stirling i Table of Contents Chapter Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................. ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................. iii 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 2 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................... 1 3 METHODOLOGY OVERVIEW ................................................................................ 3 4 STAGE 1: SURVEY OF ATHLETES ........................................................................... 4 5 STAGE 2: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ...................................................................... 15 6 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................... 27 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 31 Appendix 1: Details of the Research Team ................................................................. 36 Appendix 2: Article 11 WADA Code 2009 ................................................................... 37 Appendix 3: Schedule of Research Questions Provided by WADA
    [Show full text]