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Systems Genetics Identifies Hp1bp3 As a Novel Modulator of Cognitive

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Systems Genetics Identifies Hp1bp3 As a Novel Modulator of Cognitive Neurobiology of Aging 46 (2016) 58e67 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neurobiology of Aging journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neuaging Systems genetics identifies Hp1bp3 as a novel modulator of cognitive aging Sarah M. Neuner a, Benjamin P. Garfinkel b,c,1, Lynda A. Wilmott a,1, Bogna M. Ignatowska-Jankowska c, Ami Citri c, Joseph Orly b,LuLud, Rupert W. Overall e, Megan K. Mulligan d, Gerd Kempermann e,f, Robert W. Williams d, Kristen M.S. O’Connell g, Catherine C. Kaczorowski a,* a Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA b Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel c The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel d Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA e CRTDeCenter for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany f German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany g Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA article info abstract Article history: An individual’s genetic makeup plays an important role in determining susceptibility to cognitive aging. Received 30 March 2016 Identifying the specific genes that contribute to cognitive aging may aid in early diagnosis of at-risk Received in revised form 7 June 2016 patients, as well as identify novel therapeutics targets to treat or prevent development of symptoms. Accepted 11 June 2016 Challenges to identifying these specific genes in human studies include complex genetics, difficulty in Available online 17 June 2016 controlling environmental factors, and limited access to human brain tissue. Here, we identify Hp1bp3 as a novel modulator of cognitive aging using a genetically diverse population of mice and confirm that Keywords: HP1BP3 protein levels are significantly reduced in the hippocampi of cognitively impaired elderly Systems genetics Cognitive aging humans relative to cognitively intact controls. Deletion of functional Hp1bp3 in mice recapitulates fi Fear conditioning memory de cits characteristic of aged impaired mice and humans, further supporting the idea that BXD Hp1bp3 and associated molecular networks are modulators of cognitive aging. Overall, our results Gene set enrichment analysis suggest Hp1bp3 may serve as a potential target against cognitive aging and demonstrate the utility of genetically diverse animal models for the study of complex human disease. Ó 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 1. Introduction neurotrophic factor, and catechol-O-methyltransferase with either cognitive ability or rate of cognitive decline in older people (Harris Aging is associated with a decline in cognitive performance that and Deary, 2011; Laukka et al., 2013; Payton, 2009; Tapia-Arancibia begins around midlife (i.e., 45e50 years), but the onset and severity et al., 2008; Wisdom et al., 2011). However, even when varies greatly among individuals (Davies et al., 2015; Singh-Manoux polymorphisms in these genes are significantly associated with et al., 2012). Although variation in cognitive performance at midlife cognitive phenotypes, effect sizes are typically small (Harris and is highly heritable [i.e., 62%e78% of variance is attributable to Deary, 2011), indicating that additional genes contribute signifi- genetic factors (McClearn et al., 1997; Plomin and Deary, 2015)], a cantly to the regulation of cognitive decline in human populations. large portion of this heritability remains unexplained by currently The identification of specific genes that modify the development identified gene variants (Johnson et al., 2016). Several studies have and progression of cognitive decline may aid in early diagnosis of identified associations between apolipoprotein E, brain-derived at-risk patients, as well as identify novel targets for the develop- ment of therapeutics to prevent or delay the onset of disease. Challenges to identifying DNA variants that modify cognitive * Corresponding author at: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University aging in humans include substantial genetic heterogeneity, diffi- of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Ave Suite 515, Memphis, TN 38163, culty in controlling environmental factors, and limited molecular USA. Tel.: þ1 901 448 2178; fax: þ1 901 448 7193. E-mail address: [email protected] (C.C. Kaczorowski). data from disease-relevant human brain tissue. To circumvent some 1 Authors contributed equally. of these challenges, murine genetic reference panels (GRPs) have 0197-4580/Ó 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.06.008 S.M. Neuner et al. / Neurobiology of Aging 46 (2016) 58e67 59 been designed to model some of the genetic and phenotypic and Use of Laboratory Animals. Middle-aged mice (15 Æ 0.3 months, complexity of human populations (International HapMap et al., 2e8 mice per strain) from 21 BXD recombinant inbred strains were 2010; Peirce et al., 2004; Williams et al., 2001), allowing a phenotyped. Although experiments in rodents using a single inbred researcher to exploit phenotypic heterogeneity across a population strain are often carried out using 7e12 replicates (Kaczorowski and while controlling for environmental factors (Williams and Auwerx, Disterhoft, 2009; Kaczorowski et al., 2011, 2012), mapping studies 2015). One such model, a well-characterized GRP known as the using the BXD panel gain much more power by increasing numbers BXDs (Peirce et al., 2004; Taylor, 1978; Taylor et al., 1999), was of unique genotypes rather than replicates per strain (Belknap, derived by crossing 2 common inbred strains, C57BL/6J (B6) and 1998). This is because at each locus, roughly half of the lines DBA/2J (D2). The BXDs have been successfully used to identify inherit B/B genotypes and the other half D/D genotypes (see Fig. 1B genomic regions important for determining learning and memory in Andreux et al., 2012). The BXDs were derived by inbreeding the capabilities early in life (Wehner et al., 1997) but have not yet been F2 progeny of a C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) intercross to create a used to study cognitive aging. To identify genes and molecular panel that models some of the genetic complexity of human pop- pathways regulating memory capabilities during aging, here we ulations (Chesler et al., 2005; International HapMap et al., 2010). perform a forward systems genetic analysis on an aged cohort of The parental strains, B6 and D2, differ in a variety of traits, including strains from the BXD GRP. memory function (Balogh et al., 2002), amyloid precursor protein processing (Lehman et al., 2003), adult hippocampal neurogenesis 2. Methods (Kempermann et al., 2006), and hippocampal excitability (Oksman et al., 2005), which confers wide phenotypic variability to the 2.1. Animals resulting BXD strains. Each BXD line has been inbred for >20 gen- erations, and their genomes are stable, which allows for replication Male and female mice were group housed (2e5 per cage) and studies across time and laboratories (Peirce et al., 2004). In addition maintained in colony housing (12-hour light/dark cycle) with ad to collected “health records” at GeneNetwork.org, both genotype libitum access to food and water. All mouse experiments were and transcriptome data for w40 tissues and cells, including hip- conducted in accordance with the University of Tennessee Health pocampus, have been generated for many of the strains, which we Science Center Animal Care and Use Committee, the Institutional combined with full-sequence genome data for both B6 and D2 to Committee on Animal Care and Use at the Hebrew University of facilitate genetic mapping to identify individual genetic variants Jerusalem, and the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care that correlate with traits of interest (Chesler et al., 2005; A B CD Chromosome Fig. 1. Identification of Hp1bp3 as top candidate modulator of cognitive aging. (A) The BXD panel was derived by inbreeding the F2 progeny of a C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) intercross. (B) Contextual fear memory (CFM) varies widely across 21 BXD strains (n ¼ 2e8 per strain, mean age ¼ 15 Æ 0.3 months). Memory index was quantified by percent time spent freezing during 10 minute test. (C) Genetic interval mapping revealed a significant CFM QTL on mouse chromosome 4 (Chr4: 137.5e140.5 Mb). Pink horizontal line: genome- wide statistical significance (p ¼ 0.05), green additive effect line: D parental allele increases trait values, red: B allele increases trait values. Yellow tick marks: presence of genome sequence variant. (D) Hp1bp3 expression is highly correlated with CFM across BXD strains (Pearson r ¼ 0.6, p < 0.05), with strains inheriting the D allele having lower levels of hippocampal Hp1bp3 and poorer CFM. Abbreviation: QTL, quantitative trait locus. 60 S.M. Neuner et al. / Neurobiology of Aging 46 (2016) 58e67 Houtkooper et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2016). Hp1bp3tm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi 2.5. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) identification and candidate gene mice (n ¼ 6/group) were acquired from the European Conditional selection Mouse Mutagenesis program and are described elsewhere (Garfinkel et al., 2015a). After CFM tests for 21 BXD strains were completed, the mean time spent freezing was averaged for each strain. Strain means were 2.2. Contextual fear conditioning entered in GeneNetwork.org and are publically available as BXD Published Phenotypes Record ID: 18395. Hippocampal transcript All mice were habituated to transport for at least 3 days before data from aged BXD strains available on GeneNetwork.org as UTHSC behavioral tests. On the fourth day, mice were trained on a standard BXD Aged Hippocampus Affy MoGene1.0ST (May15) RMA Gene Level, contextual fear conditioning paradigm (Neuner et al., 2015).
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