A comparative study of southwestern milling stones

Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic)

Authors Richert, Roland

Publisher The University of Arizona.

Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author.

Download date 07/10/2021 04:36:12

Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/553448 A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOUTHWESTERN MILLING STONES

tgr

Roland Richert

A Thesis

submitted to the faculty of the

Department of Anthropology

In partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the degree of

Master of Arts

in the Graduate College

University of Arizona

1959

/ Date ?3 Iu ^£b H

U .: - .;

W tt vj '%:- * y1> a 'W> ua -< _V ._ € 9 7 9 / / 9 S 9 3'S' 2-

ACKNOKLj IT

The writer wishes to acknowledge hie Indebted­ ness to the serreral individuals and institutions who have assisted in the compilation of this thesis#

First, I express my great appreciation to Dr# Emil W. Hmiry, Chairman of the Department of Anthrop­ ology at the University of Arizona, for his helpful suggestions throughout the study#

I also wish to express my sincere appreciation to the following members of the staff in the Depart­ ment of Anthropology at the University of Arizona for their assistance and cooperations Dr. Byron Cummings, Director Emeritus of the State Museum, Mr# Harry T# Getty, Mrs# Clara Lee Tanner, Hr. Norman E. Gabel, and Mr# Gordon Baldwin# I am grateful to Dr. F# 1# Galbraith of the Geology and Mineralogy Department at the University of Arizona for his courtesy in identify­ ing various stones#

To the United States National Museum, I am in­ debted for the permission to use the photograph on Plate XVI$ to the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, for photographs on Plates I, XXII, and XXIII# I also owe thanks to Mr. Albert Schroeder for the photograph on Plate VIIIj to Hr. William A. Duffen for photographs on Plates IV and XV; and to Reverend Victor R# Stoner for the photograph on Plate XIV#

All photographs with the exception of those mentioned are of specimens now in the Arizona State Museum# Introduction . . , ...... « . . . • * * . « * •

' Ae Tarpotm . •• » . s . . ; - • ' . B. % o Southwest * • » * . * .. * ■. .■ » . » * . . • « • . *

1* Geography . . . • . . . . . « ♦ ♦

B. Archaeology « « • • *•>»** . . . . • * •

Tho Place of tho Ilotato in Contemporary Indian Life *

A. The Influence of Corn among the Puehloa • • • • • *

B* The Gi'inding of Cera • * • * • * « «**••*««

C. Grinding Inplomento among Hon-Puebloon Tribea « . •

Methods of Approai* * . . . * . .

A. Typology . . . * • . . •;»' '*;«

1, A Method of Study . . # .

E* Its Objectives . . . « . .

5, 4. The Method Applied to Milling Stones

B. The Conpar&tiwe Method *

A Comparison of Mono and Eetate Types . . « .

A*. The Cochise Type * . • * * * « • > * » *

!• Metate Origins *

2. # # 5. The Relation of Ketate to COHTEHTS (Continued)

5* Pithoueea, Mma, Hew Hozlco * • « . » * • » • * w

i; amketow ...... » * 88

D. Anaseri ^pes . . . . . » . . • V 41

1* letateo - s' * . . * » « * . • \ 41

8# The Valley of llrodLoo : * •-*" •«• * * * *■■*■.* ®i

■ S# Z&C&t@5CO «;>i #--- *' e* # * #' e • *■ 56

6«ieral Sumaary and Conclusions # * * *«*♦** * * * • 59

Bibliography ...... ,* . .♦ . » 68 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIOHS

.PLATES

Following page

Plate I. . Modem Zonl loam Grinding Com • * * . * . . . . . 19

Plate U. A Tusayan (Hopi) Mealing Trough • • ♦ ♦ • * • • • • • 20 : ■ • ■ Plate HI. Arrcngeaent of Mealing Stones in a Tusayan House . . 20

Plate XV• A Cochise Type Metate in Sitn * , . « , SL

Plate V. Cochise Type Metate * * * * * »**•»*••, 55

Rate VI. Cochise Type Metates » . * * ♦ « 55

Plate HI. Hogollon MetateS from Luna, HewMoadeo , • ... * * • 57

Plate VIII* Mobokaa Type Metate# *■ ,.■ * .«■ . «' * * 58

Plate XX, Hohokaa Type Metates * • • # »>. * • * , • • .... 58

Plate X, Hohokaa lype Metates , . * * . . • • . . • . . . * * 58

Plate U. Hohokaa Brick-shaped Monos • . • ...... 59

Plate HI. A. Grooved Motate* B. Kano with Finger Grip ...... 41

JUJU# Sl&b Xkt&tw # # # # # *#%»#**# # ##%**$ 41

Plate Hf. Mealing Bine at Mteo* Hew MeadLop * # * * + # . * # # 4$

Plate XV. Healing Bins at the 76 Ranch Site near Fort Grant, Arizona # * * » * * # * * * + # * * # # * * # # 47

Plate XVI. Utah Typo Metate # # *»# * '# #. # # #. * * # * # # 47

Plate T O . Anaeagi Kwioa ^ ^ 60

Kt&tr6 IVXXI• AzissssX Mfitios # # # # #. * # # * # # # # # # # 5D

Plate HI# Steps la the Shaping of Wedge and Triangular Shaped llanos # # # + + + + * + + # * * + + * * * * * # + SI FMTBS (continued) Following page

HsM'XI*; -lEesdcan lype-Metates . * • . • « . * * *

Plate XU. - . ▲ Hetate £tm Chihuahua * ...... * * . . . * *

Plate X m * Elaborately Carved Hetate fron Costa Elea (pro- Metorie) • . * * ...... * - . * .....

Plate #1 1 * Putua Women of Palenque, iMhpasi Mexico* Preparing

n-tsHif. m t , , , T - f t ' ; , ' '

:..U _/ - - Figure 4* Tronnvorso and Longitudinal Sections of Ifogollon ■

Figure 6.

Figure 7. Eelationchips of Southwestern Milling Stones . * * -* tt

of Ari: CHAPTER 1

The large number of

nuch of their food by grinding com end other dried grains to meal.

Unfortunately, thoao Important utilitarian and household objects of material culture have not been given the attention by students which

origin, evolution, function, and distribution. However, the recent ■ .':V: :;v :■ ;v ■ 1 excellent works of Bartlett and others ore bringing much to light in

that

about an analysis of the material cult of all

be primitive, civilized, contemporary.

&t it a tool

1. Bartlett, K., 1953. acre complex forms* That this is true may be recognized in the accepted fact that a study of material traits helps to illustrate the history of

San* a efforts to adapt himself to, or to utilize Ms environment; and the Increasing complexity, specialization, and efficiency of Ms mater­

ial aids may be regarded as indications to some extent at least, of his

general progress, and of a trend toward his greater freedom.

Therefore, in order to acquire a better comprehension of one of

the most essential and basic material traits in the agricultural com­

plex of Southwestern prehistory which has until recently evaded the

close scrutiny which it obviously warrants, it seems of value to turn

toward s study of the man© and notate, the primitive "flour mill,*

This study is essentially a compilation, As comprehensive a

bibliography as was possible has been used to give a descriptive com­

parison of grinding stones as to their origin, use, distribution, posi­

tion in the economy, and methods and materials of manufacture.

The plan of procedure following the introductory chapter which

deals with the geography and archaeology of the Southwest, is to dis­

cuss first in Chapter H the place of the meno and aetate in contem­

porary Indian life. It has been found that in studying modem prim­

itive cultures many helpful hints and interpretations are often sug­

gested which clarify the use of these implements in prehistoric times.

As Sayce has said, "It is only through the known that we can apprehend

the unknown, only by a study of the present that we can understand the

past? and archaeological investigation therefore must be largely -3-

2 barren if pursued ,ln isolation and independent of ethnology,8

: Di Qmpter HI the methods of approach in & stWy of this kind are discuceed# The comparative md typological approaches are, briefly presented* Also mentioned in this connection are the scientific ■con­ trols* of archaeological excavation .with reference to the dating of artifacts, vhich in this case are, of course, manos and netates* Chap- ; ■ • ; --v.;' -■ ■ ' . .... ter IT is devoted to a comparative study of these impleaents ao found among the prehistoric cultural groups of the Southwest eW possessed and used them, including the Cochise, Mogollon, Hohokam, Anasazl, and the cultures of.Hexico*

- The last chapter consists of a short summary and conclusion re- garding origins, use, distribution, and trend® of development of the mono and met&to in these,different cultures. : ;

; ’By virtue of its materials, and because of both its prehistoric and.contemporary cultural implications involving the Southwest, this work revolves principally about the archaeological and ethnological branches of the field of anthropology*

Ho achievements in American anthropology are more striking than those of the Southwest from whose study of cultural remains antedating the. historic period, advanced prehistoric cultures of Man in America are revealed* It is worthy of note that. litUe more than a decade ago

Southwestern archaeologists were of the opinion that the entire region

2* Boyce, R» tf*, 1953, p* B* Has at one time inhabited by a people of one cultural and ethnic af­ finity, differing, to be sure, only locally, duo primarily to environ-

Bontal con treat s. But it become increasingly apparent that matters were more complex and Irregular* Present evidences indicate that there existed end disappeared (or descended) within the wide geographical area of the Southwest three or four distinct peoples whose architecture, pottery, artifacts, and burial customs— in short, whoso material and implied non-material cultures differed so markedly that their origin­ ality and dietinctiveneos is today held to be reliable and valid*

Through the researches of various Southwestern authorities, three of these cultures have received a rather careful analysis* Their nature as regards characteristic traits, ceramics, peripheral contacts, and height of development are now emerging into full view* But much mater­ ial yet remains awaiting investigation before it can be adequately understood*

In order to be thoroughly conversant with Southwestern Archae­ ology, it is well to have a knowledge of: First, its geographical extent, including the phyciographiccl and topographical features; and second, the three prehistoric cultures referred to with their respect­ ive phaeos and chronologies, in addition to those of Early or Pleist­ ocene Mon* Although the nomenclatures by which the chronologically sequent cultures are designated have all been variously attacked, never­ theless they possess the unquestioned merit of facilitating study and simplifying discussion. 1.1

the territory comprising the Southwest lies within the present

states of Arisons, Hew Mexico, southwestern Colorado, virtually all of

Utah, eastern portions of Nevada and California, the West Texas border , .■ : X ■ ' . - • : . . - ■ . region^ and a vaguely defined part of northern Mexico included in the

states of Chihuahua - and Sonora (refer to Map 1)»

The northern part of this vast area is known as the Colorado

Plateau and is characterized by its high altitude, arid climate, pre­

cipitous canyons, and sporadic mesas and mountain ranges. The latter

very in elevation from 6,000 to 10,000 feet above sea level. Its top-

ography is further distinguished by several river drainages, such as

the Little Colorado, the San Juan, and the Rio Grande. These streams

are perennial, and this fact is important archaeologically la that pre­

historic peoples grouped themselves along &: permanent water supply,

practiced intensive agriculture on top of the mesas or in valleys, and

evolved local cultural differences. "

In contrast to the northern or Plateau Province, a second dis­

tinctive topographic region occupies southern Arizona, Hew Mexico, and

northern Old Mexico, and is usually termed the Basin-Range or Desert

Province. Low elevations prevail, ranging from slightly over 100 feet

to approximately 2500 feet above sea level. Singularly enough, low-

lying mountain ranges traverse the country to a northwest-southeast

direction, paralleling the Rocky Mountain divide. In fact, these

;; •59|l*ao8 *re the southern extension of that great range. Prominent in the topographical features is the Gila-Salt drainage system. It is MAP I

IDAHO WYOMING

NEVADA UTAH COLORADO

ARIZONA NEW MEXICO

TEXAS

scale of miles

MAP OF THE SOUTHWEST teimittmt, neny of them being dry nearly the entire ymur.

third definite topographical province can be pointed out A S A holds true particularly for Arizona (see Map 2). This is the mountain-

der of the Plateau area. It extends diagonally across the central part of th# state in a northwest-southeast direction.

of forms arising from the great range in altitude. Consequently, plants and animals varying in habitat from the Lower Sonoran to the

Hudsonion and Canadian Life Zones are to be had. The plateau and mountain domains are largely forested with juniper, pine, pinyon, oak. sumac, and manzaalta; whereas the desert abounds in cacti, saguaro, cholla, prickly pear, creosote, mesquite, palo verde, sotol, and agave#

Throughout, with the possible exception of the mountain and plateau regions, game was comparatively scsrea# It consisted chiefly of rabbit, bear, deer, antelope, quail, and wild turkey, with an oc­ casional bison which had strayed from the Plains. Lion and wildcat

InfMcpiet. : ; . ■ ' . ; '

Shelf ord, ?. E., Editor, 1926, pp.565-564. M A P 2

RTHERN PLATEAU

THE SOUTHE DESERT

OUTLINE MAP SHOWING THE THREE

GEOGRAPHICAL PROVINCES OF ARIZONA ''Xliromloj? now firoa the realm of geogra^ that of archaMlogy,

it is found that the oldest records of Han in the Southwest on the

basis, of most recent evidence are the Lake Mohave Culture of southern -

jacent Hew Mexico, Due to their : ' . ■ ' are available as yet, was a hunting stage, and the latter a

food gathering stage.

the Lake Mohave Culture

sach as dart points, knives, scrapers, choppers, gravers, drills, and

retouched flakes. Credit for its discovery in 1936, in the Silver

goes to Hr. and Mrs, W. H. Campbell and Mr. Charles Aoaden of the

Southwest aiseum. Geological clues indicate that the region now

' . .V . . ' ' " ■ ' - ' - desolate and barren was formerly much more habitable than at present*

In all probabilities both plants and animals thrived about the fresh

water lake, which was fed by the Mohave Biver. \ . ■■ ■ ' _ - ■ - - ■ - - ’ ' ^ :.The Cochise Culture was discovered by Dr, Byron Cummings of the

University of Arizcma in 1926-27 in Whitewater Wash at the Double

Adobe School near Douglas, Arizona. Members of the staff at Gila

Pueblo, Globe, Arizona, have recently been doing further work. in this

culture. The culture, found along modern arroyo cuts and in beaches

of extinct lakes consists of flat metates, small manos, hammer stones.

4. %mphell, Mr. and Mrs. W. H., 1957. hearths, and various percussion flaked stone tools, lore will be esi*

will be sufficient to note here that the Cochise Culture was evidently a food-getting stage, based on an herb or vegetable staple. Best 5 6 estimates place both Mohave and Cochise Cultures at considerably more than 10,000 years old* -

A probably later culture than the two aforementioned, discovered

in 1925 near Folsom, Hew Mexico, and first reported to J. D. Figglna,

then Director of the Colorado Museum of Natural History at Denver, is ' " V-’ ; " 7 the so-called Folsom Complex, comprising characteristically fluted: ■' points, various kinds of scraper, knives, blades, gravers, and bone

tools. From the unquestioned extinct bison association, it seems ob­ viously a hunting complex. Undoubtedly wild vegetable products sup­ plemented the diet of Folsom Man, whose physical characteristics are

of an unknown quantity because no human remains have been found to

date* ' . :■■■ • - 1 ,

For purposes of this paper, only the Cochise Culture among those

purporting to be ancient Man will have direct bearing on the subject* ,

It is, therefore, only as a matter of interest that in this digression

on Early Man the names of several other sites are mentioned in passing, 8 9 19 viz*, Clovis, Hew Mexico; Abilene, Texas; and Gypsum Cave, Nevada.

5# Antevs, Ernst, 1957A, pp. 45-49. 6. Antova, Ernst, 1957B, pp. 125-152. 7. Roberts, F. H. H., Jr., 1955, 1956. 8. Howard, E. B., 195$* 9. Leighton, M. H«, 1956. " 10. Harrington, H. R., 1955. It m s previously aeatloned that authorities on Southimstem archiioology noe ratiognlee three distinct

Plstcau; the Hohokao, or Desert dBellero^ who lived 1& the southerns: seal-arid region; end the third, the Kogolloa Culturo of south^eetorn

Dew Mexico catering roughly in the Mlnbroe river drainage* The earliest of these cultures goes hock certainly to the time of Christ, and quite probably extends well into B* C, tines, the question night now arise an to what occurred in the Southwest during the interval be­ tween the period of Early Man, say 10,000 to 15,000 years ago, and that of the Hohokaa, Mogollon, and iaaaeasii occupations. The fact that first, the chronology for Early-Man in Aaerica has recently been pushed back farther than was previously believed to bo sufficient, and eecond, that the more recent cultures have been brought forward froa the view­ point of tine, hae resulted in a condition which on the surface of it appears paradoxical. This apparent hiatus is one of the major problem# confronting workers in the field* However, authorities have been able to reconstruct,tentatively at least, stages of culture which bridge the gap between the pre-pottery cultures of Early Man such sa Abilene,

Coehlce, Mohave, cad Fblsoa, and that of the indefinite horison when pottery appears* This brings the chronology of the Southwest up to the tine when the Bohokaa, Mogollon, and Aiasasi Culturea hed their orisin.-' . . \ V -

S u Refer to Gladwin, H. S., lS37, !{o, J»6, Vol. II, pp. ^-40* -IQ-

And

these satflvi&l

aade, it will be edvantcgeous to point them out briefly.

a

the Basket Maker and the Pueblo. The former is the older, and baa

three phases, whereas the latter Ms five. They are as follows, the

moot recent being listed firsts

• the period from 1600 A.D. to the present.

Paeblo .iy^,_0r,ProtorhiGtoric - the stage character- ; " ized by contraction of the area occupied* by the gradual disappearance of corrugated : wares, and in general by decline from the preceding cultural peak.

the stage of large

and growth of intensive local specializa­ tion.

Pueblo H - the stage marked by widespread geograph­ ical extension of life in small villages;

vessels.

Pueblo I. or Proto-pueblo - the first stage during which cranial deformation was practiced, vessel neck corrugation was introduced, and villages composed of rectangular living rooms of true masonry were dev­ eloped.

12. Kidder, A. V., 1327, pp. 483-491. ls* !££&• -II-

Datco for the phases are included la a chart (fig. 1) xmich cor- ' ...... ; : relates chronologically the various classifications of phases of the

Anasazi, Mogollon, and Hohokao Cultures. In this connection it may be

added that archaeologists are deeply grateful to Dr. A. E. Douglass,

of the University of Arizona, whose painstaking and inspired researches - ■ 14 ■■■ ' in the study of tree rings have now made possible the absolute

dating, in terms of the Christian calendar, of any ruin which offers

adequate wood in :the form of preserved roof beams or sufficiently

large charcoal.

The Mogollon culture of southwestern Hew Mexico consists of four 15

Pueblo and they aro as follows, the oldest being listed first: George­

town Phase, San Francisco Phase, Three Circle Phase, and Mitabres

(Classic) Phase.

The peoples of this culture relied upon hunting and agriculture

for subsistence. Dissimilarities of Mogollon in material traits and

physical type to either Hohokam or Anasazi are so groat as to warrant

itsrecognition as being distinctive.

14. Douglass, A. B., 1929. 15* Maury, E. W,, 1SS6, p« S» FIGURE I

MOGOLLON HOMO KAM PECOS

TIME PHASE PERIOD PHASE WESTERN EASTERN ROBERTS CUMMINGS MODERN 1700 MODERN HISTORIC SPANISH

1500 RECENT RIO GRANDE RENAISSANCE DECADENT

1300 ANIMAS Cl VAN6 REGRESSIVE CLASSIC rambling SOHO COMPACT 100 SANTAN GREAT PUEBLO COMPOUND MIMBRES SEDENTARY UNIT TYPE 900 THREE CIRCLE SACATON DEVELOPMENTAL SMALL HOUSE

PUEBLO 700 SAN FRANCISCO COLONIAL SANTA CRUZ RECTANGULAR X TRANSITIONAL PI THOUSE CIRCULAR 500 SAN LORENZO? GILA BUTTE BASKET MAKER MODIFIED PITHOUSE BASKET MAKER

300 GEORGETOWN SNAKETOWN

IOOAD PIONEER SWEETWATER BASKET MAKER ARCHAIC XT BASKET MAKER

IOOBC ESTRELLA BASKET MAKER X ?

300BC VAHKI

A CORRELATION CHART OF SOUTHWESTERN

CULTURAL CLASSIFICATIONS ably utilized by Gila Pueblo.. The Hohokan rare sedentary ngricultur- iota practicing extensive farming by means of vast irrigation systems tm ibe seed-arid valleys of the southern part of the, Southwest, This fact in addition to distinctive features in traits such as house type. ceramics, burial custom, figurines, bone, stone, end shell eork sets

- Six main periods are noted, the four oldest each containing sev­ eral phases# The periods and phases are as follows, the most recent being listed firsts

Modem Period

Recent Period

Classic Period Civano Phase . Soho Phase

Sedentary Period Santan Phase Sacaton Phase

Colonial Period Santa Cruz Phase Gila Butte Phase

Pioneer Period Snakotom Phase Sweetwater Phase Estrella Phase Vohki Phase

16* Gladwin, H* S., Usury, E. W., Sayles, B. B., and Gladwin, Bora, ■ ■ . w m * ■ ; - • ■ ■ ■ ' ■ " - ; - - ■ -15-

Corn was an iaporfcant itea comon to these three cultures and it

indirectly brought with it the agricultural complex# tending to impose

upon the peoples a more and more sedentary, settled existence* Far­

ther, it presages within each group the highest cultural developments*

"Khonco came com, is still a moot point* For some time a certain dogma

regarding its origin has been growing, until what was once an oft- !

quoted theory, some now accept as a fact without ample proof* Many

have stated that the progenitor of modem com (Ze% mays) is teoclntli.

a native grass of Mexico, According to competent botanists, however,

the wild ancestor of maize is unknown, and no known.plant.fits even ' : 17 ■ : . the teeoretical requirements. Hevertholess, it can be said that ' / ■ . - ' ' ■ . .. ; - ' ’ . ■ maize alstost certainly originated in America, and that tiie wild maize

plant probably grew somewhere in the region between central Mexico and 18 Honduras. From this point it spread north and south, adapting it­

self readily to varied climates at the command and attention of Man.

Whether the Hohokan or Himbrenos first received com is likewise

unknown. Possibly a third group, ancestral to both, was responsible

for Its early diffusion.

It will be of importance at this point to discuss the place of

the mono and netate among present Indian tribes of the Southwest*

17* Kcathcrwax, P*, im a "Syaposium on Prehistoric Agriculture*, tel.l* Ho* S, p* 12* W i B S , ^.18, IS, • ■ ■ ' ; ■ . : - ' -14-

mPTEs n

THE PLACE OF TIS a^ATE IN ggyag£Mj£. 11 % ™ MI S

' i ;■ 'Bi© mao (Sp., means •hand®, from L. waaaus*)# which Is the upper grinding stone used upon the metato (Sp* fron Hahuatl, "metlatl"), the lower grinding stone, as ea isplomeat for grinding com has been among the cost important utilitarian objects employed by the Indians of the Southwest from the earliest times to the present- An attmqpt will

It is en accepted axiom that the maintenance of an adequate food

supply is the first charge upon the time and energies of all peoples,

and the character of the food quest goes far to determine the nature

and amount of their supplementary occupations and implements* Since

corn was the food staple in the domestic economy of the Southwestern

tribes, it was essential that grinding stones of one typo or another

be devised for use in the preparation of the grain for food.

With reference now to the methods of making these implements, it

can be said that the processes employed in making the nano and netate

by those who still use then, and the precise function which they serve,

are worth special study, since they throw much light on tho. manufacture

1. Hodge, F. W., 1907, p. 849. ■' - . : -15-

aad function of these stone lapleoenta In prehistoric tines.

% -. It may be brought out here that the etimblogist oho sWles dir-

ectly the life of contenporary races is frequently able to render valu­

able assistance to the archaeologist then the latter encounters dif­

ficulty in interpreting his material* The case of the utilization of

::;:the''mano and netate in the all-ieportaat com complex is an instance

. :;\at;ha^:,.-Therefore> In order to understand its use in prehistoric

tiaes, lt wlll be of value first to picture briefly the conditions

existing among corn-raising Indians of the Sodemn Period, commencing

with the appearance of the Spaniards near the middle of the 16th

century. In all probability there has been comparatively little change

in use of the mano and netate, at least so far as the method of grind­

ing com by Zuni or Hop! woaen is concerned, for a thousand years or

longer. This fact bears out the culture. corollary that longevity of

a trait correlates tdth utili^r*

It is generally known that Coronado and members of Ms faoous

expedition took cognizance of the Indian life Os they found it on

their entrad& lnto the Southwest from Mexico. In fact, Castaneda, the

principal chronicler of the expedlti* ®f 1540, recorded numerous

observatians on the spot, and ty virtue of Ms descriptive manuscripts

which are of considerable value, he might be classed as an etlmographer.

These early Spanish explorers found com grown in abundance by irriga­

tion in southern Arizona and Hew Mexico, and in traveling northward

they ^countered tho "Mil" type of cultivation as practiced by the

- ancestors of the Hop! of Arizona, and the Zuni of Hew Mexico. This is corroborated by the fact that almost innunerable ritee,cere- aonies, and saerifices— indeed, in eoae cases, e com cult— have grom np Whose origins are purely conj ectural, since they (ire lost in the V : •'■v mists of antiquity* To these people com w in the world; it was the "staff of life"; hmce, the desire for rain by which cultivation was alone possible, and which is the foundation of many of their prayers and ceremonies end of an elaborate eynbolim*

For exaaple, the downy feathers of the eagle attached to prayer- sticks are potent invocations for rain; the sinuous rattlesnake is oyabolic of lightning; every creature that derives its sustenance dir­ ectly or indirectly from the mters— tadpolos, frogs, fish, turtles, the dragon fly, and every vegetal growth. found about springs— all are sacred because water producing."Without water there is no com; with­ out com we die.* ^ :

Since the. existence of the Pueblo farmers is so directly depend­ ent upon the elements, it is readily seen why their mythology. should he symbolized, for instance, by the corn Holdens and by many other personages, or that they should treasure the sacred ornaments and - other ceremonial objects which appear in the rain dances of the summer.

Thus, the cultivation of com has vitally influenced the economic, re­ ligious, mythological, and social life of such a people, the letter

3. Hodge, F. 1929, p. 295. -17-

aspect being demonstrated by numerous clans which take their names from

maize*. To further typify the philosopi^r i&tch corn has permeated

native beliefs, Cushing is quoted as having recorded these lords of

'^■m-mtlve.&uilprles'bi. .. . / -V v ,, ... , ... • • ••••■*• • ■- •• •- " - - •••*>' - . ' ■ ' ''' '' ‘ ' sFive things alone arc necessary to the tenance and comfort of the Indians among the chil­ dren of the earth— the Sun, who is the father of an? the Earth, mho Is the Mother of am? the Water, who is the grandfather? the/Ftre, who is the grandmother? our brothers and sisters the Corn, and seeds of growing things." >

Impressively beautiful ceremonies with dancers costumed and

ing elaborately colored headdresses, and bearing varied ceremonial

dwleee are stiH performed by the Zuni and the Hopi. . .

; Among the Pueblo Indiana, after the planting of the com, various

Sticks and offer prayers to the Bain Gods that the crop may be abundant.

suffice to show the pervading influences of com among

^ the subject cannot be entered Into deeply here.

B. The Grinding of Com

After the com is harvested and gathered by the pueblo, it be- ' " " ' " '■ ' ' *. ' 6 - comes the property of the woman of the family. Bar husband has no

rl#t in the horse. For that matter, ho owns neither the chil­

dren nor the house in which be lives. These all belong to tho wife.

All tasks directly concerned with tho preparation of food are

performed by the woman. It logically fellows that the grinding of com

57 Cushing, F. H., 1920, p. 19. *” V ■ 6< Hodge, F. W., 1929, p, mi. is strictly & irocan's work, end a sum will W e nothing to do with it. Evm the making of the m m and metate fa-part of her work; however, it

is true that a man may transport some of the heavy stones from the

hills for her. The woman will do all the shaping of the net&te by lab­

oriously-peeking assay with a small boulder of harder stone until it is

of prescribed form. The Work devoted te a single, well-shaped metate

may require weeks of time* In this, connection it say be mentioned that

an erroneous, yet widespread, idea persists regarding the trough or jpreenre in a metate. It is commonly believed that this was made by use

alono, in which case the depth of the trough might be regarded as an

index to the length of life of the metate. . Reasoning in this manner, one

would be led to the conclusion that *

trough bad hem worn in that fashion through many years usage. Actually,

quite the opposite might be true. After the stone had become smooth

through use, and would not grind corn as efficiently as might bo de­

sired, It would be necessary to roughen the surface to some extent.

This was done by pecking the bottom and sides of the trough with a

small, angular stone, exceeding in hardness teat of the metate. In

fact, as Bartlett observes! •The Hopl who remember what their mothers

did 40 or 50 years ago, say that the grinding stones had to be rough­

ened up every 5 days.* Conceivably, therefore/ a deeply grooved

metate might possibly have experienced a comparatively short life. .

Evidently there has been little change in the actual method of

7. Bartlett, K., 1933, p. 4. • 8 grinding corn cinco its description bgr Castaneda ttho refers to the. .

Zuni (Elate I) nhffla bo observes thatt ;; .

■They keep the separate houses There they pre­ pare tlie food for eating and shore they grind the meal, very clean. This is a separate room or closet, where they have a trough with three stones fixed in stiff cley* Three women go In here, each one having a stone, with which one of them bfeaks the com, the next grinds it, and the'third grinds - . it again. They take off their shoes, do up their , hair, shake their clothee, and cover their heads before they eater the door* A man aits at the door playing on a fife while they grind, moving the stones to the music and singing together. They grind a large quantity at one time, because they make all their bread of meal soaked in warm water, like wafers. They gather a great quantity of brushwood and diy it to use for cooking all through the year.” . .

In this quaint description, Castaneda is obviously referring to the mealing bins in which three metatea of different texture are re­ quired— one of coarse grain, often of hard, porous lava, for hulling the cornf another of finer stone, for milling it coarsely, and the third, usually of fine-grained sandstone, for grinding it until it is almost of Hour-like consistency. As a natter of interest, the

■wafers* mentioned probably refer to nlki. the paper-thin bread made of cornmeol, and which is baked on hot slabs of stone. Indians have a knowledge of approximately forty various recipes in which corn is . ' - . 9 ■ . /;.v . ;■ the chief Ingredient. But it is aside from the purpose of this paper to mention them here. -

^ data as to Hopi milling, and a description of the method

8; Wshlp, 6, P., 1896, p. 522. 9. Cashing, F. H., 1920, p. 556. PLATE I

Modem Zuni Women Grinding C o m of mounting the metatea in their bins# (Plates II and III) are pro­ vided by Owenc: ;

“In every house -will bo found a trough about six feet long, two feet aide# end eight inches deep, divided into three or more compartment®* In the older houses the.sides end partitions are made of stone slabs# but in some of the never ones they are made.of boards. Within each com­ partment is (the metate) a stone (trap rock pre­ ferred)# about eighteen inches long and e foot td.de set la a bed of adobe, and inclined at m angle of about 55 degrees. This is not quite the center of the compartment, but is set.about three inches nearer the right side than the left, and its higher end is against the end of the trough. This constitutes the nether atone ef the Rill. The upper stone is about 14 inches long# 5 inches vide, and varies in thickness according to the fineness of the meal desired. The larger stone is called a mats end the Bsaller one a mataki. The woman places the com in the trough and kneels. behind it and grasps the netaki in both hands. This she slides, by a zaotion froa the back# back and forth over the mate. At intervals she re­ leases her hold with her left hand and with it places the material to be ground upon the upper end of the nata. She usually sings in Mae to her grinding motion.*

' ^ r u l e , in modem pueblos, these bind are in one comer of

the living room— and, as noted above, the women still sing &t their

work, but contrary to Castaneda1s observation, without the accompanying

flute. Before grinding# the com is often parched or roasted. The

ayorage-sised family uses one large bowl of com meal per day, which

Is the equivalent of three quarts dry neosure, and the custom, at least

formerly, was to maintain a supply of 10 to 20 bowls of meal for

10. Owens# J. D.# 1895# p. 165* ■ XI. Bartlett# K., 1935, p. 5. PLATE II

A Tusayan -lealing Trough

After :.indeleff VTE III

After Ain&eleff —21**

future daily use.

In 1952, Colton and Bartlett Bade a careful study of sealing bine

on each of the three Hop! meeas and In their report It Is important

to note that every Hopi house has at least two sealing Mas and some

may have more. The greatest number of bins they saw in any one house

contained six in a row in which there were two oetates of each of three ■ ' . U grades of coarseness. They further observed that the bins are usual­

ly set in a comer of the room with the end bin against one wall* and

ail are about 45 cm. (18 in.) from the other wall. This space is pro-

Tided for the women to kneel in while grinding, end since it allows

them to brace their feet against the wall, they can thereby enjoy a

greater mechanical advantage in pushing the mano up and down the

1 me##. . ■ \ ^

It has been noted how important com and the netate are to the

Pueblo tribes of the Hopi, Zuni, and Rio Grande groups. The Pueblos

are known to be the most sedentary of all Indians in the area under

discussion, because they subsist almost entirely from agriculture and

live In permanent, large communities. Unquestionably, for this reason,

the mano and netate have played such an essential and lasting role

among their household utensils.

V./.Other contemporary Southwestern tribes in addition to the Pueblos

is, Bartlett, K., 1955, p. 14. 14. Old,, P. 15. \ ' of northern Arizona and Sew Meadoo utilise the nano and aetate as grinding implementa in the preparation of vegetable products for food.

Such tribe a as the Opata, Papago, Haricopa, Gooopa, lusa, tiohave, !Tela~ pal, and Havasupai generally depend leas cm agriculture and more on the gathering of wild foods than the Pttoblos# mid live la more or less scattered, small Tillages. let it is signifloent that they used the mano and metate not only in preparing the small quantities of corn which they grow, but more particularly for the larger amounts of wild food substances as mesquite, wild seeds, cactus fruits, and mescal .

not of Puebloan stock, seem to hare depended just as much on agricul­ ture as tho PuehLos, and the metate is a vexy important itaa among their household implements today. _

thi^ group of tribes who depend less on agriculture than those just mentioned, also use the mano end metate for preparing wild products. These tribes include the Apache, Yavapai, Haraho,

Paiute, and Ute, One of the meager household articles, especially

among the Apache and the lite, is invariably a grinding slab, generally

a aetate recovered from a nearby ruin. It may be used in preparing a variety of wild vegetal products as prickly pear seeds, mesquite beans,

hackberrles, sunflower seeds, end many others*

Finally, the Indians of southern California share, to some ex­

tent, the mano-netate trait with Southwestern groups mentioned. Tribes

as the Diegueno, Gatorlelino, Serrano,'. %uismK% Gahullla, and Cnpeno,

who have somotinos been called "Acorn* and "Digger* Indians because of their complete dependence on wild products as acorns, fruits, berries, nuta, tuberous roots, and game for subsistence, use the mono and notate in crushing mid grinding the plant substances for. food. Because of Its varied use, the nano and notate Is least specialised among these groups as compared with the Pueblos, where com Is the sole item ground to seal* In fact, the sorter and pestle, used as an implement for grinding plant food substances. Is a stronger trait among the tribes of California than the msno and aetate* .

(Mng to the rapid modernisation of the Southwestern Indian, and his tendency to accept white man's way of doing tilings, com meal and Mieat flour ground mechanically are in many Instances replacing head prepared seal on the metate* For example, certain of the Hop! families prefer to go to their trader to procure sacked flour rather than grlnd lt in the old manner. Or, as sometimes is the case, they may have a coraerclal hand grist mill within the house which to grind corn; and other grains, and which consequently replaces the mano and notate. .

Thtore is reason to believe, however, that these primitive bat effective mealing stones will continue to be used In some fashion by the more remote and conservative tribes for many years hence.

16. Bartlett, K., 1955, p# 14* CHAPTER III

™ 0 £ S OF APPROACH

A* Typology

1* A Wbodsf s a m

Several methods of approach to the study of artifacts, the var­ ious kinds of objects fashioned by nan, aro possible. One of these is typology. By this method artifacts may be sorted into categories or types. Utilising geography, chronology, or evolution as a basis for comparison, the objects in each category can frequently he further broken dotm. In a similar manner, the biologist on the basis of morphology and relationship classifies flora and fauna, breaking down the large category of a family into smaller but more closely related genera and species. For example, in the case of artifacts, the student might begin by sorting out all the grinding stones. These would then he farther classified on the basis of their structure, (to studying ouch a group of objects, it is often possible to make out an evolution­ ary series, a certain type being clearly derived from an earlier one and itself the part of some further development. The relative time factor is usually implied.

It has just been noted that the biological principle of class­ ification based on morphology, relationship, and evolution is sometimes

employed in classifying artifacts. In this connection it can, therefore, iallzed as to function end probably aleo an to form.

objects esnociatod witii the artifacte* The latter two methods are ful as chocks on the information obtained fron stratigrapiy end typol­ ogy, An &nalysis of the p&tination, or the feathering of artifacts

information, bit is least reliable due to a aultitude of uncontrolled : . • ■ ' ■■■■ . . : - .; . . ■ - ■

industries, standards; or criteria are obtained for each culture with

pointed out in Old World typology in which a particular inplezsent, viz.. —20—

undatable but Including a large number of beaked gravers, it can be

assuned •edth some probability that the age Is Piddle' Aurignaclan. Or,

returning to the Southwest, a certain type of psdnt palette, elaborate­

ly carved In slate or echiet, can at once bo recognized not only as

being of Hohoken origin, but also as belonging to the Colonial Period*

•^-::^35np°l06y"can further bo applied to techniqueD of manufacture and

design in ceramics. Thus, for example, in the Anasani (Rteblo) area,

blaek-Km-^hlte pottery occurs* The typologist or analyst can observe

several different styles which are always found la the sane.strati­

graphic sequence. In the past few years, the new but exact science of

dendrochronology has enhanced and verified stratigraphic results. In

this manner typology has. combined with several other methods of ap-

: There,are, however, several dangers incurred in setting forth

a strictly typological series such as that which has been referred to.

For example, in studying and arranging a series of tools in a given

culture, it is aaeuned that the crudest, simplest types are the older,

whereas those displaying greater refinement end increased complexity

are higher in the series and, therefore, appear at a later time than

the former. As a matter of fact, the case may be reversed, so that

the cruder specimens, contrary to expectations, show up later than

their advanced prototypes. It cannot be gainsaid that phases of a

culture may act Is this manner, because innumerable cases might be or

* projectile point I® •Solutrean,* comparing It tdih Old World etendards

tor is Inferred, to that the Solutrosn type blade of the Sew World carries the implication of being, cay 20,000 years old, or the tame age as its Old World analogy* ig&ln, it is o significant fact that

era California tribes, *bo have been referred to as *icoraw and "Digger*

Indian®, nay use a grinding stone Identical to the Cochise type, which is described in the following chapter* Thus, if a Seri notate were

Identification, and to 4* Ika«e&p,d ABolJLgd to FlllljaS S62BSB.

In studying mnos and Estates topologically, it soon becomes oWimw that not nearly such fine distinctions can be made as in the

case of ceramics. Milling stones arc not the sensitive horizon in­

dicators which pottery nay become, because the latter is more adaptive

to change. A certain type metate may persist for centuries with no perceptible change, and from the temporal aspect will outlast and over­

lap numerous other traits* She fact that comparatively few distinct

types are noted may be attributed to the extremely utilitarian nature

of the nano and metate.

B* The Comparative Method "

To be quite sure about a typological series a very large number

of specimens are needed and these, in the ideal case, should foil into

s chronological as well as a typological series. But, as has already

been noted, the simplest in the series is not always the oldest. In

ether words, the general course of development may' be indicated, but

there is no proof that the several members are in strict linear re­

lation with one another. Furthermore, evolution is such a complicated

process, involving local developments, convergence, borrowings, and

suggestions from different directions and at different times, that a

linear, genealogical scheme is generally very difficult to establish. : r:: .. : . - ■ v./- V ... Therefore, statements as to relative and absolute chronological

changes in artifacts are only reliable when the structural changes are based on etrafcigraphicnl and dcndrocbronological evidence.

Conoequcntly, it is felt that the safest and - • •■.V- V': ’ - . - - - - : - .. . . - of atudying monos and notates, and the ont chapter, is to employ the comparative method in which all attributes

':ture,; and geographical distribution, tdll an effort to discover significant similarities and diffi - ■ ' .. Auttorities cited herein. mined the chronological position of the stones either by dendro­ chronology, stratigraphy, or by associations with pottery on house . floors and in rubbish* Although it first netates in the Southwest

used for grinding a large number of edible plants, roots, tubers, seeds, and nuts which were native to America, it is not knom where within the area the grinding apparatus had its origin. There can be no doubt

that the nano and metate were invented in the Hew World, since nothing

similar to it has been found in Asia, Europe, or elsewhere. If one

could reasonably expect to find the place of origin of an item or

trait in a region where it has attained its highest development, then

Mexico, or Central America is the logical point of origin, since the

metatee in that region are elaborately carved and highly specialized.

(Plate XXII, following page 534

However, from the viewpoint of both typology and stratigraphy,

the remains of very primitive netates are coming to light in certain

parts of the Southwest which may ultimately show some of the

1. See Gladwin, H. S., 1957, p. 137. Section* Tho so-called "Cochise Metate” type found principally la

Infermtlal evidence It Is believed that the bulbous root of the tule grass (Typha augustafolla, or T. latifolla L») which grev on lake and stream fringes during pluvial times, and which still grows today la

Cave Creek Canyon of southeastern Arizona, was ground and .prepared for use on the metats*

\ .; . It Is, therefore, possible that the metate may have originated, not necessarily In a region where coin was first developed, but perhaps t, Sladwta, E, S., 1957, p. 157. PLATE IV

A Cochise Type Metate in Situ -3?/-

among peoples of a culture whose food staple was other than a domestic plant. This belief is strengthened In the fact that certain recent groups, such as the Apache and Seri, use the raetate, M t Mve no agri­ culture* Rogardloss of ths ezact point of origin, it is nevertheless

metates of Mexico, or the specially designed stones of the Hohoknm end

Anasasi, is a long step which Indeed bridges a lengthy cultural develop­ ment. By this, it is not implied here that a lineal evolution occurred.

5* M l M g a 2L Metate to .Ecgnorg; -

materiel culture, implements should differ considerably between those groups. For example,. Roberts has shown that peoples of the Folsom

Complex, a later culture than Cochise, hunted the bison as the chief food supply* On the other hand, the Cochise people apparently utilised the great numbers of native edible plants, roots, tubers, seeds, and nuts Which were at their disposal. This mgr explain the fact that the characteristic grinding tools, associated with the food-gathering

economy of the Cochise Culture appear in large nuribers in early hori­

zons of southeastern Arizona, on the encient beach lines of Pleisto­

cene Lake Cochise, It further explains the presence of hunting im­ plements such as arrowpoints in the Folsom Culture, and their absence

in the Cochise Culture,

8, Eoberts, F. H. H., Jr., 1935 end 1956. At this point it say bo of value to exanlno briefly

notates. The netato is singly an tmsheped flat stone T ilth either

er. W# ' of the flat surfaces used as grinding ■ ■ ' ' - . is umally an elliptical basin in which a ^ ^ .. .. . _ „ .. ’ uccd, Tlio -I": wore those of the In a trcuEh notate, ts M l be eeen later.

lew Sopite the fact i-e for pulverizing# as of v- com# and for pulping, as of

dry in one case end noist in

impleaonts seems to show that the typo of the metate and the slxape of

tho nano are different for-grinding corn than for pulping succulents,

In the fomor case the grinding surface, whether it is enclosed on two

or three aides by walls (grooved or trough type), or whether it is

simply a flat area (slab type), is designed and worn in this way by a /'v:: V ■■■. ■ back and forth, linear notion of a neno rduoco grinding surface is

eorreapondlngly flat. However, in the case of grinding bulbous roots

end other vegetal products, the metate assumes a basin-liko depression

as a result of rotary or crescentic motion of an oval and more or loss

rocker type nano, no face of which is perfectly flat, (Plates V and

yi-A> B| figs. 2, 5.)

Consequently# there seems to be a correlation between estate

type and kind of substance to be ground. This has partially boon

for example, as it is being ground, is readily shoved back and forth by PLATE V

COCHISE TYPE METATE

Metate with Its Corresponding Mano

Locality: Jones Wash, Empire Ranch

Material: Limestone

(For diagrammatic sections and dimensions of Plate V, refer to figures 2, 5) PLATE VI

COCHISE TYPE METATES

A

Locality: Lake Cochise

Material: Gneiss

B

Locality: Lake Cochise

Material: Gneiss

(For diagrammatic sections and dimensions of Plate VI, re­ fer to figures 2, 5) FIGURE ?.

OUTLINES AND SECTIONS OF COCHISE METATES ( FOR PLATE VI A ) B FIGURE 3

OUTLINES AND SECTIONS OF COCHISE METATES ( FOR PLATES V AND VI B)

B

a A' ? *F B

A

METATE WITH CORRESPONDING MANO

( ARROWS INDICATE DIRECTION OF GRINDING STROKE) the mano so that the most efficient type of stone would be one of s

flat grinding surface, slightly inclined in order that the smal might ' ^ '• v-V,!. be caught in a container placed advantageously at the low end of the

metate. On the other hand, in grinding vegetable material, the sub­

stance is generally moist due to plant sap, and would cling to the

grinding surface as a result* therefore, a stone with a basin decliv­

ity would effectively retain the pulp until enough had been prepared

removal. Unlike commeal, vegetable pulp could not be

so readily ehifted about by a mano into a receiving container. This

is equivalent to saying that before the metate could witness the

evolution which it ultimately experienced, culminating in the slab type

set in a mealing bin, the introduction of Cora, or a similar grain

seitos to have been necessary. It is exfcrmely probable, therefore,

^ ^tC^';flrst continuous motion"' was enjoyed la connection with the ■ grinding of com. ‘ V;. y ;

' r-'-It mist be noted that the above correlation breaks down some- - *' ■■ v v--; ^ - ■ - what when the early phase Mogollon metate la observed with its char­

acteristic unehaped stone and ovoid depression, which was certainly

used primarily for grinding corn sad not for wild products. But even

this stone is advanced over that of the Cochise, and so it seems that

the pre-agrioultural stone can be separated fro® the agricultural imo!ament*

4. Hamzy, B* W., 1956, p. SO. - S' g ^ raeuli of excelleat reports tgr Brcdflold, Cocgrore, and Beury. The

troughs the length of the stones (fig* 4)* Bone we found set in adobe#

Betsies of two or tluroe grades of coersmess were found oa H oots of

was selected and either left In its original fora, or roughly shaped

into & rectangular Mock* Betertal was porphyritic tiyolite, sandstone,

Cosgrove discerns four types* His Type 1 (fig# 4a) is the

with a circular depression worm from the use of any convenient round

stone that could he grasped in the hand* Grinding was accomplished

with a rotary notion.

Type 2 (fig* 4h) m e slightly mro advanced, the rough grinding

S* Br&dfleld, #,sl^, 19M# ' d* Cosgrove, H* S* and C. B*, 1952, 7* Hauty, B. W,, 1956, 8* Cosgrove, H. S. sad C* B,, 1952, pp. 55-57. K i m FIGURE 4

MOGOLLON TYPES

TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL

SECTIONS OF METATES ARRANGED

IN ORDER OF DEVELOPMENT: A,

TYPE l;B,TYPE2; C, TYPE 3; D, TYPE 4.

AFTER COSGROVE bole being elongated into an oral depression the result of drawing the handstone bock end forth. This aanlpuiatlon produced the turtle-back, rocker bottom nano whose face coincides with the depression of the aetate. In the case of Types 1 and 2 the meal was presumably brushed off forward. In advanced stones, as has been noted, the neal is al­ lowed to work itself through and fall off the end sway from the grinder.

Cosgrove maintains that Type 5 (fig.dc) was the result of the lengthening of the stroke of the turtle-back mano until a channel was worn through the metate throughout its entire length. He says that this is indicated by the rounded bottom of the trough in those which saw service before the flat-faced oblong mono came into use.

Type 4 (fig, 4d) is the perfected type in which a shallow trough was first pocked out, leaving a marginal ridge on either side, the channel becoming deeper from the wear of a flat oblong hand stone.

The chronological position of the cultural horizon at the Swarts

Ruin has been correlated with the Three Circle Phase and the Classic " n Phase of the Kogollon Culture, thus placing it approximately between

900 A, D. and 1200 (refer to the Cultural Classification Chart, fig. 1

following page 11, for dates, and correlations of periods and phases).

2. Hogollon Village and Harris Site v ' — :V: ; " - V ’ ■ ' , ■ 18 At Hogollon Village and the Harris site, Haury found two types

10. " Cosgrove, H. S. and C. B., 1952, pp. 55-57. 11. Personal conference with Dr. Bail V. Haury. 12. Haury, E. H., 1956, pp. 50, 51. .unworked block of rhyolitic or

grinding surf&co.

notate end Type I

::Type II aetatos are of the \ - . ' ; ' of sandstone. The grinding surf

st one end. Its corresponding n, (Type II) is

over the ends due to the fact that the neno does not fit tightly into

the trough.

notes a perceptible change in maos and aetetea between

the Georgetown end the two succeeding phases, and also from the Three

Circle to the Mimbres. This change froa early to late consisted

essentially in the progressive limitation of the grinding area of the

estate* Xa other words, the culminating type had a grinding trough

approaching ”a plane in both direction.w

m the floors of rooms similar to the early and middle period of

Mogollon, end typos 2 and S of Cosgrove (Plate VII). . - ■: :: . ■■ V 1# The tentative dates for this site are 700 A. D. to 900, as the

15. gaury, E. W., 1956, p. 104. :14.;:'mv 15. Hough, W., 1919, p. 65. 16. Personal conference with Ih. Emil W. Haary. P L A T E VII

. orollon Types from Luna, New Il^xlco

MEAUMS (TONE PARTLY P E C K rD . MEALING STONE PARTLY P e O tC D .

MEALine stone worked to SHAPE. MEALING STONE w o r k e d t o s v a p e .

Meauivg stowe wrm pocket Mealing stove cavity. with Pocket cAViry.

fRREGVLAR MEALING STONE- material represented here corresponds nith the San Francisco Phase and

Throe Circle Phase of the Mogollon Culture#

The probable relation chip among the Cochise, Hogollon, end Hoho- kam stones will he dealt with in the next section#

G. The Hphokaa Tzpe

. Snaketprn , '

To those who are familiar with the Hohokam Culture, it is known that the Hohokam metate is a distinctive one, being of a trough type which is open at both ends (Plates Till, IX, and X). With the excava- \ ' it . ■ tion of Snaketom, however, knowledge regarding its evolution is far more complete#

vancement in notates from Pioneer to Sedentary Periods (refer again to

fig*;'ljV:::®ttt the fast remains that the types found in the early hori­

zons were comparatively well-developed* In other words, the grinding

stones found in the V&hki Phase, or the earliest culture level, display

such advanced workmanship that the type was certainly preceded by

something else. y'::, . ' is • .. Therefore, origins must be sought elsewhere. Sayles indicates

in his study of these implement# that

in the basin-type characteristic of certain pro- agricultural horizons in the Southwest identified

If.’ Gladwin, H.S#, Haury, E.W., Sayles, E.B., and Gladwin, Hora, 1957. IS. ItH-, p. 118. PLATS VIII

HOHOKAM TYPE METATES

Locality! 56 miles southeast of Prescott, Arizona, near Black Mesa

Material: Granite PLATE IX

HOHOKAM METATSS

A

Locality: Southern Arizona

Material: Lava

Dimensions: Length, 52 cm.; width, 28.5 cm.; thickness, 8.5 cm.; depth of trough, 4.5 cm.

B

Locality: Southern Arizona

Material: Lava

Dimensions: Length, 42.5 cm.; width, 20 cm.; thickness, 8.5 cm.; depth of trough, 5 cm. PLATE X

HOHOKAM METATES

A

Locality: Southern Arizona

Material: Lava

Dimensions: Length, 51.6 cm.; width, 50.5 cm.; thickness, 9 cm.; depth of trough, 1.2 cm.

£

Locality: Southern Arizona

Material: Lava

Dimensions: Length, 52 cm.; average width, 27 cm.; average thickness, 5 cm.; depth of trough, 1.4 cm. with & culture In (Cochise) .....end that •etate out of this basin type la lyre stage similar to that identified as

With reference now to

z z m z . _ „

to that show in Etate IX-A). A greatest numbers in the Gila Butte Phase of the Colonial Period, was probably a derivative of this. (Plate DC-B)

-- /'Jkter, la the Sedentary and Classic Periods, the metate evolved into the large, well-shaped,

(Plate X-A,-B) The flatter, and is described by Sayles as

( A * # #) ■ .. ' ■ . ■ '

i, CTNsta^ular or

but are reported for ruins along the Salt and 25 V . valleys. One is figured by Sayles

Chihuahua,” and they sets

Plate m V , following page 53). -: .-v'.-v 19. Gladwin, H.S., Hauzy, E.W., Sayles, E.B., and Gladwin, Bora, 1957. (See frequency chart, p. 116.)

p. 62. PLATE XI

HOHOKAM BRICK-SHAPED MAN OS

Locality: Southern Arizona. The longer of the two comes from the Coyote Mountains

Material? Lava

Dimensions of the long mano are: length, 54.5 cm.; width, 11 cm.; thick­ ness, 5 cm. : , : 24 Seyioat diagraa (fig, 5).

Ao nentionod previously,

or

Cochise netate

25 Eeyles has

•It ture, or

present known Ix^izming of the Hohokan Culture,*

Tram the discussion thus far, it will he understood that as yet,

the exact origin of the mono and netate, end their development prior

to the early phases of the Hogollon and Hohokan Cultures is still

24. GladriLn, H,6., Hamy, E. W „ Sayles, E. B., and Gladwin, Bora, 1937, p. 117• «; 1641., p. i m . FIGURE 5

HOHOKAM METATE EVOLUTION

4 # # ■

<

0 1 0 1

# | E PRE-AGRICULTURAL

SAYLES' DIAGRAM SHOWING LONGITUDINAL (ON

LEFT) AND TRANSVERSE (ON RIGHT) SECTIONS

OF THE METATE GRINDING SURFACE.

THE USE OF THE MANO ON THE GRINDING

SURFACE IS ILLUSTRATED IN THE SMALL OUT­

LINE DRAWINGS.

THE PRE-AGRICULTURAL METATE SHOWN IS

THAT OF THE COCHISE TYPE.

AFTER SAYLES times# It is Interesting end perhaps significant to note that the

Pima Indiana, who ere considered to be

Hohokam, generally use a flat slab

i^Mateg.

- 2M 2z m

local rarlatione in form of oetates# two general types are recognis­ able, those with a troughed or grooved surface (Plate Xtl-A), and those with a plain, or slab-like surface (Plate HH-A, B)* lava was virtually the standard material for metates in many parts, but If this

material was lacking in any particular vicinity, then hard, coarse­

grained sandstone, or fine conglomerates served the purpose# Lime­

stone, dacite, and porphries were used sporadically. If they were to

be had within a given locality, granites were also used, txtt probably

because of their less abrasive qualities, they did not seem to be as

popular as some of the materials mentioned above* It can readily be

seen that both the environment and the massive nature of these im­

plements dictated to a large extent what materials were to be utilized#

For example, most lento Basin and Gila Pueblo metates are of granite,

this material being quite prevalent in those vicinities*

pend, of course, on the density and size of the original rook, and m PLATE XII

A

Grooved Metate

Locality; Turkey Hill Pueblo, near Flagstaff, Arizona

Material: Lava

Dimensions: Length, 56 cm.; width, 27 cm.; thickness, 14 cm.; width of groove, 20.5 cm.

Locality; Northern Arizona

Material: Lava

Dimensions: Length, 23.5 cm.; width, 10.5 cm.; thickness, 5.5 cm. PLATE H U

Slab Metates

A

Locality: Calamity Cave, Nocki Canyon, Arizona

Material: Lava

Dimensions: Length, 44.4 cm.; width, 30.4 cm.; thickness, 6.5 cm.

B

Locality: Kinishba Ruin, near Ft. Apache, Arizona

Material: Lava

Dimensions: Length, 43.5 cm.; width, 28.3 cm.; thickness, 5.1 cm. Imatlng sad food-^atiieriug atogo before tho Inirodaction of com Into

tbe Sottth^eet, utilised a gonorallzed type of cetnte. In tm8ha$MBd, or

slightly shaped flat rook with an oval depression imo used# and a one-

bend meno «as employed in conjtmction with It ty aeans of either rotary

or ereeeeatle grinding strokes*

Bit either slaulteneoue with, or shortly following the Intro­

duction of agriculture end its najor cosponent, the com complex, the

troughed set ate ease into being* The vertically projecting eides of

this type fora & groove or trough in the slab of sandstone, lava, or

ccrnglocereto, as the case may be, which prevented the loss of meal*

Both tho upper and lower ends mere left open, or only the lower end,

bb<$ the seal which spilled off the lower end was caught In a container

which sight be a skin, a basket, or a bowl.

Bridence m e m sufficient to show that exam in tho fnosnsi area ■. :• ■ 27 ■■ was first cultivated during Basket Makar II times, and that the

troughed aetata appears with it.

Many of the early Implements, and later ones too, had propping

stones to facilitate the grinding process. It has been, suggested

28. Bartlett, X., 1956, p. 51. 27. p. 4. p. 22. -45-

that the idea of the propping stones is simply a hangover fYom the Mex­ ican tripod. Since these northerners did not esrre out their aetates in the manner followed hy the peoples of Mexico, as will he seen later, erldfflatly they took over the Mexican principle of raising one end to make grinding easier, and at the same time more efficient.

From its inception presumably in Basket Maker IT Period, the trough notate continues its existence through Basket Maker II, Pueblo

I, Pueblo II, and Pueblo III Periods. Actually, little difference can be noted in the atones during these periods* Those of the Basket - ■ . . m . . , : ■ . Maker and early Pueblo Periods are of a crude, unspecialized type being merely a flat slab, unmodified except for a groove on one side, the width of which is the same as the length of the nano. 3h contrast with the Cochise and Mogollon memos and aetates, it will bo noted that

In the early Basket Maker-Pueblo stones, the grinding area of the man© in the metate is a little more restricted, which, from the viewpoint of grinding efficiency, denotes a progressive specialization. Gener­ ally, tho metates are deep, thick, and soaeizhat shovel-shaped, having a trough which is open at one end, leaving a platform at the other end and a wide rim on each side. The grinding surface slants toward the open end or away from the grinder. Perhaps a derivative of this type, and one In which the platform at one end was converted Into a ■ • . ■ - 52 secondary depression (Utah type) is that found hy Judd in western

29. Bartlett, 1956, p. SI. ' ~ — 50. Guernsey, S. J., and Kidder, A, 1921; Kidder, A. V., and Guernsoy, S. 1951. 51. Bartlett, E., 1935, p. 26. 52. Judd, H. M „ 1926, pp. 145, 146. Utah in pithou.se and Pueblo II houses. This will bo described later.

. b. Bgisisblm

With the beginning of Pueblo III, or the Great Pueblo Period,

^Itroaetad type .state eas being replaced locally by the slab .etate

set in a bin. Thus, in the Flagstaff region, the Museum of northern

Arizona excavated a house belonging to the early phase of Pueblo III • ■ v ... Period, occupied in the early 1100*8 which had a trough instate set in ■■ . ' v-';. .; - . . a bin. Here, then,: is one of the earliest recorded mealing bins in

the Southwst. A further noteworthy fact is that it stands inter-

flat sl&b metate.

Bartlett, w m

evolution. That is to say. Basket Maker II, Basket Maker HI, Pueblo

I, and Pueblo II stages are alike in the fact that the people lived-

in one room earth lodges either of the pithouse or surface type.

•One ftoily— -father, mother, and unmarried children lived in each house. Space was limited and they had no room for many cumbersome posses­ sions. Metates, however, were essential, several In fact for each house, for the maize was ground two or three times on different stones of pro­ gressively finer grain. The metates were leaned against the wall of the earth lodge when not in use, and one at a time was propped up on the floor when the grinding was in progress.”3°

sB?5Kt fc - *• - 55. m a . , p . kl. In other trords, iho notate during tbeae periodo was mre or loss port-

' - ' ■ ■■■ . - ; able. As is to be expected, the corresponding manos were not as long as the metatee becimse of the restricted area of the trough.

portability as the prime consideration.

Roberts, at Zunl (Village of the Great Kivas), also finds the 40 beginning of the slab type in bins# Morris found a nice example at

Aztec of both the troughed and the slab mediates in the same bin

(Plato HV)# Consequently, there seems to be ample evidence that the grooved or troughed form of metate vMch had continued in uee from

Basket Maker times dom to the Pueblo HI Period was being replaced in many parts of the entire Pueblo area during the latter part of that

Bartlett, K«, 1956, p. 57#

Sir,?H. H„, Jr., 1951, p. 23. Morris, E#, 2M». PLATE XIV

Mealing Bins at Aztec, New Mexico period, end that the concave, flat, slab style dates from that horizon.

It must be topt in mind, howmrmr, that the troughed Betatejaaong

th® Pueblos during end after the Pueblo m Period ms not immediately

discardedf on the contrsiy, Its use continued in some instances into

the Pueblo 17 Period end even later. * '

/:-,0'; -mi&T®gard to Pueblo IV Period, the chtof data oh metate types

domes from Pinedele end Qhowlow ruina. Saury atateo that a large

number of troughed notates -sore found, carefully shaped, but never in

bine, singly and in aeries up to five. The grooved type alone was

found in the oldest part® of the elte, rhile in rooms dating after

1375, both troughed end slab types nere coexistent.

Judging from evidence presented at such Bitea ae Shoidow, Pine-

dale, mid Acteo, It appears that tdienever troughed metates were used

In later Pueblo III and Pueblo IV times, and after the introduction

of the slab metate, they tended to becone better shaped than their

predecessors. Furthermore, the troughed type was used leas frequently

in a bln, while the slab type seems, in a vast majority of cases, to

have been designed especially for, and get in, such containers# It

has been determined that slab metates in bins bad entirely replaced : v ' . 42 4$ 44 the troughed type at ICokopnyama, Asutobi, Jeaez Plateau, and 45 '

In Pueblo V, which is the &)dem Period, slab metates in bins

41. H-UI7, B. W, cmd lUargraTe, L., 1851, pp. 21-55.

p- 626- 45. Kidder, A. V., 1952, pp. 68, 71. 46 are the rule, exemplified by the Hopi and the ami.

frm this discussion it may be seen that the slab metate in a bin

; '' _ ■ is a northern or Anasasi trait. Just how far south it penetrated is 47 :',y: not definitely knoan. Saury found both trough and slab metates in tbe ellff dwellings in Canyon Creek of the Sierra Aneha Mountains. To date the most southern extension of the slab metate is that reported 48 by Daffen at the *76 Ranch* site, five miles west of Port Grant,

Arizona (Plate

c. mmamizEs.

asterlatic of western Utah and is found in pit houses around Great Salt

50 rarely found in eastern Utah, where, as in the Uintah Basin, the usual ' a form is & deeply troughed. Basket Maker style. Bidder also found a metate of this type near Moab in southwestern Utah.

The characteristic feature of these mills (Plate XVI) is the

small depressed area at the upper end of the grinding surface. 0c-

— stonally this is distinctly a shallow box with definite sides. -r::s r>; : \ Judd states that at Willard, Utah, located within about a half a mile

46. Bartlett, K., 1955, p. 14. 47. Baury, E. W., 1954. 48. Daffen, W., 1957. 49. Judd, H. M., 1926, p. 74. 50. Steward, J. H., 1935, p. 10. 51i deferred to by Judd, K. M., 1926, p. 74. 52* PP» 145, 146. PLATE XV

Mealing Bins at the 76 Ranch Site near Fort Grant, Arizona L :

UTAH TYPE METATE

Collected by Neil M. Judd at Willard, Utah, in 1915. PLATE XVI

Sizes 64.8 cm. by 51.1 cm. by 4 cm.

Now in the U. S. National Museum of the eastern shore of Great Salt Lake# fully 7# of the aetstee found

on toe surface possess this lesser depression.

The depression or secondary basin characteristic of toe Utah type

aeons to have served one of two purposes* First, it provided a resting place for toe mano when not In use; or second, it served to hold grain

or during the grinding operation.

At Xiatuthlanna, & Basket Baker- Early Pueblo site in eastern

68 . . .. ' . : . ' ; Arizona^ Roberts found milling stones of the open end, grooved type,

with the stones in most cases having a small projection at one end

which served as a rest for the mano. On most of the metatea this pro- 54 jectibn has a "slightly concave upper surface.” This feature is

quite suggestive of the Utah type met&te, although the latter have & 56 more pronounced depression. Hough described examples of apparently

the same type from pit dwellings at Luna, Hew Mexico, as those found

by Roberts (Plate VTX, following page 37). Hone of the examples from

Kiatuthlarma are as elaborate as the Utah forms. Roberts suggests that

perhaps they represent the prototype of the fhlly developed form. As

far as be could determine, the same type of metato was used in both

the pithouse and Pueblo horizons. A large number were found in the

former and although a few were obtained from the latter, they were of

the same general type.

Further with regard to the type found at Kiatuthlmma, Roberts

65. Roberts, F. H. H„ Jr., 1931, p* IS*. 54. M& - * P* 154. 55. Hough, W., 1919, pp. 416, 417. 66. Roberts, SRaStit., p. 154. ^49***

, / # . . e^rs timt

•for Baking loth aetates end nanoa the pecking and grinding method was used. The stones were peeked into their approximate shape and. then the rough spots were ground down by rubbing with another stone* Beyond working out the groove and roughly shaping the aetates little was done to the stone used in making them*” ' 58 ■ - In this connection he also observed a slight difference between those yxT;;::;. v; ■ ; - ' - ' ■ ’ : y -:" . y • from the pithouses and the pueblos* The latter seem generally to have

been given a little more finish. The stone used for both aetates and ■ -'Vr. ' : -v: ' saaos was either lava or sandstone and it is significant tiiat the manes

/#*p#y'sll of the single-hand, oval form* The latter have a flat bottom

side while tho top is convex* Their length is slightly shorter than

the width of the trough in which they were used.

The Utah type metates, including both the true type and the

aberrant form from Kiatuthlanna, were not enclosed in bins, such as

are found in many Pueblo III and later structures, but were set on

small stones, generally wedge-shaped, above the floor.

Moreover, the Utah metate is considered to be a derivative of IvV; 60 - ■ ■■ ■ ‘ ' ... ■ 1 the Basket Maker type and evidences show that it first appeared in

Pueblo I or II times, although Boberts places his earliest specimens

in the Basket Maker III Period.

i, F. H. H „ Jr., 1951, p. 155. » pe M 4. . y ' ■* p* 154# H., 1955, p. 10. -sa­

lt may be of value to point out in a brief discussion a feu facts regarding the corresponding manos for the Anaeazi area.

Manas may have a single grinding surface, or they may have two or throe grinding surfaces. In addition, they may be. either of the one-handed or two-handed variety. In outline, a number of shapes is noted. They may. be square, oval, rectangular, or irregular (Plates

X7II-A, B, and XVIII-A, Bf fig. 6, A, B, F). In case only one side was u@«4 for grinding, then the upper surface is generally slightly convex fraa side to side and more or less convex from end to end. The upper surface may bear marks of the pecking tool with which it was origin­ ally fashioned. Usually the ends are rounded and the sides vertical.

Baaket Saker and early Pueblo manos, although in most cases were used

'iiAYtwo: hands, are not as long as the netate was wide, since they fit

M t M h a groove or trough. ’

The lower or grinding surface (la the case of a single grinding surface) is either flat or has a very slight longitudinal convexity, or it might be markedly convex. The former indicates that it was used on a flat slab metate, whereas the latter is due to use on a troughed ' . ■ ■ • - V . ■■■■:- metate. In nearly all cases the type of material of the metate deter­ mined the type of mono, i. e., lava was used on lava, sandstone on sandstone, etc. -v-v1 ' \ ■ " ■ ■; ■ . - v. - " W.th two or three grinding surfaces may have taken a var­ iety of shapes (Plates XTCI-Aj fig. 6 B, 0, D). PLATE XVII

anasazi ma no s A Triangular

Locality: Northern Arizona

Materials: Sandstone, granite, and lava

Dimensions of mano, left: Length, 25.5 cm.; width, 9.5 cm.; thickness, 2 cm.

B

Irregular and Square

Locality: Northern Arizona

Materials: Granite

Dimensions of mano,left: Length, 23.5 cm.; width, 11 cm.; thickness, 3.5 cm. PLATE XVIII

ANASAZI MANOS A Small Two-Handed

Locality: Northern Arizona

Materials: Lava, granite

Dimensions of mano, left upright: Length, 17 cm.; width, 7.8 cm.; thick­ ness, 5 cm.

1

One-Handed

Locality : Northern Arizona

Materials: Lava, Granite

Dimensions of mano, left: Length, 14 cm.; width, 9 cm.; thickness, 3 cm. FIGURE 6

OUTLINES OF MANOS A

r ~ A ^

SQUARE RECTANGULAR OVAL IRREGULAR

CROSS SECTIONS OF MANOS

B

WEDGE TRIANGULAR

FINGER-GRIP RECTANGULAR OVAL

IRREGULAR —51—

The facoo of specimens with two grinding surfaces are flat and in little used specimens are approximately parallel to each other. This type may also assume a wedge shape# Bartlett explains the nature of the manipulation which has produced these wedge-shaped smos (Plate

W , v v ;;x ' " '

"Sufficient evidence has been obtained to indic­ ate that this type of mano takes on this wedge shape from the manner in which it was used. Ihen an Indian woman is grinding, oho grasps the mono with both hands and places it on the notate with the fleshy part of her palm nearest her and her fingers turned down over the front of the mono (Plate HX-A), The greatest pressure on the mono is exerted by the fleshy part of her palm, just below her wrist on the back of the nano. If the nano is constantly tumod around, the bottom will wear down evenly. However, when the mano became thin, It could not be used indefinitely, for the woman* s fingers would eventually rub on the metate* If the mano which had become thin was no longer rotated, the side nearest the woman would thus become worn down while the front side where the finger rested would remain thick enough to protect them. * (Plate XIX-B^C)

%: far the greatest percentage of manos is of the plain rectangular

type. Por a long time the manner in which the three-surfaced manos

which often assumed a triangular, rather than a wedge shape in cross

section* was puzzling (Plate XIX), Here again, Bartlett has evidently

the solution in the form of an analogy with modem Hop! manos,

that* V- .

".....as a woman (Hop!) grinds she exerts the most pressure with the palm of her hmd da the back of the mano and on the down stroke of the mroo she pulls up on the front of the mano so that only a email part of

61, Bartlett^ K., 1955, pp* 22, 18. 62. Ml * , PP. 15, 16. PLATE XIX

>teps in She, in^ of a

.'edpe-s.'iaped -iano

iteps in .'haplnrr of a

Trian.T lar . ano

if ter Bartlett it reaches the -taetate. (Hat© 3CU-0) i (h m # %pstrok@j dhe holds the asno flat on the net&te, Becauee the

gets tho aost wear it becoaes rom <3om taore rapidly then the front portion. Very gradually the otno takes on a slightly triangular fore, being flat m the top with one long side resting on the notate end one short side (Plate XOS~E)* the Bano is turaed around (Plate HX-F) and the short side is used for grinding until it in turn hecoBho long tdien the process is repeatod. Tho cost preferred ramo Is oae thich is pronouncedly triangular in cross sectim (HL&te 3IX-H). This process of rearing dom promts the fingers from touching the setete, and the danger of tubbing the fingers becomes less end less as the earns, becomes sore triangular* * ' ■ - -. - V ; - l it has been shom^%bat the mno, triangular to cross-section. ie isto, a snail por coat appearing in the Pueblo XI Period, but it

bet-seen 1100 and 1500 A* B*

few northern za&aos had a longitudinal groove providing for the fingers (Plate HI-B, following page 4l)* These say also have assumed a wedge or triangular shape (fig# SB)*

Fes significant differences are noted to the Basket Sckor H,

Basket Maker XU, Pueblo I, and Pueblo It aanos, ®»st of thee being of the plain rectangular type* end according to Bartlett, ty far the greatest percettege to of the ts»4tcnded variety*

^ith regard to the tatmo used on the Utah type eetotc of western . .v-. 65 Btch, it has been found that apparently the only difference from those

65* Bartlett, E», 1BSS, p, 19,

U 6. ~5S~

Utah

angular in cross-section are

■In Mexico and Central America legs are a characteristic feature of the milling stones as Plates XX, XXXI, and XXIII show, whereas in the northern area of motate distribution they are legless, as has been described. Metates throughout Mexico, however, were not exclusively of the tripod, or three-legged, type. For example, in Chihuahua, . 00 Gayles found chiefly two types* deep oval-howl metates and milling

with the possible exception of the Hohokaa area which shows many af­ finities with the Chihuahuan, and Sonoran regions of Mexico. In fact, most authorities consider Chihuahua and Sonora a part of the South­ western archaeological area.

beeai used with the Chihuahuan notate (Plates XXI and XXIV).

SSi S^es; K B., 1936, p. 48. . , PLATE XX

Mexican Type Metates

1 2

Locality: Valley of Mexico

Materials: Granite, basalt

Dimensions of metate, left: (upright in 1 ., inverted in 2 .) length of grinding area, 25 cm.; width, 18.7 cm.; height at low (near) end, 6.2 cm.; height at raised (far) end, 12.1 cm. PLATE XXI

A Metate from Chihuahua

Locality: Chihuahua

Material: Lava

Dimensions: Length, 45.5 cm.; width, 55 cm.; height, 19 cm.5 depth of groove (maximum), 16.5 cm. PLATE XXII

* .— j-mm - W- ’

l l f P l

Elaborately Carved Metate from Costa Rica (Prehistoric) PLATE JOIII

Putun Women of Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico, Preparing C o m for Making Tortillas • PLATE XXIV

Chihuahuan Type Manos

‘Locality: Unknovn

Material: Lava

Dimensions of large specimen at the right: Length, 31 cm,5 sides 10 x 10 cm,5 transverse section is square. Square or rectangular in cross- section. **E4—

• Numerous Chlhuehuen notates are so similar to those of the Boho- kmm >egibn as to make Identification «Jlffict4tj, hnt they are readily, distinguishable from those of tho Anasazi aroa whero ihc shaping of . stones was inferior to those of either the Hoholnua or Chihuahua area#

M 3^ ^ itiLttle is kaomi Of the origin, dtnrelopaent, and chronology of the milling stonos from (Mhuahoa and Sonora, since comparatively few intensive investigations have been undertaken.v

b. Sonora ' '

In interesting cite and one which shows promise to he of great importance has recently come to the attention of authorities# Refer­ ence is node to tto so-called Iki Plsya site located in the central part of northern Sonora* Large numbers of primitive aotatas and aanos, uhich roDonble in many respects the Cochise type, have been found at this site* The metate is an unehaped, flat slab of stone which usually has a slight basin-like depression on both of the surfaces#

Thus, the metate a differ little from the Cochise stones* The xsanos, however, are slightly shaped, and are, therefore, advanced over the

Cochise monos which show no modification. Hero, as at the Cochise site,

it would seem that the people were principally food gatherers and that

wild vegetal products were ground on the states*

: The age for the La Fleya site has been placed at about 1000 *7 .: - " : / X : - ' -Y

67. PerBonal conference with "Dr, :iidl 1# Bamy, : 2* 3teMtes£lesiss.

Most of the iaforsation regarding the types of milling stones found In the Valley of Mexico cones from Vaillent whoso caroful • . 68 -V 69 ' . - ; stratigraphic excavations at Zacatenco and ficoaaa have contributed greatly to the. snail fund of existing knowledge. Usually this region

Is not considered to be strictly a part of the Southwest, but it is nevertheless included In this discussion because it sight possibly be shorn that it is remotely related to the areas further north. At any rate, borrowing# and diffusions between the regions mist have occurred.

For example, it has been cited that the principle of elevating and bracing notates by noons of smaller atones as practiced by the

Basket Maker and Early Pueblo peoples of the inasasi Culture was most probably the result of borrowing from the south where the people used tripod, of three-legged, notates.

Germane to a brief discussion of types in this area night be a 70 culture sequence as now known in the Valley of Mexico.

I

- ' . y . totee y = . .. - ■ ' y ' Toltec (San Juan Teotihuaccn type)

, C X ;; : : • 1. Late Ticonaa 2. Intermediate Ticoaan Cuicullco 5. Early Ticoman— Late Zacatmco 7 .. - - ...... _ ... ..-V...... _ ^ 68. Valllant, G. C., 19S1A. 69. Vaillant, G. C., 1951B. 70. IMSe# P- Ml. 600-400 Biddle Zacateneo Gopilco

■ 400-0 Barly Zac&teneo x.

Maaos epd metatee from the Early Zaaeteneo Phase are already well developed snd have a cluirac teriotlc teat or coni cel shape of tripod support., and ridges on the long aides of a convex grinding surface, 71 oblong in section* Material was chiefly of lava,

. -. ' . . . - Those of idbe Middle and Late Zecetenco Phases do not differ from the shapes used In the Early Period* Thus., fail last has shown that

. ■ ■ . ■ ■ tiie forms display almost no perceptible change from Early to Late 75 Zaeatenco Phases* Manes, particularly, be says

1; ' ' . ' • ' . ; • " •• ■' . ,Vt *T- *',{ - ' - "are not especially susceptible to change or ethnic variation* Sise and the details of variations in form arise from Individual taste and need. The general shape In cross-section ie a triangle with long sides and short base, with the former being the chief grinding surface#*

Lava, particularly, was everywhere abundant in the Valley of Mexico. V : . : and consequently was need especially for maaoe and aetata#*

2.

Turning now to the Tieoman Phases it will be noted th&t lava was

■w 71* 7&illsst, 0. C., 19S1B, p. 68, 72# & M * , p# 69, 75# Ibid,-* p* 17E* between periods at Ticoman but differed from Early and Middle Zacatenco in the support of the notates by quadrangular legs instead of conical*

It will be noted from this discussion that knowledge concerning origins of milling stones in the Mexican area is unfortunately ob~

V-.war of brief summary regarding notate types Is the Valley of

Mexico, it can bo said that at Zacatenco and Ticoman, Vaillent found : - . - %. c' - . taripod forms from Early to Late Phases. The chief distinction between

those of Ticoman metatea are quadrangular in

but it c be readily distinguished from it is

types. # the

.r'-... ' . '''' .. .' '.. 74. Vaillant, G. C., 195U, p. a (Mhuehtm stoneo are often indiatlnguishable* Primitive xaaaoa and metatea which bear a marked resenblanee to the Cochlso type of south- r-v eastern irlaona are found at tlie La Playa slte ln Sonora, fheee date at about a thousand years ago* Quite possibly the people uho used these stones were in a food-gathering stage similar to that of tiie ancieaxt Cochise Culture* ■:mmk mm. m sBsa&mm

from archaeological evidences it has been shorn tgr the autlror- ities cited that Southwestern metates mst probably originated among peoples of a nomadic stage of culture uho were entirely dependent upon hunting -md gathering game and wild vegetable products as a means of subsistence# Although they possibly fflagaged in sporadic hunting, it seems that these people were primarily food-gatherers. Foods, such as seeds, tuberous roots, nuts, and possibly seat were ground for use on a slab of rook whose grinding surface was either circular or elliptical in shape# The corresponding nano for this primitive grinding was

comparatively small, being of the oner-hand type* Apparently it was utilized in any, or all of three following motions* first, rotary

strokesj second, crescentic strokes; or'third, linear strokes which

were usually perpendicular to the long axis of the estate* This pre*

agricultural atone has been identified by Gila Pueblo with the so-

called Cochise Culture of southeastern Arizona and adjacent Bew Mexico*

After the introduction of corn into the Southwest, the pre-egri-

cultural metate gave way to the agricultural stone which, at first,

retained the basin-like grinding surface, but which had, in addition,

the beginnings of a trough* Beyond doubt the arrival of corn itself

played an important role in typologic developments of the implement

'.IS»3M7 v -

'. " ' -,2.:' ,*■> '■

.. , V'

Siailarly*

to

mm mttM

r- the corn seal, or a nano tshen it v&s not In use* A netate elnllar to

the TJtch type occurs at Kiatuthlenna In, Basket Maker III and Pueblo -

. \ : : : ; ' : : . . - - I Periods, V • • . In the Pueblo Ill .Peilod, the troughod eetate wolred into the

slab eetato eot in a bln. Architectural developments, together ^ith

a greater insight into efficiency on the part of individuals living ;

in the Great Pueblo Period, have hew cited as contributing factors

causing the Invention of this specialised, culminating type of milling

stone.

Pueblo 17 end Pueblo V Periods nitnoased largely the replacement

of trbughed types by the slab notates. Ihenever troughed types were

used, whether in bins or otherwise, they are better shaped than

;fbimiwiyy ■ - - v ; ' -/ ^ . ; , .. - , ■

Thus, the slab notate is sn toasasi characteristic, but it moved

south along with other traits during the Salado invasion* To date, its

southernmost extension is found near Ft. Grant, Arisons.

metate origins is unfortunately obscured, because the early types are

already well-developed and no logical prototypes have come to light

thus far. At Zacatenco and Xicoaan, tripod forms wore found from early

to late phases* The chief distinction between the two is that the

Zacatenco legs are conical, whereas those of the Ticoman metates are

quadrangular in shape*

In northern Mexico, the Chihualman metate is troughed, but it

can be readily distinguished from any of tho Anaoaai forms in that it -6%-

is excellently Bliaped. In comivoclson with some of the Hohokcn stones, hot-ever, the Chlhuchucn notates sre often indistinguishable. Primitive

Esenos and metatcs vrhioh bear a narked recenblanco to the Cocliise type of southeastern Arisons are found at the La Plays, site in Sonora. They

#w.aWit a thousand years ago. ' 1

• Careful, in fact meticulous, shaping chai'acteriscs many of the otones fron Mexico and Central America. In omateness end deftness of nanufacturo these stones are preeminent, tut from the viewpoint of efficiency in grinding corn, they do not surpass tho slab notates he ■

bf the Pueblos. . ; ^ • ■

. Viered as a viiole, tlie entire gamut of mono and netate types, frm the primitivo Cochise stone to the specialized slab typo notate set in a-bin, displays a progressive development with regard to ef­ ficiency of tho grinding process.

And now to order to present graphically the most probable direc­ tion of estate evolution as it occurred to the Southwest, a tentative

chart (fig. 7) has been devised, which is based on the combination of

dendrochronological, stratigraphical, end typologies! evidences*

Owing to the paucity of evidence regarding the development of

-types in Mexico, they have been omitted from tho chart* FIGURE 7

HOHOKAM ANASAZI MOGOLLON TIME PERIODS PERIODS PHASES

TENTATIVE DIAGRAM SHOWING 5,000 B.C. , PROBABLE ORIGIN AND RELATIONSHIPS OF SOUTHWESTERN MILLING STONES

10,000 B.C. BASED PRIMARILY ON RESULTS OF RESEARCH BEING COCHISE CONDUCTED BY GILA PUEBLO Antovs, Ernst 1SS7A. Age of tho Lake Mohavo Culture, in the Archaeology of Pleistocene Ltice S o W i A ^Spoalnm. Southwest Museum Papers, Ho* 11. los Angeles, California*

International Symposium, The Philadelphia, March, 1937* Edited by George Grant lae- ;:yr'-;::;v Curdy* J. B. Lippincott Co. New York,

Bartlett, Katherine MSS Pueblo Milling Stones of the Relation to Others in the Southwest* Museum of Hortb- , era Arizona, Bulletin 5*. Flagstaff, Arizona* i Z . - - ■ - ; ■ ' ::.-v A Symposium

Bradfield, Wesl^ 1931 Cameron Creek Village# EL Palacio Press. School of American Research* Santa Pe, Hew Mexico*

Campbell, Mr. and Mrs, W. H* The Archaeology of Pleistocene Lake Mohave* A Symposium. Southwest. Museum Papers, Ho* 11. Los Angeles, Califor- : v. ni#. :; . . .. \

Cosgrove, H. S, and C. B* 1958 The Swarts Ruin. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Amer- : icen Archaeology and Ethnology. Harvard Hniversitqr, Vol. IV, Ho* 1. Cambridge, Massachusetts.

^Cushing, P* H. 1920 Zuni Breadstuff* Indian Rotes and Monographs, Vol. VIII* Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation.

. -.-ta ■ , : ^ • :

Douglass, A* B. w m Socrsl 2l in tho 1929. The national Geographic Society. Washington, D. C. m e m , i. a . 1957 Sob© Hots© on a Su®ner,s IBork near Bonita, Arizona. The j Klva, Vol. 2, So. 4. Arizona Archaeological and His­ torical Society. Arizona State toiaeusu Tucson, Arizona*

Fewkes, J. W* 1S01 Archaeological Expedition to Arizona In 1895. Seven- ' teenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Anerlcen Ethnol­ ogy, Part II* Washington, D. G$

Gladwin, H. S. 19S7 Excavations at Saaketoro. Comparisons and Theories* Medallion Papers, Vol. 2, Ho. 26. Gila Pueblo, Globe, Arizona.

Gladwin, H. S., Saury, E* W*, Seylee, E, Bi, and Gladwin, Bora iMf Excavations at Stiaketown. Material Culture. Medallion Papers, Vol. 1, Ho. 25. Gila Pueblo. Globe, Arizona.

Guernsey, S. J. and Kidder*A. V. 1921 Basket Maker Caves of northeastern Arizona. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. Har­ vard University, Vol. X7III, Ho. 2. Cambridge, Mass­ achusetts.

Harrington, M. R. 1SSS Gypsum Cave, iiovada. Southwest Museum Papers, Ho. 8. Los Angeles, California.

Saury, B. W. • 1954 The Canyon Greek Ruin and the Cliff Dwellings of the Sierra Ancha. Medallion Papers, Ho. Hf. Gila Pueblo. - ; Globe, Arizona. - /

1956 The Mogollon Culturo of Southwestern Hew Mexico. Medallion Papers, Ho. XX. Gila Pueblo. Globe, Arizona.

Saury, E. W. and Hargrave, L* 19# Recently Dated Pueblo Eulne in Arizona. Smithsonian Miccellancous Collections, Vol. 82, No. 11. Washington, •■. . B. 0* : / ,

Hewett, E. L. 1906 Anti#itles of the Jeaez Plateau, Hew Mexico. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 52. Washington, D. C.

^Hodge, F.■ W, lt@f Metate. in handbook of the American Indian. Bureau, of American Ethnology, Bulletin 50, Vol. 1. Washington, F. T7* A Chronicle of Com. Brooklyn

Published at Lancaster, Penneyli laetlfeito of Arts and Sciences,

Hough, W. Exploration of a Pit House Village at lama. Hew Mexico. ■ Proceedings, United Statee Hatlqnal Museum, Vol. 55. Washlng^m, U. C.

Howard, E. H, ' . 1955 Evidence of Early Man in Horth America. The Museum , Journal, Vol. XXIV, Hob. 2 and 5, University Bioeun. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Judd, h . H. ' ‘ . '' -y/ '':/ . 1926 Archaeological Observations Horth of the Mo Colorado, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 82. Washington, ' D. C. '

Kidder, A. V. MW LOT, Bo. 18, Ho7M bor, 1927?SS f S ' p ^ !!of Se t e r ' Printing Co. Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

1»8S ‘ The Artifacts of Pecos. Yale University Press. Hew Haven, Connecticut.

Kidder, A. V* and Guernsey, S. J« Itit •. Archaeological Explorations in Arisona. icon Ethnology, Bulletin 65. Washington,, D. C.

Leighton, N. H. 1956 Geological Aspects of the Findings of Primitive Man near Abilene, Texas. Preliminary Report, Medallion Papers, Ho. XXIV. Gila Pueblo. Globe, Arizona. u / ' • ' McGee, J. W. W ■ . ' / . 1895 The Seri Indians* Seventeenth Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology. Washington, D. C.

Hlndoleff, V, A Study of Pueblo Architecture* Tusayan and Cibola. Eighth Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology. Washington, D. C. Morris, E. H. m r Museum of Hatural History, Vol* XXVI, Part 1. Hew York* Owen s y J. D. : 1895 ; In the. Journal of ol.il.

Boherts, P. H. H. Jr* 1BR : ' The Rulno at Klatuthlanna, Baetern, Arizona., Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 100. Baahlngton, D. 0. ... ivy/SSlW • A Poison Conplext Preliminary Report on Investigations at the Lindenneler Site in Northern Colorado. Snith- ' 1 sonian Miscellaneous Collections, Yd. 94, Ho. 4. Wash­ ington, B. C. - ,

1986 Additional Information on the Folsom Complex: Report on Second Season* s Investigations at the Llndenaeier Site in northern Colorado. " Ssithsonian Miscellaneouo Col­ lections, Vol. 95, Ho* 10. Washington, D. ti.

Sayles, E. B. 1986 An Archaeological Survey of Chihuahua, Mexico. Medal­ lion Papers, Ho. XHI. Qila Pueblo. Globe, Arizona.

Shelford, V. E., %itor 1926 naturalist's Guide to the Americas. The Williams and • . Wilkins Co. Baltimore, dryland. SWwrd, J. , . ' ■ ; - - - - - 1955 ^rheological Problems of the Hortheni Periphery of , the Southwest. Museum of Horthem Arizona, Bulletin Ho. 5* Flagstaff, Arteona*

Yaillant, G. G. - • - 19S1A Excavations at Zacatenco. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Yol. XXXII, Part 1, Hew York.

1951B Excavations at Ticoman. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Yol. XXXII, Part II, How York.

Weathenrax, P. i** Sia Msti. s t m . m ss Bsal soi Mis. te lM te s M Aiclent .America, in a Symposium on Prehistoric Agricul­ ture, The University of Hew Mexico Bulletin, Anthropol­ ogical Series, Yol, 1, Ho* 5. Albuquerque, New Mexico.* WlllBhlpt 0» Pe . ■ - -- 1896 m e . , Ij^ ^ ^ V .fb o v tie e n th "immel Report of. the Bw*m .bf I, PP« 3?.3~615, Washington, D, C* - , ..u-:L:Y • y- y- ; > -irit j iT &&&&&.''■ *Z ,-•. ^ r - ->. k X J$ 62'pii3a[id-#i ►

# ♦' 19 5 3