Discovery and Excavation of the Moundville Earth Lodge

VernonJames Knight Department ofAnthropology University ofAlabama Box 870210 Tuscaloosa, AL 35487

ABSTRACT: Archeological investigations during 1999-2002 of the summit of Mound V at the Moundville site, Alabama, revealed a pair of large building foundations of single-set post construction conjoined by a tunnel entranceway defined by wall trenches. The more elaborate of the two buildings was square in plan and had extraordinarily large roof sup­ ports and an external embankment ofclay. It is an example of the kind ofbuilding called earth lodges elsewhere in the Southeast, a form previously unknown at Moundville. I discuss the discovery, excavation, architectural details, and evidence for dating these buildings to the Moundville III phase at ca. AD 1400-1500.

INTRODUCTION

Moundville, in west-central Alabama, is the largest of excavations at Mound V were by Clarence Moore in 1905 the Mississippian ceremonial centers in the Deep South, (1905:141-142), who devoted "eighteen trial holes and 150 with more than 30 mounds arranged around a central feet of narrow trench" to the summit surface, finding no plaza (Knight and Steponaitis 1998:2-6). We are con­ burials and few artifacts of interest to him. He did note cerned here with architectural remains recently found the presence of near-surface midden, a detail that was on the summit ofMound V at Moundville Archaeological important to us, as it suggested a residential use. A photo­ Park. Because it is not possible to address every aspect graph taken from an airplane in April, 1938 of a Four-H of these remains in this paper, I will concentrate on an Club outing to the Park (Figure 2) shows Mound V re­ account of the discovery and an outline of the main ar­ cently cleared ofvegetation by the Civilian Conservation chitectural elements. Corps. Its angular features are relatively well preserved. A Mound V is a broad, rectangular artificial platform close inspection ofthe photo, however, shows signs ofero­ that adjoins the northern margin ofMound B, the tallest sion and gullying near the center. As with other mounds mound at Moundville (Figure 1). It is probably legitimate in the Park, the platform was to some degree "restored" to think of Mound V as an apron of Mound B, intimately in the late 1930s. Since then, about two dozen trees have associated with the dominant mound. Mound V measures been allowed to grow up on the summit while the area about 140 by 70 meters in basal dimension, and is approx­ between them has been maintained in grass by mowing, imately 2.5 m thick in the main area of our work, near resulting in a pleasantly shaded park-like area. the northeast corner of the summit. The importance of Ourwork at Mound V came at the tail end ofa te11-"\i'ear the space is signaled by the fact that one of Mound B's run of field work called the Moundville Public Architec­ two ramps ascends directly from the Mound V platform ture Project, aided by grants from the University of Ala­ on the north, the other from the east. The only previous bama and National Science Foundation, and abetted by

Bull. Alabama Mus. Nat. Rist. 27:20-28

November 30, 2009 VernonJames Knight Discovery and Ecavation of the Moundville Earth Lodge 21 ~.J ( ) ~V10U"d Location of I ~ o D I Mound V Excavations l

\~'f" ~.''f, ~ L.\ ~ ...... Figure 1. Detail from map of Moundville, showing relationship of Mound V to Mound B in the northern area of the site.

the Alabama Museum of Natural History. The project's the dominant mound at the site. In both instances our aims were to provide a construction chronology for the intent was for the testing to be just sufficient to add to earthworks by flank trenching Mounds Q, R, E, F, and G, the site's construction chronology and to give us some and to investigate suggestions of differences in summit indication ofuse, by intercepting summit architecture or use through extensive horizontal exposure on Mounds by recovering artifact assemblages from midden or fea­ Q and E. Our original research design also called for ture fill contexts. The Mound A work was completed in limited testing of two intriguing components of the site the fall season of 1996, leaving only the Mound V testing, layout, (a) Mound A in the center of the plaza, and (b) which was scheduled for the fall of 1999. In anticipation the Mound V platform, with its curious relationship to of the work on the Mound V summit, certain of my Me­ soamericanist colleagues confidently predicted that the platform supported an elite residential compound. That suggestion was speculative, but it did not seem unlikely, given the northerly location at the site and the associa­ tion with Mound B, that Mound V was elite real estate of some sort.

THE EXCAVATIONS OF 1999-2002

Devoting the University of Alabama's annual fall se­ mester field school to this work (Figure 3), we established a grid and began the 1999 season with two identical 6 by 1.5 meter trenches (Figure 4), oriented north and south, placed in the center of the platform near where the Mound B northern ramp converged. We found that the near-surface deposits here were loosely consolidated, full Figure 2. Aerial photograph of Mounds B and V, taken of coarse sand and pea-sized gravel, unlike mound fill. from a position over the plaza, April, 1938, showing Potsherds were scarce. It soon became clear that in both Mound V cleared of The occasion is a 4-H trenches we were digging through a layer of restoration Club outing. fill, trucked in by the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 22 BULLETIN 27 November 30,2009

Figure 4. One of two 1.5 by 6 m trenches dug in the Figure 3. University of Alabama Department of central portion of Mound V during fall, 1999. The one Anthropology Field school, Mound V, fall semester 1999. shown here was located near the base of the north ramp ofMoundB.

Figure 6. Alabama Museum of Natural History Expedition 23, Moundville site, June 2001. This was one of four Expedition 23 crews, consisting primarily of high school students.

Figure 5. Trench in the northeast sector of the Mound V summit at the end of the 1999 season, showing multiple partially excavated features. late 1930s to level and restore the eroded center portion ofthe mound. Recognizing this, we abandoned these two trenches and used a I-inch split core auger to prospect for intact deposits elsewhere on the summit. Finding a promising locality on the northeast section, we set up a third trench measuring 10 by 1.5 meters, and spent the rest of the 1999 term excavating it. Here, just below the Figure 7. Extent of Mound V excavations at the end of the humus we encountered numerous intact features of vari­ summer 2001 season, with Alabama Museum of Natural ous kinds (Figure 5). It was impossible to excavate and History Expedition 23 crew. VernonJames Knight Discovery and Ecavation of the Moundville Earth Lodge 23

.78R138

Key

exterior berm, Structure 1

~O~~iiiiiOi..E2~~3 main wall posts, roof supports, meters and entrance trenches shallow dugouts surrounding wall posts and entrance trenches entrance wall trenches fired clay floor remnants

superficial excavations Structure 1 clay berm

Figure 8. Plan of excavated area, northeast summit of Mound V, showing features associated with Structure 1 (the earth lodge) and adjacent Structure 2, with connecting tunnel entranceway bounded by wall trenches.

record all of these in the remaining time, so I chose to field school to excavating pits and post holes within the devote a second fall semester field school to this effort area already opened, completing the record of plan and in the year 2000, excavating previously exposed features profile drawings, and collecting additional samples. This and expanding the 1999 trench in two places to the east work, which was undertaken in the fall of 2001, was pri­ and west. By the end of the second season, however, we marily in the floor area ofthe embanked structure. These were still left with unsolved puzzles. We had uncovered tasks, however, proved greater than I anticipated, which parts of what seemed to be a much larger architectural meant devoting yet another field school to the same work whole that could not be interpreted from our narrow ex­ in the fall of2002, after which we could finally bring clo­ cavation window. sure to the excavations with some understanding of the Not wishing to abandon this effort with so little under­ deposits. standing ofit, I decided that we needed to continue with In this manner, after five episodes ofexcavation spread a larger effort. Fortunately, a large crew was available in over four years, we had exposed the architecture shown the annual Expedition program ofthe Alabama Museum in plan view in Figure 8. To the west, we have the north­ of Natural History (Figure 6). I had worked with this or­ east corner of a building surrounded by a massive earth ganization before, and it suited our needs (and theirs) embankment, featuring heavy roofsupports and a tunnel perfectly. Over a period of four weeks in the summer of entranceway-characteristics identified in the past with 2001, with an average crew size ofabout 30 per day, we ex­ buildings called "earth lodges" in the Southeast. To the panded horizontally (Figure 7), primarily to the west but east, we had intercepted portions of the west and north also to the east and south. By the second week it became walls of a second building, directly connected to the first clear that we had uncovered portions of two adjoining by the entranceway. We will refer to the embanked build­ buildings, one ofwhich was heavily earth-embanked and ing as Structure 1, and to the building to the east of it as which featured a tunnel entranceway bounded by wall Structure 2. Both were built essentially at ground level on trenches. the Mound V summit as it existed at the time. Although Even so, at the close of the summer work, the Expe­ the embanked Structure 1 has a floor that was somewhat dition crew had exposed and mapped numerous feature dished out toward the center, it was not built within a dis­ stains that remained unexcavated. Consequently I devot­ crete excavated pit. ed the next fall semester's Department of Anthropology 24 BULLETIN 27 November 30,2009

Figure 9. The east berm of Structure 1, looking north, Figure 10. Excavated area ofStructure 1 (the earthlodge), summer 2001. This was an exterior embankment of looking east, fall semester 2002. The large feature visible compact tan-orange sandy day. The wall trenches of the in the center is the bisected post pit of the northeast roof tunnel entranceway, crosscutting the berm, are seen in the support, Structure la. The largest circular feature to the foreground. right is the northeast roof support of Structure '1 b.

STRUCTURE 2 the wall dugouts intersected the baked floor areas, the Let us first describe Structure 2, to the east, whose dugouts cut through and therefore postdate the floor. western wall was encountered by our initial trench in A second, larger zone of baked clay floor was preserved 1999. This was a rectangular building with rounded cor­ north ofStructure 2 in areas marginal to our excavation. I ners,of "single set post" construction (that is, with indi­ am unsure ofthe purpose ofthis patio-like surface and of vidually-dug post holes) and with daubed walls. The ap­ the circumstances which caused it to be heavily baked. parent confusion ofwall posts seen in plan view is mainly due to the fact that Structure 2 was rebuilt in place. For each of its incarnations, wall posts were set about 70 em STRUCTURE 1 apart center-to-center. The post holes averaged 20 em in diameter and were rather deeply set, about 58 em below Turning our attention to Structure 1, we found that it the floor level. Two exceptional post holes, perhaps cor­ was surrounded by a loaf-shaped berm ofwell-compacted ner posts, were set much more deeply at 106 to 107 em tan-orange sandy clay (Figure 9), that sloped both to the below the floor level. The daub along this wall line has interior and to the exterior. This berm was about 2.7 m a gritty exterior finish, and interior impressions show wide and rose 60 em above the floor level. It was origi­ that it was applied against split cane lath-work (Sherard, nally higher, having been truncated at the top by modern this volume). When posts were pulled for renovation, as activity. We found that the berm slopes were gullied in they were at least twice, the post holes were deliberately places, showing that it had been exposed to the elements plugged with brightly colored clean clay-yellow in one before the addition of dark brown midden-like deposits instance and orange in another-such that these post that covered its interior and exterior flanks. The berm holes are virtually color-coded by construction episode. was interrupted by a tunnel entranceway flanked by nar­ The upper portions of these posts are surrounded on all rowwall trenches about 57 em apart. Not indicated in our sides by broad, irregular dugouts, filled with midden. Al­ plan drawing (for risk of confusion) is the fact that there though these dugouts appear to be trench-like in plan are actually two superimposed sets of entrance trenches view, these are in no sense conventional wall trenches. I pertaining to two successive buildings of Structure 1 in interpret this as a connected series of crude extraction the same place. pits, dug around the bases of standing posts for the pur­ Our work in the northeast corner of Structure 1 (Fig­ pose of pulling them. ure 10) revealed two superimposed floor levels. The first The floor ofStructure 2 was initially paved with a thick version, which we will call Structure la, did not burn, but layer of clay, laid down when wet. At least in some areas was dismantled after a period of use. Afterward a clean near the wall, this clay floor was fired in place, probably layer offill 15 to 20 em thick was laid down over the floor, when an early version of the building burned. Subse­ and the second version, Structure Ib, was built in place. quently the baked areas became much broken up and dis­ At some point this second version burned fiercely, result" torted, perhaps by foot traffic, such that remnants of the ing in thick piles of daub rubble and charred bits ofroof original clay floor were preserved only in spots. Where beams strewn across the floor area. The fire was suffi- VernonJames Knight Discovery and Ecavation of the Moundville Earth Lodge 25

the wall posts of Structure Ib were frequently encoun­ tered in the post holes. As Structure Ib burned, the wall fell inward on both the northern and eastern sides, leav­ ing a continuous ridge ofdaub rubblejust interior to the wall line. In addition to the main wall line, there was a second row ofsmall indentationsjustexterior to it, setinto the base of the clay berm. These indentations-one can hardly call them post holes-were so shallow and so ephemeral that at first we did not believe they could be structural mem­ bers. In Figure 8, they are shown as small open circles ad­ jacent to the main north and east wall lines. On inspect­ ing these indentations, my colleague Richard Krause, who has first-hand knowledge ofearth lodge excavations in the Plains, recognized these as "leaner posts," homolo-

Figure 11. North wall line, Structure 1. The main row of post holes is shown, with shallow dugouts surround ing the posts. A separate line of shallow post holes or indentations for leaner posts appears just to the left of the main wall line. ciently intense to produce silica froth, a gray vesicular glass formed by the melting and fusion ofsilica phytoliths in grass and cane structural elements (Sherard 2001). The main wall line thus incorporates post holes per­ taining to both buildings (Figure 11). When Structure la was dismantled, a certain amount of digging was done around the bases of the posts to dislodge them, resulting in midden-filled dugout areas similar to those of Struc­ ture 2, but not quite so extensive. The post holes, spaced about 50 cm apart center to center, averaged 28 cm in di­ ameter and 74 cm deep. They were not vertical, but rath­ Figure 12. Bisected post pit for Structure la roof sup er sloped inward from bottom to top toward the center of port (Feature 49b), view to the east. The post insertio~ the building at a very slight angle ofabout 9 degrees from and extraction ramp occupies the foreground. At the plumb, reminiscent of the sloping wall posts of the earth base was a circular indentation 65 cm in diameter, lodge found beneath the main mound at Town Creek, marking the size of the post. Charred remnants of wood North Carolina (Coe 1995:65-72). This was undoubtedly found at the base of this feature show that the post was a weight-bearing wall that supported a horizontal plate. pine, as was the adjacent roof support for Charred bits of pine wood (Tickner, this volume) from Structure 1b. 26 BULLETIN 27 November 30,2009 gous with the outermost wall posts of Plains earth lodges unusual inclusions of tiny, round pellets ofcopper, which against which the sad is embanked. must have had a symbolic significance. The roof support Daub recovered from the collapsed northern and east­ for the corresponding rebuilt version (Feature 36, Struc­ ern wall lines revealed a very different patterning than ture Ib) was smaller, 51 em in diameter, with its own in­ that seen in Structure 2 (Sherard, this volume). The sertion pit. It was placed about 1 meter interior to its pre­ hand-smoothed exterior surfaces here differed from the decessor. As a result of the burning of the replacement gritty-textured surfaces ofthe adjacentstructure. More in­ structure, the butt of the smaller roof support post (also teresting from an architectural standpointwas that whole yellow pine) was partially preserved in place. cane rather than split cane formed the horizontal lath­ ing of this wall. Apparently bundles of two to three whole canes were tied at close intervals to the main wall posts, and heavily grass-tempered daub was built up around this framework to form the wall. The daub-plastered interior east wall was painted in red and white, using pigmented clay slips. We cannot know what the overall painted pat­ tern was like, except to say that red and white painted ar­ eas were relatively large. Fragments of daub showing the conjunction ofboth colors also occurred. Daub rubble was also found well to the interior of the collapsed walls, evidently having fallen from the under­ side of the roof. This daub, in contrast to the wall daub, tended to show the impressions ofsplit cane lathing, pre­ sumably bound to the interior roof to provide a fireproof coating of hand-smoothed clay plaster. The roof was held up by interior support posts (Fea­ tures 36 and 49b in Figure 8), almost certainly four in number, each situated near a building corner. These were large. Shown in Figure 12 is one ofthe primary roof sup­ ports for the initial version ofStructure 1. This post hole, Feature 49b, lies at the base ofa broad insertion pitwhich was later re-excavated as an extraction pit, a distinction Figure 13. Gradiometer image of the unexcavated that is clear in profile view. The post pit is somewhat more portion of the Structure 1 area, with excavation plan than two meters deep, and it bears a compact impression superimposed. Tick marks are at 5 m intervals. The sur­ at the base which gives us the diameter of the post itself: rounding clay berm has a negative magnetic signature 65 em. This tree-sized post, I suggest, is a case of over-en­ and shows as a light-colored square, interrupted by a gineering, meant to impress. The species is identified as probable second entranceway to the west. Piles of fired yellow pine (Tickner, this volume) from remnant charred daub lying on the interior floor have a positive magnetic fragments present at the base. An intriguing architectur­ signature and show as black. A contrasting black and al fact is that this post, like the main wall posts, leaned in­ white "dipole" near the center marks the probable loca­ ward toward the center ofthe building at an angle offour tion of the hearth. Image courtesy of Jay Johnson and degrees from plumb. The fill of the post pit contained Bryan Haley, University of Mississippi.

Table 1. Radiocarbon dates from the Mound V excavations.

Sample No. Sample Description Radiocarbon 13Cj12C Conventional 2 Sigma Age Ratio % Radiocarbon Age Calibration

Beta-161959 Feature 8. Pocket ofwood chamal 620 ± 60 BP -26.7 590 ± 60 BP AD 1290 - 1430 within fill of east berm. Structure 1. Beta-161960 Feature 14. Charred wood from 570 ± 60 BP -24.8 570 ± 60 BP AD 1290- 1440 corner post of Structure 2. Beta-161961 Charred wood from roof beam, 250 ± 60 BP -25.7 240 ± 60 BP AD 1500 - 1690 Structure Ib, Unit 79R125. Beta-161962 Feature 33. Charred wood from 550 ± 60 BP -25.7 540 ± 50 BP AD 1300 - 1440 roof support post, Structure lb. VernonJames Knight Discovery and Ecavation of the Moundville Earth Lodge 27

Our excavations were insufficiently broad to deter­ CHRONOLOGY, ARCHITECTURAL STYLE, mine the size of Structure 1. In consequence, we used AND FUNCTION a 1" split core auger to locate the crest of the exterior The stratigraphy of the area shows that following the berm to the west and south. Better still, we were favored fire that destroyed Structure Ib, humic, midden-like fill by a visit fromJ~'YJohnson and Bryan Haley of'the Center was added to the Structure 1 area to even out the piles for Archaeology at the University of Mississippi, who ap­ of fired daub and the surrounding berm. This was fol­ plied four different remote sensing technologies along a lowed in succession by the addition of a layer of clean grid in the unexcavated area: ground-penetrating radar, yellow clay, perhaps over the whole locality, although due soil resistivity, magnetometry, and gradiometry. Because to modern truncation it was apparent only to the east of of the strong magnetic signature produced by daub, they the berm. This activity produced a locally mounded area obtained their best results using a fluxgate gradiometer on the Mound V summit, a rise noticed by C. B. Moore (a Geoscan FM 36). The gradiometer image (Figure 13), and shown on an unpublished topographic map made in with our excavation plan superimposed, reveals a great the 1930s. Following that, there was yet another midden­ deal. The piles of fired daub on the floor of the build­ producing episode superimposed on the mounded area, ing show as an area of mostly positive magnetic readings about which we know little except for limited evidence of which appear as dark patches, mixed with some negative a final structure indicated by yellow clay-filled post holes readings which show as lighter patches. As in the exca­ on top of the mounded surface. vated area, we can see that concentrations ofdaub rubble All ofthis activity, startto finish, was late in the Mound­ occur both along the wall line and also to the interior, ville sequence. Three calibrated radiocarbon dates on where the daub must represent roof fall. The wall daub charred wood obtained from a post hole in Structure appears to be heaviest along the northern margin of the Ib, a mass of charcoal in the east berm, and a post hole building. The central hearth is indicated by a "dipole," a in Structure 2 are in close agreement in suggesting con­ spot near the middle ofthe structure where stark positive struction early in the 1400s (Table 1). Although the pot­ and stark negative magnetic readings are juxtaposed­ tery has been analyzed, the data remain unreported to rendered as white against black. The top ofthe clay berm date. The diagnostics indicate use during the Moundville shows up clearly as a square outline with a relatively nega­ III phase, consistent with the radiocarbon dates. The pot­ tive magnetic signature, light in tone, confirming that tery in the upper fills overlying the burned remains in­ it is made of homogeneous material with low magnetic cludes sherds of the type Alabama River Applique and susceptibility. One of the nicest features of this image is certain other Protohistoric diagnostics, suggesting a final that it shows a break in the western berm corresponding abandonment of the locality around AD 1500. to the one excavated in the eastern berm-almost cer­ The architectural style of these remains is South Ap­ tainly a second tunnel entranceway on the west side. It is palachian Mississippian and was heretofore unknown at noteworthy that both entranceways are off-center. With Moundville. No earth lodges have been previously report­ this image we can verify that the building is square, and ed for the state ofAlabama, although several are known that the floor as marked by the main wall lines is approxi­ from neighboring Georgia, eastern Tennessee, and west­ mately 11.1 m in diameter, giving a floor area of about ern North Carolina. The significance of this fact is not 123 square meters. This is large for an earth-embanked obvious, but the sudden appearance of foreign architec­ building in the Southeast, the only comparably big ex­ ture at a time when Moundville was a vacant ceremonial ample being the earth lodge at the Macon Plateau site in center and a regional necropolis adds a curious detail to central Georgia (Fairbanks 1946). the circumstances of Moundville's decline and eventual As for interior features we have only a few indications collapse (Knight and Steponaitis 1998:21-24). Regard­ in the small excavated area. Two oval pits originating at ing the function of the Moundville structures reported the level of the second structure floor resembled buri­ here, we know that they were ceremonially important, al pits but contained no human bone. One of these did from their location, from details of their construction, yield unusual artifacts-a triangular arrow point ofclear and from evidence of commemorative ritual activity fol­ crystal quartz and a large, white-painted clay bead. Both lowing their deliberate dismantling and destruction. Re­ pits were open at the time of the burning, and the larger garding more specific questions, a key one beingwhether of the two pits contained water-sorted sand and silt be­ or not Structure 1 served as a council house, I will have low the burned debris that could only have accumulated to reserve judgment pending a full analysis of the associ­ from a breach in the roof. Based on these circumstances ated artifacts and comparison with elite assemblages else­ and the lack of any artifacts on the floor, it is my impres­ where at the site. sion that the burning ofStructure Ib was deliberate, and that skeletal remains may have been exhumed from their sub-floor burial pitsjust prior to the burning. 28 BULLETIN 27 November 30, 2009

APPENDIX: THOSE WHO DID THE WORK

VA Department of Anthropology Field School, Fall Se­ Week 3: Elliott Alford, Barbara Beaman, Michael Brick­ mester 1999 nell, Stephen Bricknell, Cabot Brown, Rush Bruson,Julie Undergraduates: Jessica Baggett, Melissa Baggett, Char­ Cole, Michael Finnell, Amanda Harbin, Kamrehn Har­ lotte Bohrer, Howard Davidson, Brian Hand, Lori Harris, vey, Mary Harvey, Whitney Harvey, KathyJoseph, Charles Kareen Hawsey, Amanda Ingram, ShannonJames,Jenni­ Munoz,Jesse Munoz, Bryan Poe, Billy Shaw, Marcia Veal. fer Keeling, Shannon Koerner, Melina McConatha, Ann Pearson, Brannon Queen,John Simmer, David Wendlek, Week 4: Katie Anderson, Joe Anderson, John Ander­ Kelly Whatley, Katherine Williams. son, Maiben Beard, David Blum, Belinda Brown, Callan Graduate Assistant: Katherine McGhee-Snow DeRamus,Matt Durham, Suzanne Flynn, Kathleen Hilt, Angela Mayfield, Will Morrison, Neil Pinkerton, Malinda VA Department of Anthropology Field School, Fan Powers, Craig Reinhart, Anna Rich, Emily Taff, Lila Taff, Semester 2000 Philip Taff, Joe Thompson, John Thornhill, Vera Welsh, Undergraduates: Tracy Allen, Jeffrey Brown, Leigh El­ Daniel Wise. gin, Elizabeth Forward, Sharon Freeman, Becky Pitts,Jeff Sherard, Stephnie Weinstein,Josh Willingham. Staff: Brian Rushing, Bob Pasquill, Rosa Newman, John Graduate Assistant: Tom Lewis Hall, Collins Davis, Anne Halli, Monica Newman,Jordan Sandlin, Walter Gowan, Jeff Sherard, Philip Donley, Bri­ Alabama Museum of Natural History Expedition 23, an Montabana,Julie Markin June 2001 Week 1: Emily Bailey, Davis Burleson, Jennifer Cobb, VA Department of Anthropology Field School, Fan Se­ James Dwyer, Charles Ebert, Wyline Ebert,James Elliott, mester 2001 Patricia Elliott, Chris Hamilton, Amber Harrison, April Undergraduates: Charles Burns, Dereik Edwards, Patrick Kirk, Michael Picone, Benjamin Picone, Locke Provost, Mann, Robin Newborn, Michael Stevens Reba Redd. Graduate Assistant: Jennifer Myer

Week 2: Barbara Beaman, Andrew Bernard, Erin Camp, UA Department of Anthropology Field School, Fall Se­ Joyce Crenshaw, Jan Delgehausen, L.E. Delgehausen, Av­ mester 2002 ery Driggers, Lona Hawkins, Jamie Hill, Douglas Jones, Undergraduates:Jamie Boyd, Emily Brewer, Daniel Bridg­ RalphJones, Susie 1. Lanier, Kristen Lomax, Richard Lo­ es, Michael BUjalski, Elizabeth Collier, Michael Dockens, max, Beth Newman, Glen Newman, Locke Provost,June Jennifer Elliott, Alex Medicus, Susan Olin, Natalie Porter, Ritchey, Krista Truscott, Lauren Woernle, Darrell Wood­ Paula Simmons,Jeffrey Whatley. all. Graduate Assistants: Steve Barry,Jennifer Myer.

REFERENCES CITED

Coe,Joffre L. 1995. Town Creek Indian Mound: A Native American Sherard, Jeffrey L. 2001. Burning Down the House: The Legacy. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. Interpretation of Slag-Like Material Remains Recovered Fairbanks, Charles H. 1946. The Macon Earth Lodge. American from an Earth Lodge Structure Located on Mound V at Antiquity 12:94-108. the Moundville Site. Paper presented at the 58th annual Knight, Vernon j., Jr., and Vincas P. Steponaitis. 1998. A New meeting of the Southeastern Archaeological Conference. History of Moundville. In: Archaeology of the Moundville Chattanooga, Tennessee Chiefdom, edited by V. j. Knight, Jr., and V. P. Steponaitis, pp. 1-25. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.