EARLY MODERN CULTURAL STUDIES Ivo J(amps) Series Editor PUBLISHED BY P ALGRAVE MACMILLAN ENGLAND'S INTERNAL COLONIES CLASS, CAPITAL, AND THE Idols of the Marketplace: Idolatry and Commodity Fetishism in English Literature) 1580-1680 LITERATURE OF EARLY MODERN by David Hawkes ENGLISH COLONIALISM Shakespeare among the Animals: Nature and Society in the Drama of Early Modern England by Bruce Boehrer Mark Netzloff Maps and Memory in Early Modern England: A Sense of Place by Rhonda Lemke Sanford Debating Gender in Early Modern England) 1500-1700 edited by Cristina Malcolmson and Mihoko Suzuki Manhood and the Duel: Masculinity in Early Modern Drama and Culture by Jennifer A. Low Burning Women: Widows) Witches) and Early Modern European Travelers in India by Pompa Banerjee England)s Internal Colonies: Class) Capital) and the Literature of Early Modern English Colonialism by Mark Netzloff Turning Turk: English Theater and the Multicultural Mediterranean by Daniel Vitkus Money and the Age of Shakespeare: Essays in New Economic Criticism edited by Linda Woodbridge ENGLAND'S INTERNAL COLONIES © Mark Netzloff, 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. CONTENTS * First published 2003 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™ 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin's Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd . Illustrations Vll Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom Acknowledgments ix and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Series Editor)s Foreword Union and other countries. Xl ISBN 1-4039-6183-2 hardback Introduction Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Netzloff, Mark. Internal Colonialism in Early Modern England 1 England's internal colonies: class, capital, and the literature of early modern English colonialism/by Mark Netzloff. 1 "The Universal Market of the World": p. cm.-(Early modern cultural studies) Includes bibliographical references and index. Capital Formation and The Merchant of Venice 17 ISBN 1-4039-6183-2 The "English" Pound 17 1. English literature Early modern, 1500-1700-History and The Lead Casket 20 criticism. 2. Imperialism in literature. 3. Capitalism and literature­ England-History-16th century. 4. Capitalism and literature-England­ The Royal Exchange 36 History-17th century. 5. England-Social conditions-17th century. 6. England-Social conditions-16th Century. 7. Social classes in 2 A Nation of Pirates: Piracy, Conversion, literature. 8. Working class in literature. 9. Colonies in and Nation Space 51 literature. I. Title. II. Series. Land-Rats and Water-Rats 51 PR428.154N45 2003 Piracy and Status: Heywood's Fortune by Land and Sea 57 358820.9' -dc21 2003051799 Irregular Travelers: Apostasy Sermons and Nation Space 73 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. 3 Venting Trinculos: The Tempest and Discourses Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. of Colonial Labor 91 First edition: December, 2003 Labor and Colonial Promotional Texts, 1580-1607 91 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Colonial Labor/Colonial Liberty: The Virginia Printed in the United States of America. Company, 1606-25 llO William Strachey's True Report and the Bermuda Mutinies 127 4 "Counterfeit Egyptians" and Imagined Borders: Jonson's The Gypsies Metamorphosed and the Union of the Realms 135 Counterfeit Egyptians 135 The Anglo-Scottish Borders and the Union of the Realms 137 vi CONTENTS Gypsies and Masterless Men 146 ILLUSTRATIONS A Counterfeit Empire 165 5 Forgetting the Ulster Plantation: John Speed's The Theatre of the Empire of Great Britain ( 1611) and the Colonial Archive 171 "More ado with Ireland": The State ~f 1.1 "Hard food for Midas," from Theodor de Bry, Americae Paper Office 171 .i t pars quarta (1594). Reproduced by permission of the John Speed's Map of Ulster, 1610 174 )'i \ Surveying Capital: Richard Norwood and Josias Bodley 192 Hi Folger Shakespeare Library 31 197 Counter-Memory in the Archive t'• ' 2.1 A taxonomy of travelers, including "Irregular travelers," Conclusion from Thomas Palmer, An essay of the Meanes how to make The Unmaking of the English Working Class 201 m. our Trauailes into forraine Countries) the more profitable and honourable ( 1606). Reproduced by permission of the Notes 211 Folger Shakespeare Library 75 j 'i I!r !; Index 271 : n 5.1 Jodocus Hondius, James I's imperial coat of arms, from John Speed, The Theatre of the Empire of Great Britain (1611). Reproduced by permission of the American Geographical Society Library, University of Wisconsin- Milwaukee 176 5.2 John Speed, "The Province Ulster described," from The Theatre of the Empire of Great Britain ( 1611). Reproduced by permission of the American Geographical Society Library, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee 180 5.3 Enniskillen Fort, detail from Speed's map of Ulster, The Theatre of the Empire of Great Britain (1611). Reproduced by permission of the American Geographical Society Library, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee 182 5.4 John Thomas, sketch of siege ofEnniskillen Fort (1594). Reproduced by permission of the British Library 183 5.5 John Speed, "A Mapp of the Sommer Ilands" (Bermuda), from A Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World (1627); based on survey and map by Richard Norwood. Reproduced by permission of the American Geographical Society Library, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee 194 xii SERIES EDITOR'S FORWARD Cornwall, Indians in Wales, Indians in Ireland." Rather than draw these poorer inhabitants of various nationalities into a wholesome British whole ( as does, e.g., the beehive metaphor of the Archbishop in Henry V), the pamphleteer associates them with the supposedly inferior racial others of distant lands. The aim appears to be to fuse INTRODUCTION class prejudice with racial prejudice, possibly in an attempt to transfer the "naturalness" of the other's racial inferiority to the economic ~ conditions of the poor. England)s Internal Colonies scrutinizes the economic and social conditions that underpin this type of analogy. It draws on the work of such familiar names as William Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, Thomas Heywood, John Donne, Francis Bacon, John Speed, William INTERNAL COLONIALISM IN EARLY Camden, and Thomas Dekker, but also on an extensive body of texts that deal with issues of piracy, vagrancy, the expulsion of the poor MODERN ENGLAND to the colonies, the status of gypsies, and the colonial settlement of regions within the British Isles and Ireland. To supplement his read­ ings of literary representations, Netzloff also inspects early modern material practices, and explores the role of various economic, legal, and social institutions such as the Royal Exchange, labor and poor relief statutes, and the State Paper Office. What Netzloff's impressive We have Indians at home-Indians in Cornwall, Indians in study amounts to is nothing less than a new kind of "history from Wales, Indians in Ireland below" rising from the underclasses and subcultures of early modern "Britain." The Hireling Ministry None of Christs (1652) 1 Ivo Kamps Series Editor But you may save your labour ifyou please, To write to me ought ofyour Savages As savage slaves be in great Britaine here, As any one that you can shew me there. Michael Drayton, "To Master George Sandys, Treasurer for the English Colonie in Virginia" (1622)2 As hauyng, emungst sauuages, f chardege of wylde menn of myne owene nacione, Whose vnrulynes ys suche as not to gyue leasure to f goouernour to bee all most at eny tyme from them. Ralph Lane to Sir Philip Sidney, from Roanoke, August 12, 15853 England)s Internal Colonies addresses the mutual constitutiveness of internal colonialism in early modern England and early English over­ seas colonial ventures, exploring the ways that colonialist relations within England, Scotland, and Ireland provided interpretive and institutional models for colonial expansion abroad. My discussion ( I' INTERNAL COLONIALISM IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND 3 2 ENGLAND'S INTERNAL COLONIES situates both internal and overseas colonialism within a history of well to the peripheral cultures of Britain and Ireland, nomadic and proto-capitalist development, a process that affected not only the kinship-based cultures inhabiting regions such as the Anglo-Scottish position of England's growing underclass but also the status of the Borders, the Scottish Hebridean Islands, and Ulster, the northern peripheral cultures of Britain and Ireland. Emphasizing the domestic province of Ireland. The first epigraph prefacing this section comes influences on early modern colonialism, I explore how English social from a statement made by a mid-seventeenth-century Protestant mis­ institutions and conflicts-especially contentious relations of class and sionary and pamphleteer. Frustrated by his inability to proselytize the labor- shaped colonial projects and settlements. In addition, I trace "natives" of Wales, the writer calls upon authorities to reform those the impact of colonialism on English national culture, analyzing subjects populating the margins of the nation, a project that he deems expressions of English nationhood as responses to the centripetal of greater necessity than the conversion of Amerindians in the threats to community