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1 About Us Foe Is an Incorporated Associated of Volunteers, with Members from the East Gippsland Region of Victoria and the Monaro Region of New South Wales

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1 About Us Foe Is an Incorporated Associated of Volunteers, with Members from the East Gippsland Region of Victoria and the Monaro Region of New South Wales Friends of the Errinundra submission to the Senate Environment and Communications References Committee inquiry into Australia's Faunal extinction crisis including the wider ecological impact of faunal extinction, the adequacy of Commonwealth environment laws, the adequacy of existing monitoring practices, assessment process and compliance mechanisms for enforcing Commonwealth environmental law, and a range of other matters. Friends of the Errinundra (FoE) welcomes the committee’s inquiry into Australia’s faunal extinction crisis. We have prepared this submission to highlight the role that national parks and conservation zones play in the protection of native wildlife and suggest ways that this can be enhanced. Our submission focuses on the following terms of reference in relation to our local national parks: d) the adequacy of Commonwealth environment laws, including but not limited to the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, in providing sufficient protections for threatened fauna and against key threatening processes e) the adequacy and effectiveness of protections for critical habitat for threatened fauna under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 f) the adequacy of the management and extent of the National Reserve System, stewardship arrangements, covenants and connectivity through wildlife corridors in conserving threatened fauna j) the adequacy of existing funding streams for implementing threatened species recovery plans and preventing threatened fauna loss in general. 1 About us FoE is an incorporated associated of volunteers, with members from the East Gippsland region of Victoria and the Monaro region of New South Wales. Our purpose is to: provide support for and foster public awareness of the Errinundra National Park and adjacent parks and reserves assist with special projects selected by FoE in consultation with the appropriate authorities bring into contact people with an interest in the Errinundra National Park and adjacent parks and reserves support the effective management of native flora and fauna in the Errinundra National Park and adjacent parks and reserves. Our focus includes the Snowy River National Park, which is part of the cross-border Alpine National Park. Friends of the Errinundra submission on Australia’s faunal extinction crisis 1 The Errinundra and the Snowy are home to the headwaters of several rivers that support not only native species but many thriving human communities across East Gippsland. They also importantly safeguard many diverse and rare ecosystems and species, including some that are endangered. 2 Threats The main threats to ecosystems and native flora and fauna in our areas of focus are climate variability and climate change, habitat fragmentation, fire, logging and pest animals. Protection in parks does not adequately defend against any of these, because the range of many species is not confined by park boundaries and activities adjacent to parks can have impacts on park inhabitants. Climate variability and change Short-term climate variability (such as drought) and long-term climate change (such as rising temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns) may have severe impacts on native fauna. Examples have been documented around Australia, although no research specific to the Errinundra is available to us. The effects of climate change are compounded by, and contribute to, the effects of the other threats described below. Habitat fragmentation Habitat fragmentation occurs on a large scale through activities such as logging, agriculture and residential development. Connectivity for park populations is severed through these activities even though they occur outside the park. Even inside the park, the legacy of these practices before the creation of the park may still be causing fragmentation of some populations. For instance, in the case of logging, although the forest may have grown back it takes many years for hollows to form, so fauna dependent on them are lost from parts of the landscape. The masked owl and the greater glider are examples of federally listed fauna that are found in our parks and are affected by this threat. Fragmentation of landscapes is already impacting upon the ability to thrive of native species. Scientists have also established that ability of native wildlife to adapt to climate change will depend upon their ability to move through the landscape and relocate. Fragmentation also has significant effects on a smaller scale, through activities such as roadside clearing. For example, the removal of hollow-bearing trees is recognised at state and national levels as a species-threatening process. Nonetheless, in our area, we have observed such trees being felled on public land in relatively remote locations, on Friends of the Errinundra submission on Australia’s faunal extinction crisis 2 the grounds that they represent a safety hazard (often in the context of fuel reduction burning). Fire Severe wildfire events are a constant risk to East Gippsland, particularly in the forested, mountainous regions around the Errinundra and Snowy River national parks. The most recent major event was in February–March 2014, when close to 170,000 hectares were burned, including a substantial portion of the Snowy River National Park. Deliberate use of fire for fuel reduction is a land management strategy adopted by landholders in our area and, significantly, VicForests and the Victorian Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning. We have observed that both wild fire and fuel reduction burning can harm flora and fauna communities, and are aware of research indicating that fire transforms habitats and increases the risk of wildfire in the longer term.1 There are serious concerns about the lack of ecological surveys conducted prior to planned burns and we note that, without pre-burn data, it is impossible to estimate their impact on fauna.2 The Victorian Department of Environment, Land Water and Planning is inconsistent in conducting such surveys, and the task of identifying species which may be harmed by fuel reduction burns and following them up afterwards to assess the impact has fallen to citizen scientists.3 1 Ecological Society of Australia (2018), A burning issue: Forest fires make more fires, https://www.ecolsoc.org.au/burning-issue-forest-fires-make-more-fires 2 Victoria Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP) (2016), Reducing the effect of planned burns on hollow-bearing trees, https://www.ffm.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/21120/Report-95-Reducing-the- effect-of-planned-burns-on-hollow-bearing-trees-2016.pdf DELWP (2015), Effects of fire regimes on terrestrial biodiversity in Gippsland, Victoria: a retrospective approach https://www.ari.vic.gov.au/research/fire/fire-ecology-retrospective-study-looking-back-to- learn-for-the-future National Academy of Sciences (United States) (2015), PNAS, ‘Ongoing unraveling of a continental fauna: Decline and extinction of Australian mammals since European settlement’ http://www.pnas.org/content/112/15/4531f 3 For example, see Gippsland Times (2017), ‘Wildlife killed by department burn in fauna reserve’, http://www.gippslandtimes.com.au/story/4794112/wildlife-killed-by-burn-in-fauna- reserve/ Friends of the Errinundra submission on Australia’s faunal extinction crisis 3 The CSIRO has predicted more intense and more frequent wildfires in southern Australia under global climate change scenarios.4 Frequent fire has the ability to drive species further into decline directly—by causing mass death, habitat and food destruction, and increased vulnerability to predation by foxes and cats—and indirectly, by preventing species from recolonising. Inappropriate fire regimes can also alter a forest’s make up, changing damp and wet forests that are naturally fire resistant into drier, more fire- tolerant forest types. Logging Logging, which involves removal of most forest vegetation as well as massive soil disturbance, is well understood to threaten forest-reliant species. Although national parks exclude logging and related activities, logging in the proximity of parks can impact habitats and species within them, through: altering environmental factors, such as wind exposure and water quality introducing exotic weeds and pests destroying native animals whose range extends beyond the boundaries of the park. Errinundra National Park has a convoluted boundary that often cuts across streams and other ecosystems. Logging and other forestry activities occur right up to the boundary of the park.5 Recent logging activities by VicForests, where known greater glider habitat was cleared, illustrate this concern and show the need for greater protection of species adjacent to protected areas.6 They also exemplify how arms of government can work against each other’s stated objectives when environment protection is in competition with resource exploitation. Pest animals Introduced animals such as horses, deer, goats, pigs, rabbits, dogs, cats and foxes pose a threat to the native fauna in our parks, through predation, competition for food resources and destruction of habitat. Over time, these species have grown in number and their range has increased, partly through the effects of land clearing and fire, to the extent that we cannot assume that native animals are safe within the park boundaries. 4 CSIRO (2005), Climate change impacts on fire-weather in south-east Australia, http://www.cmar.csiro.au/e-print/open/hennessykj_2005b.pdf 5 Vic Forests (2017), Approved Timber
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