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2 THE BURIAL PRACTICES OF THE GRAVETTIAN AND THE EPI-GRAVETTIAN PERIODS IN ITALY, CZECH REPUBLIC, AND RUSSIA TATA CARA PENGUBURAN ZAMAN GRAVETTIAN DAN EPI-GRAVETTIAN DI ITALIA, REPUBLIK CEKO, DAN RUSIA Johan Arif Applied Geology Group (KKGT) Faculty of Earth Science & Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology (FITB-ITB) [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper describes the burial practice in the Gravettian (early Upper Paleolithic) and the Epi-Gravettian periods (late Upper Paleolithic) in Italy, and the Gravettian period (early Upper Paleolithic) in Czech and Russia. In Italy, the Gravettian and the Epi-Gravettian burial sites were mostly situated in caves because geologically Italy has extensive karstic systems throughout Alpine mountains. Meanwhile, the Gravettian single and multiple burial sites in Czech and Russia were found in an alluvial plain. The single burials are more numerous in the Epi-Gravettian than the Gravettian periods in Italy. Furthermore, Italy has the largest number of the Gravettian single and multiple burials compared to Czech and Russia. If the compass direction and the corpse placement (prosthesis) in the ground and the position of the head are considered, it apparently links to their origin. The ancestors of the Gravettian peoples in Italy, Czech, and Russia are supposed to have originated from the East or Southeast. The disparity of cultural behavior between the Gravettian and the Epi-Gravettian periods in Italy can be deduced by the number of single burial and the environmental condition where the Gravettian period developed during the last glacial maximum (LGM), while the Epi-Gravettian happened in warmer condition. Keywords: burial practice, Gravettian and Epi-Gravettian, Italy, Czech Republic, Russia ABSTRAK Pada artikel ini dibahas tata cara penguburan pada zaman Gravettian (awal paleolitik atas) dan zaman Epi-Gravettian (akhir paleolitik atas) di Italia, dan zaman Gravettian (awal paleolitik atas) di Republik Ceko dan Rusia. Di Italia, situs penguburan di zaman Gravettian dan Epi-Gravettian umumnya terdapat di dalam gua karena situs-situs tersebut berada di wilayah sistem karst. Situs-situs penguburan di Republik Ceko dan Rusia pada umumnya terletak di dataran alluvial. Di Italia, situs penguburan tunggal lebih banyak pada zaman Epi-Gravettian dibandingkan dengan pada zaman Gravettian, dan Italia memiliki jumlah situs penguburan tunggal dan ganda terbanyak pada zaman Gravettian dibandingkan dengan di Republik Ceko dan di Rusia. Melihat kepada arah kompas penempatan jenazah, posisi hadap dan posisi letak kepala jenazah, diduga hal ini berkaitan dengan asal-mula leluhur atau nenek moyang manusia-manusia Gravettian di Italia, Republik Ceko dan Rusia yang diduga datang dari arah Timur atau Tenggara. Di Italia, perbedaan fenomena budaya antara zaman Gravettian dan Epi-Gravettian mungkin dapat dikenal dengan melihat jumlah situs penguburan tunggal dan kepada fenomena lingkungan tempat budaya Gravettian berlangsung selama zaman es terakhir, sedangkan budaya Epi-Gravettian berkembang dalam lingkungan yang lebih hangat. Kata Kunci: tata cara penguburan, Gravettian dan Epi-Gravettian, Italia, Republik Ceko, Rusia THE BURIAL PRACTICES OF THE GRAVETTIAN AND... Johan Arif 3 INTRODUCTION sapiens into several cultures (see Fig 1), as The Upper Paleolithic (UP) burial practices in follows: Aurignacian (34,000-27,000 years ago), Europe have excited the imagination of scientists Gravettian (27,000-21,000 years ago), Solutrean due to the uniqueness of their practices. The (21,000-16,500 years ago), and Magdalenian Upper Paleolithic burials were deliberately done. (16,500-11,000 years ago) (Klein, 1989; Klein They were also accompanied by sophisticated & Edgar, 2002; Riel-Salvatore & Gravel-Miguel material and culturally important remains (Riel- ,2012; Svoboda, 2007). Salvatore & Gravel-Miguel, 2013). It apparently rose in Early and Late Upper Paleolithic (EUP & Burial Practice in The Gravettian and The LUP) represented by the Gravettian and the Epi- Epi-Gravettian Periods Gravettian periods, respectively. In the context of The Upper Paleolithic (UP) period in Europe is environmental conditions, the Gravettian period generally associated with the hunter-gatherers took place during the ice age between 25,000- Homo sapiens and their patterns of behavior 18,000 years ago, and the Epi-Gravettian period (Holt & Formicola, 2008). In this period, the during the time afterwards (Fig 1) (Wade ,2006; burial practices began to be performed, especially Klein, 1989; Riel-Salvatore & Gravel-Miguel, in the Gravettian (early UP) and Epi-Gravettian 2012; Holt & Formicola, 2008; Bertolini et.al, (late UP) periods (Klein, 1989; Riel-Salvatore & 2015. Gravel-Miguel, 2012). Burial practice is an important source of information of the structure of ancient societies and an indicator of a religious awareness (Lapteff ,2013; Giacobini, 2007). The elaborate burial practices in the Upper Paleolithic (UP) period might indicate a change in the cultural patterns of societies throughout Europe, especially in Western and Eastern Europe, compared to the previous era. The Gravettian and Epi-Gravettian peoples often buried their dead, in a single or multiple pits in the ground. The single burial contains one corpse, and the multiple burials contain number of corpses. Those pits can be in a closed site such as in limestone hills (caves and rock-shelters) or at an open site such as alluvial plains. In addition, they often put a variety of grave goods surrounding the dead such as beads, bone tools, stone tools and anthropomorphic or zoomorphic figurines (Fig 2), which were sprinkled with Figure 1 The Timeline Of The Upper Paleolithic Homo Sapiens In Europe And The Gravettian Relation With red-ochre by which it was more common in the The Ice Age (Last Glacial Maximum Lgm). The Epi- Gravettian than in the Epi-Gravettian periods Gravettian Consists Of Solutrean And Magdalenian (Riel-Salvatore & Gravel-Miguel, 2013; Soffer Cultures. et al, 2000). Red ochre is an iron oxide (hematite) that readily imparts its color to anything that Homo Sapiens in Europe and Their Cultures encounters it. Ethnographically, sources of Homo sapiens began to appear about 40,000 this coloring agent were used universally in years ago in Europe (DeCorse, 2000; Klein, the hunter-gatherer communities as having 1989). Furthermore, the archaeologist in Europe some kind of relationship with ritual behavior divided the Upper Paleolithic (UP) of Homo (Hayden, 2003). 4 Jurnal Sosioteknologi Volume 20, No. 1, April 2021 This paper will describe the burial practice in the early and late Upper Paleolithic (UP) periods in Italy, Czech, and Russia, which are represented by the Gravettian and the Epi- Gravettian periods by studying four issues : the location of burial site, the presence of single versus multiple burials, the compass position of the corpse in the ground, and the corpse placement (prosthesis) in the ground. Several locations of single and multiple burial pits in Western and Central Europe (Italy & Czech), and Eastern Europe (Russia) are studied (Table 1 - 4). All the data were taken from Riel-Salvatore & Gravel-Miguel (2013). Figure 2 The Early Upper Paleolithic (Gravettian) Anthropomorphic (Venus) Figurine from Russia (Dolni Vestonika I) and Austria (Willendorf) (Soffer Et Al., 2000) TABLE 1 SAMPLES FROM THE GRAVETTIAN SINGLE BURIAL No. Single Burial (Gravettian) Location Site 1. Barma Grande 5 Italy Cave 2. Cavillon 1 Italy Cave 3. Grotta delle Arene candite II principe Italy Cave 4. Grotta di Baousso da Certain Torre 1 Italy Cave 5. Grotta di Baousso da Certain Torre 2 Italy Cave 6. Grotta di Baousso da Certain Torre 3 Italy Cave 7. Grotta Paglicci 15 Italy Cave 8. Grotta Paglicci 25 Italy Cave 9. Grotte des Enfants 4 Italy Cave 10. Ostuni 1 Italy Cave 11. Ostuni 2 Italy Cave 12. Pavlov 1 Czech Open 13. Dolni Vestonica 3 Czech Open 14. Kostenki 14 Russia Open 15. Kostenki 18 Russia Open 16. Sungir 1 Russia Open THE BURIAL PRACTICES OF THE GRAVETTIAN AND... Johan Arif 5 TABLE 2 SAMPLES FROM THE GRAVETTIAN MULTIPLE BURIALS No. Multiple Burial (Gravettian) Location Site 1. Barma Grande 2 Italy Cave 2. Barma Grande 3 Italy Cave 3. Barma Grande 4 Italy Cave 4. Grotte des Enfants 5 Italy Cave 5. Grotte des Enfants 6 Italy Cave 6. Dolni Vestonica 13 Czech Open 7. Dolni Vestonica 14 Czech Open 8. Dolni Vestonica 15 Czech Open 9. Dolni Vestonica 16 Czech Open 10. Mal’ta 1 Russia Open 11. Mal’ta 2 Russia Open 12. Sungir 2 Russia Open 13. Sungir 3 Russia Open TABLE 3 SAMPLES FROM THE EPI-GRAVETTIAN SINGLE BURIAL No. Single Burial (Epi-Gravettian) Location Site 1. Grotta Continenza? uncertain Italy Rockshelter 2. Grotta Continenza 7 certain Italy Rockshelter 3. Grotta de Romita 3 Italy Cave 4. Grotta del Romita 4 Italy Cave 5. Grotta del Romita 7 Italy Cave 6. Grotta del Romita 8 Italy Cave 7. Grotta della Mura 1 Italy Cave 8. Grotta delle Arene candide 2 Italy Cave 9. Grotta delle Arene candide 8 Italy Cave 10. Grotta delle Arene candide 10 Italy Cave 11. Grotta delle Arene candide 11 Italy Cave 12. Grotta delle Arene candide 15 Italy Cave 13. Grotta di San Teodoro 1 Italy Cave 14. Grotta di San Teodoro 2 Italy Cave 15. Grotta di San Teodoro 4 Italy Cave 16. Grotta d’Oriente C Italy Cave 17. Grotta Maritza 1 Italy Cave 18. Grotta des Enfants 3 Italy Cave 19. Riparo Tagliente 1 Italy Rockshelter 20. Riparo Villabruna 1 Italy Rockshelter 21. Vado all’Arancio 1 Italy Cave 22. Vado all’Arancio 2 Italy Cave 6 Jurnal Sosioteknologi Volume 20, No. 1, April 2021 TABLE 4 SAMPLES FROM THE EPI-GRAVETTIAN MULTIPLE BURIALS No. Multiple Burial (Epi-Gravettian) Location Site 1. Grotta del Romita 1 Italy Rockshelter 2. Grotta del Romita 2 Italy Rockshelter 3. Grotta del Romita 5 Italy Rockshelter 4. Grotta del Romita 6 Italy Rockshelter 5. Grotta delle Arene candide 5A Italy Cave 6. Grotta delle Arene candide 5B Italy Cave 7. Grotta des Enfants 1 Italy Cave 8.
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  • Paleolithic 3 Million + 10,000 BCE

    Paleolithic 3 Million + 10,000 BCE

    The Rupture “This is where we should look for the earliest origins, long before the age of metals, because it was about 300,000 years ago that the “fire pit” was starting to be utilized with some stone, wood and bone.. Silo - 2004 Paleolithic 3 Million + 10,000 BCE The term Paleolithic refers to the « Old Stone Age » The Paleolithic period begins with the first evidence of human technology (stone tools) more than three million years ago, and ends with major changes in human societies instigated by the invention of agriculture and animal domestication. Paleolithic, Lower, Middle and Upper Lower Paleolithic 3 Million + - 300,000 BCE the Lower Paleolithic, from the earliest human presence (Homo antecessor and Homo heidelbergensis) to the Holstein interglacial, c. 1.4 to 0.3 million years ago. Middle Paleolithic 300,000 – 40,000 BCE the Middle Paleolithic, marked by the presence of Neanderthals, 300,000 to 40,000 years ago Upper Paleolithic 45,000 – 12,000 BCE the Upper Paleolithic, c. 45,000 to 12,000 years ago, marked by the arrival of anatomically modern humans and extending throughout the Last Glacial Maximum The Aurignacian Period – 40,000-28,000 BCE • The Aurignacian cultural tradition is generally accepted as the first modern humans in Europe. • During this period an explosion of sudden and innovative changes take place. People begin to use musical instruments which indicates possible ceremony, ritual and dance. Plus all forms of art appears at this time which signifies the full emergence of modern symbolic expression. • The most significant development in stone tool making is the refinement of the manufacture of blades struck off conical cores or nuculi.