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Larval Size-Distributions of Ariosoma Balearicum Cryptic Species During the March–April Season in the Sargasso Sea Subtropical Convergence Zone

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Larval Size-Distributions of Ariosoma Balearicum Cryptic Species During the March–April Season in the Sargasso Sea Subtropical Convergence Zone 1 Environmental Biology of Fishes Archimer October 2019, Volume 102, Issue 10, Pages 1231-1252 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-019-00900-8 https://archimer.ifremer.fr https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00509/62028/ Larval size-distributions of Ariosoma balearicum cryptic species during the March–April season in the Sargasso Sea Subtropical Convergence Zone Miller Michael J. 1, 2, * , Marohn Lasse 3, Wysujack Klaus 3, Bonhommeau Sylvain 4, Kuroki Mari 2, Freese Marko 3, Pohlmann Jan-Dag 3, Watanabe Shun 5, Blancke Tina 3, Weist Peggy 3, Castonguay Martin 6, Westerberg Håkan 7, Tsukamoto Katsumi 1, 2, Hanel Reinhold 3 1 Department of Marine Science and Resources, College of Bioresource SciencesNihon UniversityFujisawa, Japan 2 Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyo, Japan 3 Thünen Institute of Fisheries EcologyBremerhaven, Germany 4 IfremerLe Port Cedex, France 5 Department of Fisheries, Faculty of AgricultureKindai UniversityNara, Japan 6 Fisheries and Oceans CanadaInstitut Maurice-LamontagneMont-Joli, Canada 7 Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Freshwater ResearchSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesDrottningholm, Sweden * Corresponding author : Michael J. Miller, email address : [email protected] Abstract : Leptocephali of the shallow-water congrid eel Ariosoma balearicum are abundant during February–April in the Sargasso Sea, and larval and adult meristic data indicates this species includes several regional subpopulations/cryptic species. Four multiple-transect larval surveys (2011, 2014, 2015, 2017) were used to examine the geographic size distribution of two myomere-count types of A. balearicum leptocephali. High-count (HC) larvae were consistently mostly between 80 and 100 mm in size (60–132 mm; 87.9 ± 6.8 mm) as observed previously, and frequently had narrow size ranges. The usually larger LC larvae (78–176 mm; 111.4 ± 26.7 mm) were more abundant in western or central areas. HC larvae tended to decrease in size from west to east and increase from south to north. Catch rates were geographically variable relative to hydrographic structure/frontal positions across the wide 2015 sampling area. Mitochondrial 16 s rRNA sequences of HC and LC larvae show species-level differences, providing evidence of the existence of two cryptic species with different larval dispersal strategies in the Sargasso Sea subtropical gyre region. The HC larvae disperse widely into the gyre, seemingly through Gulf Stream recirculation or eastward frontal-jet flows, and apparently must use directional swimming to cross the Florida Current to recruit into the South Atlantic Bight. LC leptocephali may mostly be retained near the Bahamas, with few larvae dispersing into the gyre. This seems to indicate natural selection occurred for spawning location and larval behavior due to the powerful Florida Current/Gulf Stream, resulting in two completely different spawning and larval dispersal strategies within a local geographic region. Please note that this is an author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication following peer review. The definitive publisher-authenticated version is available on the publisher Web site. 2 Keywords : Ariosoma balearicum, Leptocephali, Larval dispersal, Sargasso Sea, Subtropical gyre, Cryptic species Please note that this is an author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication following peer review. The definitive publisher-authenticated version is available on the publisher Web site. Abstract Leptocephali of the shallow-water congrid eel Ariosoma balearicum are abundant during February-April in the Sargasso Sea, and larval and adult meristic data indicates this species includes several regional subpopulations/cryptic species. Four multiple-transect larval surveys (2011, 2014, 2015, 2017) were used to examine the geographic size distribution of two myomere-count types of A. balearicum leptocephali. High-count (HC) larvae were consistently mostly between 80–100 mm in size (60–132 mm; 87.9±6.8 mm) as observed previously, and frequently had narrow size ranges. The usually larger LC larvae (78– 176 mm; 111.4±26.7 mm) were more abundant in western or central areas. HC larvae tended to decrease in size from west to east and increase from south to north. Catch rates were geographically variable relative to hydrographic structure/frontal positions across the wide 2015 sampling area. Mitochondrial 16s rRNA sequences of HC and LC larvae show species-level differences, providing evidence of the existence of two cryptic species with different larval dispersal strategies in the Sargasso Sea subtropical gyre region. The HC larvae disperse widely into the gyre, seemingly through Gulf Stream recirculation or eastward frontal-jet flows, and apparently must use directional swimming to cross the Florida Current to recruit into the South Atlantic Bight. LC leptocephali may mostly be retained near the Bahamas, with few larvae dispersing into the gyre. This seems to indicate natural selection occurred for spawning location and larval behavior due to the powerful Florida Current/Gulf Stream, resulting in two completely different spawning and larval dispersal strategies within a local geographic region. Keywords: Ariosoma balearicum, Leptocephali, larval dispersal, Sargasso Sea, Subtropical gyre, Cryptic species Introduction The bandtooth conger eel, Ariosoma balearicum, is likely one of the most widely distributed and abundant congrid eels in the western North Atlantic (WNA). These small (< 340 mm) marine eels live from the northern coast of Brazil, through the Caribbean, Bahamas and Gulf of Mexico and up to the southern US East Coast and are usually found at depths of < 100 m (Smith 1989a). They also occur in the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean (Smith 1989a; Anibaldi et al. 2016). Its leptocephali have been collected in many areas, but they are especially common in the Sargasso Sea in the WNA where they are among the most abundant species of leptocephali (Smith 1989b; Miller and McCleave 1994, 2007; Miller 2002). Their larvae can also be abundant in the Florida Current area (southern part of the Gulf Stream) along the western margin of the Sargasso Sea, with some larvae possibly originating from other areas such as the Gulf of Mexico (Miller 1995; Ross et al. 2007) where they are abundant relative to other species (Smith 1989b, Crabtree et al. 1992; Quattrini et al. 2019). Smith (1989a,b) found that this species likely consists of several subpopulations throughout its range because counts of the number of vertebrae in adults and of myomeres (muscle segments) in larvae differed among areas. Additional analysis of more than 4500 A. balearicum larvae from the WNA from 17 research cruises supported his conclusions that there were both high myomere (HC; ≥ 128 myomeres) and low myomere (LC; ≤ 127 myomeres) count larvae that must be from different populations (Miller 2002). Smith (1989a) found HC eels along the South Atlantic Bight (SAB) of the southern US east coast using vertebral counts of some eels, whereas the LC eels were found in the Bahamas, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean, yet their larvae overlap in the Sargasso Sea. Collections of LC leptocephali in the Gulf of Mexico suggest spawning occurred over or near the continental slope (Quattrini et al. 2019), and HC and LC larvae have been collected within or along the western edge of the Florida Current along the SAB (Miller 1995, 2002; Ross et al. 2007). Another area where HC eels were detected was off the northeast coast of South America (Guiana, Brazil; Smith 1989a) and larvae in that area also had HC myomere counts (Miller 2002). A 7-cruise larval sampling campaign to study American eel, Anguilla rostrata, leptocephali during 5 different years in the Sargasso Sea between 1981 and 1989 (McCleave and Kleckner 1987; Kleckner and McCleave 1988; Miller and McCleave 1994) provided valuable data about A. balearicum leptocephali in various areas or times of year (Miller 2002; Miller and McCleave 2007). The sampling surveys in the spring season found that A. balearicum larvae were often the second or third most abundant species in the STCZ among all types of anguilliform leptocephali, with mesopelagic nemichthyid eel larvae being most abundant, and anguillid and serrivomerid larvae whose adults that also spawn offshore also being abundant (Miller and McCleave 1994). Mesopelagic eels and anguillid eels spawn offshore based on the presence of their small leptocephali (Miller and McCleave 1994), but no small A. balearicum 2 were collected offshore in the Sargasso Sea. Although, some small LC and HC larvae have been collected along the western side of the Florida Current (Ross et al. 2007), extensive ichthyoplankton surveys across the SAB or in specific areas there have reported no evidence of A. balearicum larvae from spawning in that region (e.g., Fahay 1975; Powles and Stender 1976; Powell and Robbins 1994, 1998; Marancik et al. 2005; Quattrini et al. 2005). In contrast, the larvae of the Ophichthidae are typically reported there as analyzed by Fahay and Obenchain (1978). However, large numbers of small LC larvae were collected within the Northwest Providence Channel of the Northern Bahamas, and examinations of A. balearicum larvae from other types of collections in the Gulf Stream region north of Bermuda revealed the presence of smaller HC larvae (Miller 2002). The data from the American eel surveys and Gulf Stream system indicated that metamorphosing larvae were mostly found within the Florida Current (Miller 1995, 2002). The distributions and sizes of the two types of leptocephali in the Sargasso Sea region led to the hypothesis that the HC eels migrate from the SAB to spawn somewhere along the eastern edge of the Florida Current (Miller 2002). Their larvae would then become widely distributed in the Sargasso Sea subtropical gyre before moving west and swimming across the Florida Current to reach the SAB. While this seems like an improbable life history, both the leptocephali of the American eel (Schoth and Tesch 1982; Kleckner and McCleave 1988; Miller et al. 2015) and the American conger, Conger oceanicus (McCleave and Miller 1994; Miller et al.
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