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Indian Culture & Heritage

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Indian Culture & Heritage 1 Chapter-1 Culture and Heritage: The Concept We all know that when we hear or say 'culture', we think of the food habits, life style, dress, tradition, customs, language, beliefs and sanskaras. Have you ever thought that human being has made an astonishing progress in various spheres of life whether it is language culture, art or architecture or religion. Have you ever wondered as to how it happened? Definitely, because we did not have to make a fresh start every time but we could go forward and reconstruct on achievements accomplished by our ancestors. All the aspects of life like language, literature, art, architecture, painting, music, customs traditions, laws have come to us as heritage from our ancestors. Then, you add something new to it and make it rich for the coming generations. It is a constant and never ending process. Man possesses unique characteristic from the beginning known as culture. Every nation, country and region has its own culture. Culture denotes the method with which we think and act. It includes those things as well which we have received in inheritance being a member of this society. Art, music literature, craft, philosophy, religion and science are all part of culture, though it also incorporates customs, traditions, festivals, way of living and one's own concept on various aspects of life. All the achievements of a human being can be termed as culture. 1.0 Aims:- After studying this chapter you will be able to:- • Know about meaning and concept of culture. • Acquaint youself with general characteristics of culture. • Analyse the role and impact of culture in human life • Understand and elaborate the features of Indian culture. • Identify the points of similarity and diversity inherent in Indian culture. • Establish connection between culture and civilization. • Understand the concept and meaning of heritage. Know about relationship between culture and heritage • Understand the similarity and difference between culture and civilization. 1.1 Meaning and concept of Culture The word ‘Sanskriti’ is formed from ‘Kri’ (to do) root of Sanskrit language. The root elaborates three words ‘Prakriti’ (original status), Sanskriti (refined status) and Vikriti’ (deformed status). When prakriti is refined, it becomes sanskriti and when it distorts, it becomes Vikriti. The English word ‘Culture’ is derived from ‘cult’ or ‘cultus’ of Latin language which means to develop, refine or harness i.e. refine something to the last and which would deserve our praise and respect. Sanskriti represents that symbol, the way we think and act. It includes all those things which we have inherited as a member of society. All the achievements of a human being as a social class can be 2 called culture. Art, music, literature craft, philosophy, religion and science are all aspects of culture and include customs, traditions, festivals, life style and an individual’s concept on various aspects of life as well. Through culture, people think and correspond and develop their tendencies and knowledge. Culture has two dimensions- material and non-material. Material culture is related to issues concerned with our material aspects like our dress, food, possession etc. Whereas, non-material relates to thoughts, ideals, feelings and beliefs. Culture changes from one place to the other. Its development is based on historical process in context of local, provincial or national facts. For example, our methods of greeting, food habits, clothing, socio-religious traditions and beliefs are different from the west. In other words, people of any nation are known by their distinctive culture. In brief, culture is a composite form of attributes deeply imbibed in any society. 1.2 Common features of culture:- We will now analyze some common features of culture which are identical to all the different cultures of the world- Culture is learnt and inherited. There are certain attributes of culture which are inherited by birth. A person receives some attributes from parents, learn some from family members group and society in which they live. It is evident that culture of a human being is influenced by cultural, physical and social environment through which they work. Culture is dispersed through group of people. One ideology or work is called culture which is dispersed and practiced by a group of people. Culture is preserved-knowledge; science is transferred from one generation to other. With passage of time more knowledge gets included in that specific culture. Culture is changeable-Knowledge, thoughts and traditions keep adding to that culture. With time, changes occur in cultures. Culture is progressive:-No culture is static. It changes continuously with time and new ideas and skills are added to it changing the old ways. Culture provides us with multiple acceptable ways- It tells us how a work should be performed and how a person should behave. Culture is ideological-Culture will only be able to present an ideal when individuals behave in manner agreeable and acceptable by the society. 1.3 Features or fundamental characteristics of Indian culture:- Indian culture is inspired by universal ideals. Search for truth, spirit of human welfare, expression of beauty (Satyam, Shivam, Sundaram) are its major aims. Its past is an important study of human history. The light of Indian culture is spread across many nations since ancient time. Following are the features of this great culture:- Antiquity- History of Indian cultures is very old. With search and excavation of Saraswati- Sindhu civilization, a thousand years old culture is present before us. This culture and civilization had contacts with civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia. 3 Continuity- Along with antiquity Indian culture has been continuous. The cultures of Sumer, Egypt, Babylonia, Greece and Rome have become extinct and a mere story of the past. But the current of Indian culture is flowing for thousands of years uninterruptingly. After changes of century, the spirit of Indian culture has remained the same. Idols of gods and goddesses recovered from Sindhu civilization are revered still today by the Indians. Inspite of foreign attacks and defeat, Indian culture has retained its original nature. Spiritualism- Spiritualism is the life of Indian culture which has influenced all its aspects. The Indian culture developed in Ashrams and hermitages. The provision of purusharthas and ashram system in ancient society are symbols of man’s spiritual penance. The four pususharthas are- Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha. Among them, Moksha is the last aim. Receptiveness:-The capacity to assimilate outer elements and changes according to time are important virtues of Indian culture. Many foreign invasions like that of Shaka, Huna, Kushana were made. They ruled here but got assimilated in its culture. Assimilation:-Indian culture is assimilative. The Indian scholars have emphasized synthesis. Gautam Buddha and emperor Ashoka, the great, have laid emphasis on synthesis. Indian culture preaches tolerance in religious matters. Spirit of freedom of thought and tolerance exists in Indian culture. Unity in diversity is a special characteristic of Indian culture. 1.4 Importance of culture in human life:- Culture and human life are inter related. It is not any external element or any ornament which can be used by human being. It is also not merely a touch of colours. Culture is attached to cultural traditions, beliefs, a style of living and spiritual and material aspects. It reaches us a way of living. Man is the creator of culture and similarly culture makes an individual a human being. Religious belief and its symbolic expression is a fundamental spirit in culture. We should respect religious identities and also be acquainted with contemporary efforts to facilitate inter-religious dialogue which are often termed as cross-cultural dialogues. The more we are connected, more we are becoming universal and live on a broader universal level. We cannot assume that there is just one way to lead life and that is final. Satyam, shivam and sundaram are three eternal values attached to culture. It is culture only which brings us closer to religion and philosophy. It provides beauty in our life through various arts and makes as more beauty conscious human beings. It is only culture which makes as moral and brings us in contact with other human beings and with it teaches as lessons of law, tolerance and peace. Questions from Chapter :- 1. How can you say that meaning of culture and sanskriti are same? 2. Is Indian culture dynamic? 3. What is the origin of sanskriti of Sanskrit language and what does it mean? 4. Describe two general characteristics of culture. 5. Describe two characteristics of Indian culture. 4 1.5 Meaning and Concept of Heritage:- We all know that we have inherited a lot of things like wealth, land, house, shop, ornaments etc and that every person leaves something or the other for his future generation. This is a narrow version of heritage. If we understand heritage in a broad manner, we can say that everything present in our country like objects, art philosophy, literature, food, living, knowledge, science, techniques, beliefs, thoughts, national monuments, structures etc. are all our heritage i.e. works achievements made by our elders towards society and nation. Their contribution are all heritage. Indians, their life style, means of their entertainment, creativity, art, handicraft, science, all these are heritage. UNESCO, an institution of the UN has considered the heritage handed out to us as priceless. A decision to celebrate 18th April every year as world Heritage Day is taken to spread awareness to conserve and protect our heritage among people.. It is our duty that we take pride in our heritage and conserve it. We should not harm our historical places and structures. Caves of Ajanta Tajmahal Monumant of Humpy Sanchi Stup Rani ki Bav Questions from Chapter :- 1. What is meant by heritage? 2.
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