1102256-R8SDMS UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY REGION 8 : 1595 Wynkoop Street DENVER, CO 80202-1129 Phone 800-227-8917 http://www. epa.gov/region08 MAY 15 2009 Ref: 8EPR-SR
Wilson G. Martin State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) Utah Department of Community and Culture 300 S. Rio Grande Street Salt Lake City, UT 84101
RE: Request for Review- Determination of Adverse Effect per "A Cultural Resource Inventory Report of the Jacobs Smelter Superfund Site, Tooele County, Utah"
Dear Mr. Martin:
Based on the enclosed subject line report, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has determined that there are three potential sites eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The EPA has determined that these properties will be adversely impacted by activities needed to address unacceptable risk to human health and ecological receptors.
A general description of the cleanup process and undertaking, steps taken to identify historic properties, information about the three sites, and consultation considerations are below. Additionally, please note the information regarding the report and BLM properties.
Background and Description of Undertaking
These Areas of Potential Effect (APE) are mostly undeveloped lands outside the town of Stockton, Utah within the boundaries of the Jacobs Smelter Superfund Site (Site). The contaminants of concern are lead and arsenic in soil. Human health and ecological risk assessments indicate that there are risks to human health recreational users and ecological receptors above acceptable levels.
Several cleanup alternatives for addressing these risks have been developed and documented in a Feasibility Study (FS) Report. After collection of some limited additional sampling data this year, the EPA and Utah Department of Environmental Quality (UDEQ) will issue a Proposed Plan that outlines the preferred cleanup alternative. After receiving public input on the preferred and other alternatives, the EPA and UDEQ will issue a Record of Decision (ROD). The ROD describes the cleanup alternative that will be implemented. The ROD is currently scheduled for fall 2010. With the exception of the no action alternative, all of the clean up alternatives require excavation and/or capping of contaminated soil. Institutional controls, (restrictions on land use), are also a part of all the alternatives.
Steps Taken to Identify Historic Properties
In compliance with Section 106 of the Historic Preservation Act, and after input from the deputy SHPO, a cultural resource survey was conducted for the APEs. The survey's purpose was to identify any properties potentially eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Subsequent to that, the EPA assessed whether the undertaking would have a negative impact on identified properties.
Description of Identified Eligible Historic Properties and the Undertaking's Effect on Them
The cultural survey included a review of historic documents and information and field work. The enclosed report provides more detail about the methodology used to conduct the cultural resource survey. The criteria listed in 36CFR 60.4 was used to determine the eligibility of properties. Two of the potential historic properties are in the Chicago Smelter area. The third is located in the Waterman Smelter area. Sampling data from the Site investigation shows lead in soil above risk based acceptable levels in the Chicago and Waterman Smelter areas, including the three identified eligible historic properties.
Area 42To3309 is within an area that has shown relatively high levels of lead in the immediate vicinity of where Chicago Smelter was located. There are several potentially collectable artifacts in this area, including a cross-over duct/flue (figure 13 in report). There are remnants of old foundations also located in this area. This site is recommended eligible for the National Register under criteria A and D under 36CFR 60.4. Concentrations of lead found in this area are above 10,000 parts per million (ppm) and are potential risk to human health.
Area 42To3306, the "temporary habitation site," may be outside the cleanup boundaries near Chicago Smelter. Except for occasional pieces of broken pottery, there is no visual evidence of previous activity. A possible privy area potentially possesses knowledge of past activities and inhabitants. Although design-level sampling will determine the more specific area of cleanup, this site is close enough to known elevated levels of lead that it could be impacted by construction equipment even if it is not part of the cleanup area. This site is recommended eligible to the NRHP under criteria A and D under 36CFR 60.4. The Superfund investigation sampling data indicates levels of lead above 3,000 ppm found near this area is a risk to ecological receptors.
Area 42To3310 is within the Waterman Smelter area where high levels of lead are known to be located. There are several features in this area that may be the foundation of past buildings and the smelter. Also in this area are small pieces of broken glass, pottery, cans, etc. that hold some key to the people and the work done in this area. This site is recommended eligible to the NRHP under criteria A and D under 36CFR 60.4. The Superfund investigation indicates levels of lead in soil are higher than 10,000 ppm and are a potential risk to human health.
As indicated above, with the exception of the no-action alternative all the clean up alternatives include some combination of excavation and capping of contaminated soils. Thus, any active response action [clean up] will adversely impact the three identified areas.
Consultation Considerations
All the properties in the three areas described above are on private lands. Privacy of the property owners in relation to what is found on their property is a concern. These land owners, will be invited as interested parties to be part of the consultation process. Per the regulations, the EPA will invite the county to participate in the consultation. Additionally, the EPA plans to invite a representative of the Town of Stockton to participate. The UDEQ is the Site environmental lead and thus, will be an integral part of the consultation process.
At the start of the cultural resource survey work, the EPA notified and requested input from numerous Native American tribes. No Native American artifacts were found in the survey. The EPA will inform all the tribes originally contacted about the cultural resource survey results.
There is comprehensive public involvement required under the Superfund process. Per regulations and guidance, the EPA plans to use the existing public involvement process, to the extent possible, to fulfill the Section 106 public involvement process.
BLM Properties
The EPA's consultant conducted this survey based on maps and land ownership (with permitted access) provided by the EPA and its consultants. The BLM has informed EPA that it manages areas within Operable Unit 2, which are potentially within the APE. Consequently, these areas need to be excluded from any of these findings as the BLM is responsible for cultural resource activities. Tooele County Recorder's office does not have property ownership recorded to BLM, however, BLM is in the process of providing EPA with information intended to identify all BLM properties within the entire Operable Unit. The one BLM land that EPA knows was included in the field work is not within the three properties identified as potentially eligible for the NRHP. The parcel in question is a narrow strip that runs west of the southern end of area 42To3308 and includes part of area 42To3304, which is north of the Waterman Smelter area. With your concurrence, EPA will notify the Advisory Council of Historic Preservation (ACHP) and initiate the consultation process. Please contact me if you would like to discuss any of this information. You can reach me at 303-312-6537 or [email protected].
I Lisa R. Lloyd i Project Manager I I cc: Tom Daniels, UDEQ (w/o enclosure) | Katherine Letson, EPA ENF-L (w/o enclosure) I Tim Ingwell, BLM (electronic enclosure)
I Enclosure: A Cultural Resource Inventory Report of the Jacobs Smelter Superfund Site, Tooele \ County, Utah.
Printed on Recycled Paper A CULTURAL RESOURCE INVENTORY
OF THE JACOB'S SMELTER SUPERFUND SITE
TOOELE COUNTY, UTAH
by
Don Southworth Principal Investigator Historian/Archaeologist
with contributions by
Naia George, D. G. D. Davidson, and Thomas Jones Archaeologists
Prepared for:
Project Resources, Inc. 2150 West 29th Avenue, Suite 135 Denver, CO 80211
Prepared by:
Sagebrush Consultants, L.L.C. 3670 Quincy Avenue, Suite 203 Ogden,Utah 84403
Utah State Antiquities Permit Number U-06-SJ-0097p
Cultural Resources Report No. 1470-04
August 4, 2008
* WARNING: This report contains privileged information, which is protected by law and may not be distributed to the public or individuals, and should not be reproduced without the express permission of the managing Federal or State Agency. ABSTRACT
In October 2007, Project Resources, Inc., on behalf of the United States Environmental Protection Agency, requested that Sagebrush Consultants, L.L.C., complete an inventory of five specific areas of lead concentration sites around the town of Stockton in Tooele County, Utah. Historical research indicates these sites were associated with ore smelter processing areas that were in operation between 1873 and 1888. These areas are located in Sections 18 and 19, Township 4 South and Range 4 West and in Sections 13, 23, 24, 25, and 35, Township 4 South and Range 5 West on the Stockton, Utah (1997), 7.5 minute USGS Quadrangle and in Section 2, Township 5 South and Range 5 West on the South Mountain, Utah (1993), 7.5 minute USGS Quadrangle (Figures 1 and 2). Specifically, Areas 1, and 2 are located west of the town of Stockton while Areas 3 and 5 are located east and northeast of Stockton. Both Area 0 and 10 are situated approximately two miles south of the town. The dump site covers an area of approximately 120,900 m2 (1,301,361 ft2) of state land. This project was carried out under Utah State Antiquities Permit Number U-06-SJ-0097p.
Though no paleontological resources were located during the inventory, the survey resulted in the recordation of 8 new cultural resource sites and 25 isolated finds. Three of these sites are recommended ELIGIBLE to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), under criteria A, and D. The eligible sites include the Chicago Smelter (42To3303), the Waterman Smelter (42To3310), and a temporary habitation site (42To3306). The remaining five sites (42To3304,42To3305, 42To3307,42To3308, and 42To3309) documented during this inventory are recommended NOT eligible to the NRHP, due to a lack of integrity of identifiable features and materials. Although these sites are not recommended eligible to the NRHP, the information obtained from them during the current inventory is of value. The 25 isolated finds identified during this inventory are not associated with any known site and cannot be considered for eligibility to the NRHP. TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ii
LIST OF FIGURES iv
LIST OF TABLES v
INTRODUCTION 1
LITERATURE SEARCH 1
ENVIRONMENT 7
METHODOLOGY 8
PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC OVERVIEW 9 Prehistoric Cultural Chronology (16,000 B.P.-1800 A.D.) 9 Clovis Complex (11,500 to 11,000 B.P.) 10 Western Stemmed Complex (11,000 to 8,000 B.P.) 10 Folsom Complex 11 Bonneville Period (11,000 -9,500 B.P.) 11 Archaic Period (10,000 to 1600 B.P.) 11 Wendover Period (9,500 to 6,000 B.P.) 12 Black Rock Period (6,000 to 1,500 B.P.) 12 Great Salt Lake Fremont (1,500 B.P.-1500 A.D.) 12 Numic/Shoshone (1500 A.D.-1847) 13 Trappers and Explorers (1776-1846) 14 Settlement (1847-1857) 15 Rush Valley 16 The Military in Utah - Camp Floyd Era (1858-1861) 17 The Military in Utah - Fort Douglas Era (1862-1875) 18 The Rush Valley Mining District (1864-1889) 19 H.S. Jacobs and Company 22 Waterman Smelting Company 22 Chicago Smelting Company 23 Carson and Buzzo Smelter 25 Decline of Mining (1890-1913) 26 World War I and the Great Depression (1914-1941) 26 World War II and Post-war Period (1941 to Present) 27 Cold War to the Present (1946-2000) 28 Post-World War II Period: 1946-1949 28 Korean War Period: 1950-1953 28 Post-Korean War Period: 1954-1964 29 Vietnam War Period: 1965-1975 29 Post-Vietnam War Period: 1976-1992 30
RESULTS 31 Area 0 31 Lithic Scatter(42To3305) 31 Temporary Habitation Site (42To3306) 31 Chicago Smelter Site (42To3303) 37 Lithic Scatter (42To3307) 43 Prehistoric Isolates 46 Area 1 47 Waterman Smelter Site (42To3310) 47 Historic Dump (42To3304) 52 Historic Isolates 52 Area 2 54 Trash Scatter (42To3308) 54 Area 3 56 Area 5 56 Area 10 56 Carson-Buzzo Smelter (42To3309) 56
DISCUSSION 59
RECOMMENDATIONS 60 Historic Properties 62 The Chicago Smelter (42To3303) 62 Historic Dump (42To3304) 62 Temporary Habitation Site (42To3306) 63 Trash Scatter (42To3308) 63 Carson and Buzzo Smelter (42To3309) 63 The Waterman Smelter (42To3310) 63 Prehistoric Sites 64 Lithic Scatter (42To3305) 64 Lithic Scatter (42To3307) 64
SUMMARY 64
REFERENCES CITED 65
APPENDIX A - SITE FORMS detached
111 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. USGS Map Showing General Project Location 2
Figure 2. USGS Map Showing General Project Location 3
Figure 3. Site 42To3305: Site overview; view to the north 33
Figure 4. Site 42To3305: Representative flake sample 33
Figure 5. Site 42To3306: Site overview; view to the north 34
Figure 6. Site 42To3306: Fl - Overview of depression 34
Figure 7. Site 42To3306: F2 - Overview of dugout 35
Figure 8. Site 42To3306: F3 - Overview of depression 35
Figure 9. Site 42To3306: F4 - Overview of depression 36
Figure 10. Site 42To3303: Site overview; view to the north 39
Figure 11. Site 42To3303: Stone foundation of structure 1; view to the west 39
Figure 12. Site 42To3303: Base (Dugout) of processing mill; view to the east 42
Figure 13. Site 42To3303: "Y-shaped" Flue for Chicago Furnaces 42
Figure 14. Site 42To3307: Site overview; view to the south 44
Figure 15. Site 42To3307: Representative flake sample 44
Figure 16: Site 42To3307: Tool 2, possible mano 45
Figure 17. Site 42To3310: Site overview to the north. Waterman Smelter located along the south slope 48
Figure 18. Site 42To3310: Fl - Overview of mill area 48
Figure 19. Site 42To3310: F2 - Overview of foundation 49
Figure 20. Site 42To3310: RC Cola bottle 49
iv Figure 21. Site 42To3304: Site overview; view to the southeast 53
Figure 22. Site 42To3304: Fl - Earthen berm; view to southeast 53
Figure 23. Site 42To3308: Site overview; view to the north-northeast. Historic debris scatter along slope 55
Figure 24. Site 42To3308: Representative ceramic sample 55
Figure 25. Site 42To3309: Site overview; view to the east 57
Figure 26. Site 42To3309: Historic grave marker; "S.J. Shaeefer - Died - Aug 2, 1860 - Aged 9 mo 57
Figure 27. Site 42To3309: Representative ceramic sample 58
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. 1990 Inventory of 12 Structures in Stockton (Nielson et al. 1990) 5 INTRODUCTION
In October 2007, Project Resources, Inc., on behalf of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), requested that Sagebrush Consultants, L.L.C., (Sagebrush) complete an inventory of four sites around the town of Stockton, Tooele County, Utah. Historical research indicates these sites were associated with ore smelter processing areas that were in operation between 1873 and 1888. The project is located in Sections 18 and 19, Township 4 South and Range 4 West and in Sections 13, 23, 24, 25, and 35, Township 4 South and Range 5 West on the Stockton, Utah (1997), 7.5 minute USGS Quadrangle and in Section 2, Township 5 South and Range 5 West on the South Mountain, Utah (1993), 7.5 minute USGS Quadrangle (Figures 1 and 2). The originally survey project consisted of 11 Areas identified by the EPA as areas of concern. However, due to land ownership issues six areas were dropped while Area 2 was combined with Area 1 leaving four areas (Area 1 and 2, Area 3, Area 5, Area 10, and Area 0) that were intensively recorded. Specifically, Areas 1, and 2 are located west of the town of Stockton while Areas 3 and 5 are located east and northeast of Stockton. Both Area 0 and 10 are situated approximately two miles south of the town. The dump site covers an area of approximately 120,900 m2 (1,301,361 ft2) of state land. This project was carried out under Utah State Antiquities Permit Number U-06-SJ-0097p.
While no paleontological resources were located during the inventory, the survey resulted in the recordation of 8 new cultural resource sites and 25 isolated finds. Three of these sites are recommended ELIGIBLE to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) under criteria A, and D. The eligible sites include the Chicago Smelter (42To3303), the Waterman Smelter (42To3310), and a temporary habitation site (42To3306). The remaining five sites (42To3304, 42To3305, 42To3307, 42To3308, and 42To3309) documented during this inventory are recommended NOT eligible to the NRHP due to a lack of integrity. Although these sites are not recommended eligible to the NRHP, the information obtained from them during the current inventory is of value. The 25 isolated finds identified during this inventory are not associated with any known site and are not considered for eligibility to the NRHP.
LITERATURE SEARCH
Prior to fieldwork, a file search for previously recorded cultural resource sites and projects within a mile of the current project area was conducted by Ann Polk and John Baker of Sagebrush at the Division of State History, Utah State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) in Salt Lake City on February 14, 2006. Don Southworth of Sagebrush conducted a historic file search in the Historic Preservation Research Office at SHPO on March 1, 2006. Arie Leeflang, Archaeology Records Assistant at SHPO, conducted a GIS file search at SHPO in Salt Lake City on February 10, 2006. In addition, Michael Polk conducted historical research at the University SAGEBRUSH CONSULTANTS. L.L.C.
L"' ',
,' I II S '•*•i \ 'V I \!\s X >••.
Location of the areas surveyed for the Stockton Smelter Project. Taken from USGS 1.5' Quadrangles Stockton, Utah (1997) and South Mountain, Utah (1993). SAGEBRUSH CONSULTANTS, L.L.C.
- ^ _...--.-.-
1
Figure 2. Location of the areas surveyed for the Stockton Smelter Project. Taken from USGS 7.5' Quadrangles Stockton, Utah (1997) and South Mountain, Utah (1993). of Utah Marriot Library, Salt Lake City. General Land Office (GLO) plat maps located in the Public Room of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Utah State Office, in Salt Lake City were also reviewed prior to fieldwork. Twenty previous cultural resource projects have been conducted and twenty-one cultural resource sites have been recorded within a mile of the project area. Following is a brief description of these projects and sites.
In 1977, the BLM conducted three cultural clearances for a UTA Transmission Line, a Single Pole, and for Herbert Watkins, UTA (Barger 1977a; 1977b; 1977c). One cultural resource site (42Tol51) was recorded during these inventories.
42Tol51. This site, located a mile south of Stockton, Utah, on the west side of the railroad tracks, is a dispersed lithic scatter with less than 15 flakes. Material types include quartzite, chert, and obsidian. One corner-notched projectile point was recorded and collected. This site was recommended NOT eligible to the NRHP.
In 1978, the BLM conducted a cultural resource clearance for the Rush Valley Wildlife Refuge (Barger 1978). No new cultural resources were identified as a result of this survey.
In 1979, the BLM conducted a cultural resource investigation of a right-of-way for Utah Power and Light (Raymond 1979). No new cultural resources were identified as a result of this survey.
In 1982, Brigham Young University conducted an archaeological survey of a proposed well, pipeline, and power line (Jacklin 1982). No new cultural resources were identified as a result of this survey.
In 1987, A.K. Nielson and Associates conducted a cultural resource survey of the proposed Rush Lake power line relocation (Nielson 1987). No new cultural resources were identified as a result of this survey.
In 1988, Nielson Consulting Group conducted a cultural resource survey of the proposed Dugway Proving Grounds 46KV line relocation (Nielson 1988). No new cultural resources were identified as a result of this survey.
In 1989, the BLM conducted a cultural resource inspection of four proposed exploratory drill holes (Christensen 1989). No new cultural resources were identified as a result of this survey.
In 1990, Nielson Consulting Group conducted a cultural resource inventory of a proposed gas pipeline in Tooele County (Nielson et al. 1990). During this inventory, 12 historic structures were identified and recorded. These historic structures are described in Table 1. Table 1. 1990 Inventory of 12 Structures in Stockton (Nielsen et al. 1990).
Address Building Type Estimated Age Eligibility Recommendation
290 North Conner, Stockton Temple Front 1915 Not Eligible
250 North Conner, Stockton Gas Station 1925 Eligible
220 North Conner, Stockton Central Passage 1930 Eligible
206 North Conner, Stockton Cross- Wing 1940 Eligible
160 North Conner, Stockton Gas Station 1940 Eligible
140 North Conner, Stockton Cross- Wing 1900 Not Eligible
130 North Conner, Stockton Cross- Wing 1900 Not Eligible
1 20 North Conner, Stockton Central Passage 1910 Not Eligible <
1 10 North Conner, Stockton Side Passage 1900 Eligible
64 North Conner, Stockton Cross-Wing 1920 Not Eligible
42 North Conner, Stockton Side Passage 1935 Eligible i
32 North Conner, Stockton Central Passage 1930 Not Eligible
24 North Conner, Stockton Side Passage 1910 Not Eligible
In 1992, three cultural resources projects were completed. Nielson Consulting Group conducted a cultural resource inventory of a proposed alternative power line corridor for Dugway Proving Grounds (Nielson and Southworth 1992). The BLM conducted a cultural resource inventory of a proposed exploratory well (Larralde 1992a) and a cultural resource study of a proposed exploration trench and road (Larralde 1992b). No new cultural resources were identified within one mile of the current project area as a result of these surveys.
In 1995, Sagebrush conducted a cultural resource inventory of selected historic properties at Tooele Army Depot (Housley and Weymouth 1995). In 1995, the BLM conducted a cultural resource inventory of five proposed drill holes (Melton 1995). No new cultural resources were identified within one mile of the current project area as a result of these surveys.
In 1996, the BLM conducted a cultural resource inventory of two proposed drill holes (Melton 1996). No new cultural resources were identified within one mile of the current project area as a result of this survey.
In 1998, Baseline Data, Inc., conducted a cultural resource inventory of a fiber optic line between Salt Lake City and Lynndyl, Utah (Colman and Gourley 1999). As a result of this projects, two sites (42Tol077 and 42Tol310) were identified within one mile of the current project area.
42Tol077. This site is a segment of the Lincoln Highway constructed in the early 20th Century. This segment generally follows the State Route 36 alignment that runs through Stockton. This site has been determined ELIGIBLE to the NRHP. This segment was recommended as a contributing element to the overall site eligibility under criterion A.
42Tol310. This site is the historic railroad section station of Stockton located on the northwest edge of Rush Valley. Features at the site include one elevated concrete foundation, one cistern, three collapsed foundations, one water tower platform, and two dugouts. This site was recommended ELIGIBLE to the NRHP.
In 1999, the BLM conducted a cultural resource inventory of a proposed wildlife guzzler (Hunsaker 1999). No additional cultural resources were identified during this inventory.
No other cultural resource sites have been recorded within a mile of the project area; however, segments of historic railroads, old trails or historic roads in the vicinity of the project have not been recorded or evaluated for National Register significance. These sites include the Western Pacific Railroad (42Tol299), the Union Pacific Railroad (42Tol298), and the Utah Western Railroad (42Tol413).
The NRHP was consulted prior to the commencement of fieldwork. Two listed properties are located in the vicinity of the current project area. Following are brief descriptions of these listings.
The Soldier Creek Kilns (42To216). This site, located four miles east of the project area, is also known as the Waterman Coking Ovens (Hawkins and Notarianni 1980). Features identified include several beehive-shaped circular charcoal and lime kilns, rock alignments, depressions, and the remnants of a road (Hawkins and Notarianni 1980). This site is significant due to its potential to yield information important to the understanding of the early economic development of mining and smelting in Utah and the Western United States.
Stockton Jail. This historic building is a single-story concrete building with a gabled roof (Roper 1985). The building itself remains unaltered and in good physical condition. It was built in 1902 and is the only building associated with early law enforcement activities.
In March 2006, Don Southworth of Sagebrush conducted an additional file search at the Historic Preservation Research Office at SHPO. Three documented historic properties, which are not associated with previous projects have been identified within one mile of the current project area. Following is a brief description of these cultural resources. E. J. Raddatz Home. This historic building is located on 10th Street in Stockton, Utah. This home is a two-story gothic building owned and built by E. J. Raddatz in 1900. Raddatz was a prominent geologist who worked in the Rush Valley Mining District (Utah State Historical Society 1986a). Preliminary evaluation by SHPO indicates that this building is significant under criterion B (Utah State Historical Society 1986a).
J. Quinn Home. This historic building, located on 10th Street in Stockton, was originally built as the LDS Church in 1900. It is a single-story structure with a hipped roof. This building is significant due to its early association with the LDS church (Utah State Historical Society 1986b). Preliminary evaluation by SHPO indicates that this building is significant under criterion A (Utah State Historical Society 1986b).
Johnson Store. This historic building is located on Conner Street in Stockton, Utah. It appears to have been constructed at about the tum-of-the-century by Jacob Hannibal Hamblin (Knox 1974). Preliminary evaluation by SHPO indicates that this building is significant under criterion A (Knox 1974).
ENVIRONMENT
The project area is located in the Uinta Extension Section of the Great Basin in Rush Valley near Stockton, Utah (Stokes 1986:253). The north-south trending valley is bounded on the west by the Stansbury Mountains and on the east by the Oquirrh Mountains. The elevation of the area surveyed ranges from 4840 ft to 4960 ft (1475.2 m and 1511.8 m) above sea level. Topographically, the survey area lies at the head of the Rush Valley. This portion of the valley is characterized by broad expansive alluvial fans, which have coalesced along the valley floor forming a geologic feature known as a "bajada". Seasonable drainages from the Oquirrh and Stansbury Ranges provide variable moisture to the valley bottom. Soils in the area are residual silty Lake Bonneville sediments and Quaternary gravels.
Vegetation in the area consists of shadscale-grassland community species in the upper elevations, wetland species around Rush Lake, and agricultural fields. Shadscale-grassland species include crested wheatgrass, cheatgrass, goatsbeard, dyers woad, wild sunflower, sagebrush, four-wing saltbush, greasewood, shadscale, rabbitbrush, and various forbes. Wetland species include various rushes, sedges, and cattail. Vegetation density in the area surveyed ranges from 5 to 25 percent. The nearest permanent water source is Rush Lake, located in the project area.
Natural disturbances in the project area are minor and dominated by mechanical weathering processes. Cultural disturbances in the area include agriculture, recreation, and mining. METHODOLOGY
Sagebrush follows the requirements for documenting and evaluating cultural resources as outlined in Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) and its implementing regulations in 36 CFR 800 (as amended, 2000). All historic properties are evaluated for eligibility to the NRHP as outlined in 36 CFR 60 and defined by 36 CFR 60.4. Four main classes of cultural resources were identified during the present inventory. These include sites, features, isolated fines, and historic cultural material associated with the operation of smelters. The project area consists of 11 areas (approximately 190 acres) identified as areas of high concentrations of lead material left from the early smelter process. The survey areas were identified using a Trimble GeoExplorer III GPS unit in conjunction with existing roads and topographic features as points of reference. The survey was carried out by a crew of three to four archaeologists who walked in transects spaced no more than 15 m (50 ft) across each of the 11 defined areas (Figures 1 and 2). A Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) point was taken with a GPS unit and each cultural resource was point plotted on the appropriate USGS 7.5' Quadrangle for relocation. GLO maps of the region dating from 1856 to 1981 were examined for potential site locations that might be encountered during the field inventory.
Prior to initiating the field inventory, file search data regarding previously conducted cultural resource projects and known sites in the vicinity of the current project area were reviewed by Sagebrush Field Directors. The NRHP was reviewed for listed sites within the present project area.
All sites located during the field inventory were documented in the field with a differentially correctable Trimble GeoExplorer III GPS unit using the North American Datum 1927 (NAD27) and were recorded by Sagebrush on IMACS site forms (Appendix A). Isolated Artifacts (IF) were recorded, point plotted on the appropriate USGS topographic quadrangle, and are presented in the text of this project report in table form. Photographs were taken to accompany all site forms and site sketch maps were completed for all sites recorded (Appendix A). A general site description was generated for each site that includes a complete summary of the findings and its location. Each site was evaluated for its eligibility to the NRHP and includes a clear justification based on criteria specified in 36 CAR 60.4, as well as reference to research in the area. The research potential of each site was assessed based on condition, integrity, characteristic(s), location, association, rarity, and its ability to address specific research questions for the region. Historic period sites were recorded using the English measurement system, and prehistoric sites were recorded using the metric measurement system. PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC OVERVIEW
The town of Stockton, which covers much of the project area, lies at the northern end of Rush Valley and south of the gap that separates Tooele Valley to the north from Rush Valley to the south. Specifically, Stockton is situated at the foot of the western slope of the Oquirrh Mountains with fertile farmlands located above the shores of Rush Lake, which is located southwest of the town site. The project consists of five distinct areas scattered around the outer perimeter of Stockton. These areas are closely associated with the operation of smelters that were active in the latter half of the nineteen-century.
Prehistoric materials were found during this survey, indicating prehistoric occupation and use of the area, so a prehistoric overview has been included in this report. Toward the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth centuries, European-American fur trappers and explorers entered the area for the first time. By 1847, permanent settlement of the region was underway. With these trends in mind, the prehistoric and historic context has been divided into the following periods: Prehistoric Cultural Chronology (16,000 B.P. to A.D. 1800), Trappers and Explorers (1776-1846), Settlement (1847-1857), The Military in Utah - Camp Floyd Era(1858- 1861), The Military in Utah - Fort Douglas Era (1862-1875), Mines and Smelters in Rush Valley (1864-1889), Decline of Mining (1890-1913), World War 1 and the Great Depression (1914- 1930), Government Relief and World War II (1931-1945), and the Cold War to the Present (1946-2000).
Prehistoric Cultural Chronology (16,000 B.P.-1800 A.D.)
The Great Basin Culture Area is a 400,000 square mile region located between the Sierra Nevada and the Rocky Mountains. The definition of this region has been developed through the observation of patterns in its physiographic and socio-cultural history (D'Azevedo 1986:6). Geologic events have formed the landscape of the Great Basin to create an environmentally diverse, internally drained area. The Eastern Great Basin was mostly covered by the extinct Lake Bonneville during the Pleistocene (Madsen 1982:208). This lake was impounded by land forms and large dams of ice. As glacial runoff slowed, the waters of the lake receded gradually. Cataclysmic floods resulting from fractured or subjected ice dams resulted in catastrophic shoreline changes. The resulting shoreline may have supported humans; however, there is no archaeological evidence for such an early occupation of the Great Basin. People do not appear to have inhabited the region until later in the Paleo-Indian Period, ca. 11,500 B.P., but precise dating of such early occupations is complicated.
The Pleistocene, or the most recent "Ice Age," is divided into a number of periods marked by warming and cooling trends that resulted in the repetitive advance and retreat of continental ice masses across North America. The Wisconsin Glaciation (20,000 to 18,000 B.P.) of the terminal Pleistocene created much cooler and moister weather patterns across North America. The advancement of glaciers in higher elevations and northern latitudes trapped much water in the form of ice. This resulted in lower sea levels that exposed the Beringian Landmass connecting Siberia and Alaska. Archaeological evidence from across the continent suggests that humans may have crossed the Beringian Landmass into North America as early as 16,000 B.P. (Taylor et al. 1999:455). These early aboriginal inhabitants are referred to as Paleo-Indians.
Paleo-Indians practiced a highly mobile subsistence strategy with an emphasis on large Pleistocene megafauna. Paleo-Indian social organization consisted of small groups that spread rapidly to inhabit North and South America. Paleo-Indian sites are distinguished by the presence of diagnostic projectile points and associated tools, and the remains of extinct megafauna. Conservative estimates for the Paleo-Indian Period place this earliest North American occupation between 14,000 and 10,000 B.P. In the early Holocene and Neoglacial period, the Great Salt Lake extended out across the salt flats of Western. This would have created a rich marsh environment for Paleo-Indians to live in (Madsen 1982:208).
There are only two excavated sites in the State of Utah that contained intact Paleo-Indian deposits. One is Danger Cave. This cave has been excavated several times, but most notably in the 1950s by Jesse Jennings. Jennings uncovered five different strata, covering an 8,000 year period with the earliest strata dating to 11,000 B.P. (Blanthorn 1998:35). Excavations at Danger Cave helped define a "chronological framework for the arid West" (Weiss 1976:7). In this dry cave materials such as textiles, basketry, cordage, and food stuffs were preserved. There are two other significant dry caves located near Danger Cave: Jukebox and Maryrock Caves. Jukebox Cave was excavated in the 1950s by Jennings and is a well-known cave site in Northern Utah. Maryrock Cave, which has not yet been excavated, has potential to yield important comparative data in relationship to the excavations at Jukebox and Danger Caves.
The first known Paleo-Indian occupations of the Great Basin are represented by three distinct technological traditions or complexes. These are known as the Western Clovis Complex, the Western Stemmed Complex, and the Folsom Complex (Willig and Aikens 1988:1). Each is defined by the presence of diagnostic tools.
Clovis Complex (11.500 to 11.OOP B.P.^)
This period is represented by lanceolate projectile points fluted on both faces to facilitate hafting. Spurred end-scrapers, gravers, perforators, backed blades, and formalized and expedient bone tools are also associated with the Clovis technological assemblage. Clovis sites are limited in Utah to isolated surface finds and several small sites such as Lime Ridge (Davis and Brown 1989), Hell'n Moriah (Davis, Slack and Shearin 1996), and Site 42Md300 (Copeland and Fike 1988).
Western Stemmed Complex (11.OOP to 8.000 B.P.^
This period is characterized by large stemmed and shouldered lanceolate projectile points associated with crescent knives and heavy core tools. In Utah, Western Stemmed points have been recovered from Danger Cave (Jennings 1957), Hogup Cave (Aikens 1970), and the Sevier
10 Desert Site (Simms and Lindsay 1984). Substantial argument remains whether the Western Stemmed and Clovis complexes are coterminous or represent different time frames and adaptations (Bryan 1988:53; Willig and Aikens 1989).
Folsom Complex
This period represents a cultural tradition more distinct than the Clovis and Western Stemmed complexes. The Folsom Complex, dating between 11,000 and 9,500 B.P., displays a wider geographic and temporal range than that of Clovis, supporting theories that Folsom culture branched from the older fluted tradition. Folsom sites are associated with bifacial fluted projectile points that are smaller, thinner, and more refined than those at Clovis sites. Burins, denticulate tools, gravers, scrapers, and fine bone and antler tools are also associated with Folsom artifact assemblages. Folsom hunters appear to have focused on extinct forms of bison for their primary subsistence. Larger megafauna such as mammoths are absent from Folsom sites. Folsom points have been noted as isolated artifacts across Utah and have been identified at the Montgomery habitation site near Green River, Utah (Davis 1985).
Bonneville Period (11.000 -9.500 B.P.)
The terminal Pleistocene or Bonneville Period ranges from 11,000 to 9,500 B.P. (Aikens and Madsen 1986:154). This time frame overlaps the Paleo-Indian Period and is considered a transitory stage between Paleo-Indian and Early Archaic lifestyles. In this chronology, Western Stemmed is seen as following Clovis chronologically, rather than as a contemporaneous complex. Stone flakes and milling stones from Danger Cave dating to around 9,800 B.P. (Jennings 1957) provide early evidence for plant processing and indicate a broad-spectrum subsistence strategy using animal and plant resources.
Archaic Period (10.000 to 1600 B.P.)
This long period is distinguished by a steady transition of life ways and technologies. An increased focus on small game and the exploitation of plant resources marks the Archaic Period. Nevertheless, the transition between the Paleo-Indian and Archaic Periods is poorly defined. Both the Folsom and Western Stemmed Complexes existed into the Archaic. Folsom culture during the Archaic does not seem to have changed dramatically from the Paleo-Indian Period; however, at sites such as Hogup Cave and Danger Cave, Western Stemmed assemblages display an increased exploitation of a variety of resources consistent with the time of transition defined loosely as the Archaic Period (Aikens and Madsen 1986; Jennings 1978). Archaic cultures expanded across the Great Basin, resulting in a multitude of projectile point forms, sites, and life ways. Several periods of the Archaic have been defined, including the Wendover and Black Rock Periods, in order to illustrate these cultural shifts.
11 Wendover Period (9.500 to 6.000 B.P.)
The Wendover Period ranges from approximately 9,500 to 6,000 B.P., as defined by Aikens and Madsen (1986:154), and roughly corresponds to the Early Archaic Period described for other regions. Sites are found at many different elevations and in a wide variety of environments. Excavation of dry caves in western Utah have recovered basketry, cloth, cordage, digging tools, snares, buckskin, and fire drills (Jennings 1978:41,49). Grinding implements for plant processing and implements such as atlatls and traps for hunting small game are common. These artifact assemblages are indicative of the wide variety of activities engaged in by prehistoric inhabitants who most likely followed a seasonal round of hunting and gathering. Projectile points common to the Wendover Period are the Elko Series, Pinto Series, Bitterroot side-notched, and Humboldt concave-base.
Black Rock Period (6.000 to 1.500 B.P.)
This period ranges from 6,000 to 1,500 B.P. (Aikens and Madsen 1986:154). This range spans the Middle to Late Archaic as described in other Great Basin regions. It is characterized by a drier environment that resulted in diminishing lake margin resources. Increasing pressure from population expansion complicated issues. The increased population pressure and decrease in available food resources prompted a shift toward greater mobility and movement into upland areas to take advantage of resources at higher elevations. Expansion into upland pinon-juniper communities for the exploitation of mountain sheep, deer, and other animals became more necessary. The beginning of the Black Rock Period is distinguished technologically by the appearance of new Elko and Gypsum projectile point forms. At around 4,000 B.P., Neoglacial climatic shifts resulted in increased rainfall, flooding springs, and increased marshlands. Subsistence activities shifted to an emphasis on upland areas due to the decrease in available plants and waterfowl from flooded areas (Aikens and Madsen 1986:158). The end of the Black Rock Period is distinguished by the introduction of the bow and arrow. This technology rapidly replaced the atlatl and diminished the importance of the spear. While projectile point form remained constant in terms of basic form, overall size decreased.
Also emergent at the end of the Black Rock Period were several characteristics of horticultural subsistence. The manufacture of pottery and the introduction of domesticated maize variants accompanied increased sedentism for the multiple horticultural communities that appeared throughout much of Utah, Eastern Nevada, Western Colorado, and Southern Idaho. Designated the Fremont, this cultural tradition flourished between 1600 and 700 B.P. (Marwitt 1986:161).
Great Salt Lake Fremont (1.500 B.P.-1500 A.D.)
Five distinct variants of Fremont are recognized. These are the Great Salt Lake, Sevier, Uinta, San Rafael, and Parowan Fremont. Of these five, the Great Salt Lake Fremont variant is most commonly associated with the northern desert areas of Tooele County (Marwitt 1986:162). This variant occupied the northern periphery of the Fremont area from 1,200 to 700 B.P. The
12 Great Salt Lake Fremont differed from the four other variants in their nearly complete reliance on the processing of wild plant and animal resources around marsh and lake environments (Madsen 1989:21-22; Marwitt 1986:168). These hunter/gatherer characteristics coincide with subsistence patterns rooted in a marshland economy. Bone knives, saws and whistles, antler harpoon heads, ceramic anthropomorphic figurines, and ceramic vessels of Great Salt Lake Gray Ware and Promontory Gray Ware are commonly attributed to the Great Salt Lake Fremont (Marwitt 1986:168-169). Habitation sites generally lack substantial architecture and are limited to pithouses and storage pits located near marshy areas. These semi-permanent structures were utilized seasonally. Mobile camps and well-sheltered caves were visited during seasonal rounds maintained by this transient Fremont subgroup. Sites important to our understanding of the Great Salt Lake Fremont include Bear River No. 1 (Aikens 1966) and Bear River No. 2 (Shields and Dalley 1978), Injun Creek (Aikens 1966), the Levee and Knoll sites (Fry and Dalley 1979), Hogup Cave (Aikens 1970), the Promontory Caves (Steward 1937), Swallow Shelter (Dalley 1976), Orbit Inn (Simms and Heath n.d.), Willard (Judd 1926) and the Fremont sites identified along the southern banks of the Snake River in southern Idaho (Butler 1981).
Numic/Shoshone (1500 A.D.-1847^1
Near the end of the Fremont occupation, Numic/Shoshone linguistic groups entered the region and became dominant. The Fremont culture abandoned the Great Basin region at approximately the same time Numic/Shoshone speaking groups migrated into the Great Basin (Jones 1994). Fremont agriculture and house construction ceased ca. A.D. 1200 in the southern Fremont range (Dodd 1982), ca. A.D. 1350 in central Utah (Janetski, Nielson, and Wilde 1985), and ca. A.D. 1350-1500 in the northern and eastern Fremont regions (Aikens 1966; Fry and Dalley 1979; Creasman and Scott 1987).
Models for the Numic expansion vary and are generally contested (Sutton and Rhode 1994). The various models are based largely upon linguistic and ethnographic evidence. The most accepted theories place the origins of the Numa near modern California, suggesting their east-by-northeast expansion into the Great Basin (Madsen 1994; Rhode and Madsen 1994). The exact nature of their movements is unclear. It is not understood whether the Fremont abandoned the region completely prior to the Numic expansion, if competition for resources forced the Fremont from the area, or if the Fremont were assimilated into the Numic/Shoshone population (Marwitt 1986:171-172; Simms and Heath: n.d.). Archaeological evidence is disparate. At some sites, levels with Fremont attributes coincide with Shoshone pottery. At other sites, a complete replacement of Fremont characteristics is suggested by a distinctly non-Fremont assemblage (Madsen 1989:44; Marwitt 1986:172). Eventually, Fremont attributes disappear and elements of Shoshone and Goshute cultures become dominant.
Due to a scarcity of artifacts, Shoshone and Goshute sites are difficult to identify. Little is known about these groups archaeologically outside of the presence of Late Prehistoric pottery and Desert Side-Notched projectile points. Antelope traps constructed of brush and small, temporary brush shelters appear to represent the range of Shoshone architecture. Neither is usually well preserved in the archaeological preservation. Ethnographic and historical evidence
13 for the region suggests the area was primarily occupied by Northern Shoshone and Bannock groups closely related to bands in Southern Idaho and Southeastern Oregon (Steward 1938:186- 222).
The northern desert areas of Tooele County are considered the border between Shoshone and Goshute Tribal lands (Cuch 2000:1). These groups followed seasonal rounds, moving to specific geographic areas as particular resources became available. Band size and structure were flexible, adapting to various requirements for utilizing different resources, with small family size groups in spring and summer and larger groups in the fall and winter (Steward 1938:220-221). The flexible nature of these groups allowed far-flung travels including bison hunting in Wyoming, salmon fishing in Idaho, and antelope drives in northern Utah. These patterns of subsistence remained predominant in the region until the Historic Period when the pressures of European-American settlement disrupted the abilities of Shoshone and GOSHUTE groups to maintain their seasonal rounds.
Trappers and Explorers (1776-1846)
The first white men known to have viewed northern Utah were members of the Spanish Dominguez-Escalante Expedition in 1776. Although Fray Francisco Atanasio Dominguez was the leader of the group often men, it was Fray Silvestre Velez de Escalante who kept the records of the expedition (Warner 1976:xiv, 1978:36). The main purpose of the expedition was to establish a route between the Spanish colony of Santa Fe in New Mexico and the Spanish colony at Monterey in California in order to check Russian advancements into northern California (Warner 1978:47). A secondary goal was to establish relations with local natives and locate suitable sites for missions (Warner 1976:ix).
On September 23, 1776, the small company entered Utah Valley from the southeast and traveled through Spanish Fork Canyon (Warner 1976:52-54, 1978:40). A few weeks later, it headed south to continue searching for a route between the Spanish colonies. With winter advancing, the members of the expedition could not decide among themselves if they should continue on to Monterey or return to Santa Fe. On October 11, the company drew lots with Santa Fe as the outcome and so trekked south back to Santa Fe (Warner 1976:xvii, 73-74, 1978:45-46). Although the expedition was considered a failure, the Spanish, and later Mexican, interests were made aware of the area. Due to other political problems, both Spain and later Mexico were unable to take advantage of the expedition's discoveries (Cannon 1987:12, 1994:447). However, a few Spanish and Mexican fur trappers from the settlements in New Mexico began exploiting the natural resources of the area and trading with the Native Americans of the region (Cannon 1987:12, 1994:447; Warner 1978:48-49). Further, some of the information from Escalante's journal was used and disseminated by later writers. One such example was German geographer Baron Alexander von Humboldt, who in his Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain published in 1811 used parts of the journal (Warner 1978:48).
14 The next groups of nonnatives to enter the Utah region were the fur trappers of the British Hudson's Bay Company and the Americans of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company. The Hudson's Bay trappers were led by Peter Skene Ogden. Those of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company were led by Jedediah Smith. In 1825, Ogden and his men came out of the north from Fort Nez Perce on the Columbia River while the Americans under Smith came from Wyoming into the Soda Springs area of Idaho south into Utah (Miller 1978a:55-56). Both companies spotted each other and began following one another off and on throughout their journey south. They explored the west face of the Wasatch Range, trapping the streams and valley regions, eventually meeting at Mountain Green (Miller 1978a:56; Tykal 1994:448).
Over the next several years, trappers from both the British Canadian Provinces and the United States, as well as those from New Mexico, trapped and explored the rivers and streams of Utah. As they continued to explore the region, trappers like Etienne Provost and Jedediah Smith began to establish the routes that would become overland trails to California. In 1825, Provost led William Ashley and his party over the Wasatch Mountains into the Salt Lake Valley and established two temporary trading posts, one in Utah Valley on the Provo River near Utah Lake, and the second along the Jordan River in the Salt Lake Valley sometime around 1824 or 1825 (Chittenden 1986:272; Tykal 1989:68, 1994:448). Provost is believed to be the first American to see the Great Salt Lake (Tykal 1994:448). In 1826 and again in 1827, Smith made two trips south from the rendezvous sites at Henry's Fork and Cache Valley into southern California and returned via Northern Nevada and the Humboldt River (Miller 1978a:61-62; Morgan 1964:195,237). Other trappers continued to explore the area until the 1840s when the region became "trapped out" and settlers began to move in.
In 1843 and 1845, John C. Fremont, on his second and third expeditions into the unexplored west, entered Northern Utah. During his second expedition, Fremont led his men on a long journey through Wyoming, down the west face of the Wasatch Range to the Great Salt Lake, and then along the outer edge of the Great Basin before turning north and traveling through Idaho, Oregon, California, and Nevada (Fremont 1845:150-60; Miller 1978b:74-76). On his third trip in 1845, he and his company of men came through the Uinta Basin, down Provo Canyon to Utah Lake, north along the Jordan River to the south shore of the Great Salt Lake, and across the Salt Flats to the Humboldt River (Miller 1978b:77-78). Fremont's maps and surveys made a significant contribution to the settlers and travelers who would soon follow (Miller 1978b:77-78).
Settlement (1847-1857)
The first permanent settlers to arrive in Utah and the Salt Lake Valley were members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (also known as Mormons or Latter-day Saints). The advanced party of settlers reached the valley on July 22, 1847, with the main body of pioneers under the direction of Brigham Young arriving two days later (Arrington 1958:22; Campbell 1978:124). When Young entered the valley, Orson Pratt, who had led the advance party, had already begun to irrigate, plow, and plant 35 acres of potatoes and early corn
15 (Arlington 1958:22; Bancroft 1889:261-262; Campbell 1978:124). Young organized each of the arriving companies into groups or "committees" (Arrington 1958:45). These committees were assigned different tasks such as planting, surveying the land and laying out city blocks, building a fort wall, constructing cabins, and exploring the surrounding valleys (Bancroft 1889:264-265).
Though the history of the settlement of Utah begins when the Mormon pioneers entered the Salt Lake Valley, the history of Tooele County is divided among its three main valleys, Tooele, Rush, and Skull. Each of these valleys played and continues to play a different role in the economic development of the county. The current project is located entirely within Rush Valley and does not effect either Tooele or Skull Valleys. However, the history of the region begins in Tooele Valley.
Tooele Valley was the first area of the County to be occupied by white men when Captain Howard Stansbury ordered the construction of an adobe house built in 1849. The residence was used by Stansbury to shelter his herders caring for US Army mules and livestock. This structure was constructed at the north end of the Valley on what is now called E. T. Hill. The Army was soon followed by settlers, who arrived in September of the same year. Their settlement was laid out just south of the present city of Tooele. However, it was not until 1853 that a town site was finally surveyed and populated. Tooele Valley almost immediately developed into an important agricultural and ranching area in the state. After the discovery of gold and silver ores in the 1860s, the valley became a significant mining center as well (Mercer 1961).
Rush Valley
Rush Valley, south of Tooele Valley, was inhabited by non-Native Americans when Colonel E. J. Steptoe and his command camped in the northern end of the valley along the eastern shore of Rush Lake. He and his soldiers entered Rush Valley on September 2, 1854. Steptoe had been sent by President Franklin Pierce to establish a military road through the territory from Salt Lake City to southern California and to capture the murderers of Lt. Gunnison and his men (Poll 1978; Mercer 1961). The military detachment under Steptoe's command included 85 mounted dragoons, an artillery company, and 136 teamsters.
Due to the large number of animals (450 mules, 300 horses and an unspecified number of cattle), an adequate supply of water and grass was required to maintain Steptoe's detail of men and animals. The area around Rush Lake met these needs and Steptoe ordered the construction of barracks and other military facilities on the east side of the lake. By 1856, tensions between the Mormon population and government officials, as well as the presence of the military in close proximity to Salt Lake City, prompted Steptoe to conclude his current mission and move his command on to Benecia, California (Mercer 1961).
Upon the abandonment of the post, Brigham Young ordered the occupation of the site and area by a company of settlers. The area was used by the Mormons to raise cattle. In 1858, a second army under the command of Albert S. Johnston arrived in Cedar Valley and built Camp
16 Floyd. Johnston commanded an army of 3,500 men, which required water and forage for large herds of cattle, mules, and horses. Johnston had the herds spread out over a wide area including Rush and Skull Valleys. By 1861, the soldiers abandoned Camp Floyd and returned to the east in order to participate in the Civil War.
Johnston's command was replaced in 1862 by a volunteer army from California led by Colonel Patrick Connor. Connor selected Salt Lake City as the site for his post, Fort Douglas. Like the commanders before him, he sent a small detachment to Rush Valley to graze and water some of his animals. These men constructed a small post at the present site of Stockton, called Camp Relief (Mercer 1961).
The Military in Utah - Camp Floyd Era (1858-1861)
Relations between the local representatives of the federal government and the Mormon leadership, which had always been strained, reached a breaking point in the late 1850s. Upon resigning their positions in Utah, Judges William W. Drummond and George P. Stiles, U.S. mail contractor W. M. F. Magraw, Utah surveyor general David H. Burr, and Indian Agent Thomas S. Twiss, sent letters informing President James Buchanan that the Mormons were in a state of rebellion against the United States government (Arrington 1958:171; Campbell 1978:165). President Buchanan became convinced that the Mormon-dominated territorial government of Utah was disloyal to the Union and in 1857, he ordered 3,500 federal troops to Utah to put down the so-called "Mormon Rebellion." He also instructed that Alfred Cumming of Georgia was to replace Brigham Young as Territorial Governor.
When Brigham Young heard that federal troops were on their way to Utah, he interpreted these events as an act of war (Arrington 1958:175). Young ordered settlers in northern Utah to relocate to Provo and other settlements to move further to the south in what became known as the "Move South" (Cannon 1987:14-15, 1994:447-448). Thousands of Mormons moved to Provo at this time, including Brigham Young (Bancroft 1889:535; Cannon 1987:15, 1994:447- 448). The crisis ended peacefully when the new territorial governor Alfred Cumming met with Brigham Young in Salt Lake City and determined to his satisfaction that the Mormons were not in rebellion (Arrington 1958:192-193; Bancroft 1889:529-532; Cannon 1987:15, 1994:448). Young soon allowed the people to return to their homes, but only after the army had marched through Salt Lake City and into Cedar Valley (Arrington 1958:192-193; Bancroft 1889:536-537; Cannon 1987:15, 1994:448). Here, the military established its post, Camp Floyd, some forty miles southwest of Salt Lake City. This distance kept the friction between the military and the civilian population to a minimum (Arrington 1958:193; Bancroft 1889:537; Campbell 1978:170).
Camp Floyd was a large open post located south of a spring and creek, which separated the military camp from the town of Fairfield. The buildings were of adobe bricks with wood shingle roofs, all constructed by Mormon contractors. Most of the troops were housed in adobe barracks with a few companies quartered in Sibley tents. Military supply wagon trains
17 consisting of 26 wagons arrived at the post every other day. Much of their food, such as flour, sugar and coffee, was transported by wagon from Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Other foodstuffs, such as fresh fruits and vegetables, were purchased locally (Arrington 1958:197). Because of the camp followers, entrepreneurs, and teamsters who arrived every other day with the military supply wagons, Fairfield became the second largest town in Utah with a population near 7,000. However, this boom only lasted three years. In 1861, the Civil War broke out and the soldiers were recalled to the east to supplement the Union Army. All of the surplus equipment, supplies, food, wagons, animals, and even buildings were sold at auction for pennies on the dollar (Arrington 1958:199).
The Military in Utah - Fort Douglas Era (1862-1875)
In October 1862, Colonel (later General) Patrick E. Connor established Camp Douglas, named in honor of the "Little Giant," Senator Stephen A. Douglas, on the bench east of Salt Lake City; the post boundaries covered an area of four square miles (2,560 acres), including the mouth of Red Butte Canyon (Hibbard 1999:6-7; Rogers 1938:55-56; Vollum 1875:333). Connor had visited the remains of Camp Floyd on October 17, a week before arriving in Salt Lake City, and had found the site in deplorable condition and unsuitable for his wants and needs (Adjutant General's Office [AGO] [1893]:2). This would lead to greater friction between him and the Mormon population than the previous command under Johnston. Connor's command, which consisted of the 3rd California Volunteer Infantry and the 2nd California Volunteer Cavalry, was made up of California miners and prospectors, and not of regular army troops. These men had volunteered for military service in the belief they were to fight in the Civil War against the Confederacy. Instead of going east to fight, they were sent to Utah to protect the mail and telegraph lines from Indians, as well as keep an eye on the Mormons (Rogers 1938:121). Upon their arrival in the Salt Lake City area, Connor chose the east bench overlooking Salt Lake City as the best place to keep watch over the Mormon population and their leader, Brigham Young. Due to the approaching winter, Connor was forced to send the men into temporary winter quarters because there was no time to build more permanent structures (Rogers 1938:56). The soldiers made their initial camp where the cemetery is now located south of the present cantonment area (AGO [1893]:2; Rogers 1938:55).
Once a permanent camp was established the following year and Connor had dealt a heavy blow to the Indians at Bear River in the winter 1862, military life at Camp Douglas settled into a boring routine. Since many of Connor's men were recruited from the California gold fields and had little to keep them occupied, Connor encourage his men to spend their time prospecting the surrounding territory (Sillitoe 1996:64). Connor also had another motive. He believed the discovery of valuable minerals would inspire non-Mormons to come to Utah and, thus, eventually take control of the territory from Brigham Young and the Mormon-dominated populace (Sillitoe 1996:64).
In 1863, a woodcutter working for Archibald Gardner discovered a vein of silver ore in Bingham Canyon, located approximately 30 miles southwest of the post on the east slope of the
18 Oquirrh Mountains. The sample was taken to General, Connor at Camp Douglas for assay (Varley 1989:156). A short time later, Connor and several officers, along with their wives, traveled to the canyon for a picnic. As they wandered the canyon, the wife of the Regimental Surgeon picked up another sample of ore (Varley 1989:156). On September 17, 1863, Connor and 24 other interested parties met at Gardner's Jordan ward house to organize the West Mountain Quartz Mining District (Varley 1989:156). At this time, Connor and others local civic and business leaders filed a claim for the discovery in Bingham Canyon under the name of the Jordan Silver Mining Company (Sillitoe 1996:65). Word of the discovery spread and hundreds of prospectors flocked to the canyons and slopes of the Oquirrh Mountains, as well as the mountains in the surrounding region. Soon, numerous discoveries were being made throughout the territory, which included eastern Nevada (Varley 1989:157).
The Rush Valley Mining District (1864-1889)
In military matters, Connor had other problems, which included finding enough foray for his pack animals, wagon teams, and cavalry horses. The area around Camp Douglas was not conducive to producing forage for all of these animals, and thus Connor was forced to look for other sources. Sources of good forage open to Connor included the old military reservations located in Rush Valley that had been established by Colonel Steptoe in 1855 and Fort Crittenden (formerly Camp Floyd) in Cedar Valley used by the troops of Colonel Johnston from 1859 to 1861 (Varley 1989:177). In the spring of 1864, Connor re-established both posts, naming the one along the eastern shore of Rush Lake in Rush Valley at Steptoe's old site "Camp Relief (Varley 1989:177). This camp was abandoned in favor of a new cantonment area south of the lake on Clover Creek, which was named "Camp Conness" (Varley 1989:177). As with all of the companies and detachments under the command of Connor, these men were encouraged to prospect the surrounding hills (Varley 1989:178). Based on a number of discoveries, the men of Company L organized the Rush Valley Mining District on June 11,1864 (Rush Valley Mining District 1873:1, Varley 1989:178).
By July 1864, the town of Stockton at the northern end of the valley had been laid out and partially constructed (Morgan 1973:287, Varley 1989:187). Initially, the site was planned for a population of 10,000 with 60 blocks containing 20 lots per block (Varley 1989:187). By the following summer, more than 500 mining claims had been located within a two mile radius of the new community (Arlington 1963:204). However, the planned population did not meet expectations. In 1866, the town had a population of only 400 individuals, consisting of approximately 40 families living and working on approximately 30 lots buildings (Arrington 1963:204, Varley 1989:193). The commercial buildings included a number of stores, businesses, and at least four operating smelters (Arrington 1963:204, Varley 1989:193).
The long distance required to transport goods and products necessitated that the ore from the mines be reduced to a manageable size such as bullion. Although the California miners and local businessmen lacked the necessary skills, they put all of their available resources into the construction of several smelters in an effort to make the mines profitable. Connor and his
19 associates, who had formed the Connor Smelting Company, hired the best metallurgists they could find to design and run the mills they constructed to process the ore from the local mines (Varley 1989:263).
The most prominent of these mills was the Pioneer Smelting Works, which consisted of a large reverberator/ furnace (an open hearth-type furnace), which produced about two tons a day (Morgan 1973:287, Union Vedette, June 21, 1864, and September 22, 1864). This furnace, which was constructed in 1864, and owned by James Finnerry (a Lieutenant in Connor's command) and Connor (Arrington 1963:204, Bailey 2002:96, Union Vedette, June 29, 1864, Varley 1989:263). This was Finnerty's second furnace, having built a smaller furnace to test the ore (Bailey 2002:96). However, both furnaces failed due to the poor quality of brick and the lack of understanding of metallurgy (Bailey 2002:96).
A second reverberatory furnace was constructed by Chase Yoacham and James W. Yoacham, a former cavalry sergeant in Connor's command, as part of the Rush Valley Furnace and Smelting Company (Arrington 1963:204, Bailey 2002:96-97, Varley 1989:263). A third mill, which was owned by Mondheim and Johnson, was a cupelling furnace used to separate the lead ore from silver (Varley 1989:263). The last facility belonged to J. W. Gibson and consisted of both a smelter and cupelling furnace (Varley 1989:263).
While the mines and smelters were important locally, they were also drawing attention from outside the territory. The Sacramento Daily Union reported the following item in its August 26, 1864 issue:
Departures. The Camp Douglas (U.T.) Vedette [this is the Union Vedette - a Camp Douglas Newspaper] of August 18th says:
General Connor, Colonel Pollock, Colonel Jones, Major McGarry, Captain Johns, Judge McCurdy, and quite a number of other gentlemen of Camp Douglas and of this city [Salt Lake City], left on yesterday morning on a short visit to Rush Valley and the Military Reservation. We understand it is the intention to make it convenient, if possible, to be present at the trail of the two smelting furnaces lately erected in the neighborhood of the mines and near the new city of Stockton.
Articles such as this one stimulated outside interest, as well as investments, as Connor had hoped.
During 1864, Warren Leland, owner of the Metropolitan Hotel in New York, was given a tour of Stockton, the mines, and presumably one or several of the smelters (Varley 1989:193). Encouraged by the appearance of the operations, Leland returned to New York and assisted in the organization of the Knickerbocker and Argenta Mining and Smelting Company of New York (Varley 1989:193). The company invested approximately $100,000 in mining equipment and
20 machinery in an effort to improve both the mining and smelting efforts (Arlington 1963:204, Varley 1989:193). However, the primitive technology of the smelters, the inexperienced smelting workers, the insufficient quantities of charcoal, and the high transportation cost of shipping ore to an industrial center in a pre-railroad era forced the company to abandon the project the following year (Arrington 1963:204, Varley 1989:193). Until the completion of the transcontinental railroad in the Spring of 1869, smelting and mining would have to wait. However, these smelters appear to have formed the foundations for the more improved versions that would soon follow.
With the completion of the transcontinental railroad across northern Utah, more opportunities for various methods for transporting ore became available. In anticipation of the uniting of the rails, mining had resumed in the summer of 1868 (Arrington 1963:206). Unprocessed ores were shipped by rail for processing to smelters as far away as Chicago, Baltimore, and Sacramento, as well as Liverpool or Swansea in Great Britain (Arrington 1963:206, Morgan 1973:291).
In 1868, Connor had a boat constructed, which he launched in December of that year, named the Kate Connor. This side-wheeler was initially used to transport passengers and railroad ties across the Great Salt Lake. Later, Connor used it to transport ore to the railhead at Corrine (Varley 1989:266). Unfortunately, the Kate Connor sank in 1871 with a load of ore (Morgan 1973:299). Connor soon had two other boats, the Pioneer and the Plwibustah, constructed for the specific purpose of hauling ore across the lake (Morgan 1973:294, Varley 1989:266). A larger boat, The City of Corrine, would be construct by Connor and several other investors in 1871 (Morgan 1973:299, Varley 1989:267). Eventually, Connor and others would have the ore processed at a smelter, the Alger Reduction Works, they constructed in Corrine (Varley 1989:267).
Once the transcontinental railroad was linked at Promontory, railroad enthusiasts were eager to begin the organization and construction of a number of railroads both north and south of the new main line. One such railroad was the Salt Lake, Sevier Valley, & Pioche Railroad Company (Robertson 1986:285). The plan was for the railroad to be constructed from Salt Lake City to Lake Point and south to Tooele, Stockton, and Tintic, and then on to Pioche, Nevada (Morgan 1973:354). Grading along the route began on January 14, 1873, but construction was halted after 20 miles of track were laid to Lake Point, due to an economic depression (Morgan 1973:354, Robertson 1986:285). Eventually, the company was sold to the Utah Western Railway Company on October 24, 1874 (Robertson 1986:285 and 308). Though this company resumed construction on the line, it did not reach Stockton until June 1877 (Robertson 1986:308). The Utah Western Railway Company was foreclosed and sold to the Utah & Nevada Railway Company on May 1, 1881, and was later consolidated into the Oregon Short Line and Utah Northern Railway Company on August 1, 1889 (Robertson 1986:274,291,308). The presence of these rail lines after 1877 allowed the mining companies to ship their ore for processing to other facilities. However, prior to this time, the local smelters were the most economical method of processing ore for shipment.
21 The completion of the transcontinental and other rail lines to the south allowed for the transportation of heavier industrial machinery and equipment to the Utah Territory. By 1872, mining had expanded throughout the territory with as many as 16 mining districts, 21 smelters and furnaces, and 6 stamp mills (Fabian 1873:11-16). By 1880, there were 34 smelters and 18 mills (Alexander 1995:161). The mining districts were scattered from Salt Lake County in the north to districts in Millard County in the south (Fabian 1873:11-15). Smelters were constructed in Sandy, Murray, Midvale, and Corrine, as well as in all of the major mining districts (Alexander 1995:161, Fabian 1873:15-16). By 1873, there were four identified smelters in Rush Valley including; the H.S. Jacobs and Company, Waterman Smelting Company, Chicago Smelting Company, and the Carson and Buzzo Smelter. The Waterman and Chicago Smelters appear to have been the largest mills drawing the most attention. Most of the newspaper articles during this period mention both of these smelters when referring to the town of Stockton, such as in a Salt Lake Tribune article for 25 April 1874, entitled "The City of Stockton," which simply states:
This place [Stockton] is pleasantly situated near Stockton Lake [Rush Lake] and contains about 125 buildings of various kinds. On the borders of the Lake the Chicago and Waterman smelters are located, and add materially to the business and wealth of Stockton.
The remainder of the article, consisting of nine paragraphs, is devoted strictly to the businesses, politics, and mines of Stockton with no other references to the other smelters. Although both the Jacobs and Carson and Buzzo Smelters appeared less important in the press, they were still substantial smelters that processed large quantities of ore.
H.S. Jacobs and Company
The H.S. Jacobs and Company, also known as the H.S. Jacobs' Smelting Company, smelter was located on the outskirts of Stockton in the southeast corner (Bailey 2002:129, Hilton 1998:20). The facility, constructed in 1872 under the direction John Williams, consisted of a 40- horsepower engine and three blast furnaces with a total daily production capacity of 60 tons (20 tons per furnace) (Fabian 1873:16). Operations of the smelter were housed in an 86 x 30 foot wood frame building, which produced about five tons of bullion a day (Bailey 2002:129). Once processed, the bullion was shipped across the Great Salt Lake to Corrine for transportation by rail to the East (Bailey 2002:129). The smelter was managed by H.S. Jacobs, assisted by H.S. Durkee (Fabian 1873:16).
Waterman Smelting Company
The Waterman Smelting Company works were completed in May 1871 by Isaac S. Waterman and Henry Simons of Philadelphia (Bailey 2002:128, Fabian 1873:16, Salt Lake Tribune, 22 October 1875). Waterman and Simons choose Mr. Ayers to manage the operation with Mr. Blakely as the supervisor (Salt Lake Tribune, 22 October 1875). In 1871, the smelter consisted of a large roasting furnace six feet wide at the bottom and twelve feet wide at the top
22 and a 30-to-40-inch blast furnace (Bailey 2002:128-129). A second blast furnace was added in September 1871 (Bailey 2002:129). At this time, the processed ore was shipped to either Omaha or Chicago for refining (Bailey 2002:129). By 1872, the facility consisted of two cupolas (vertical cylindrical furnaces) with a daily production capacity of 14 tons each, a blast furnace, a 40-horsepower engine, and a 70-horse boiler (Fabian 1873:16, Salt Lake Tribune, 22 October 1875). Forty men were employed in the operation of the smelter (Salt Lake Tribune, 22 October 1875). Although the smelter was idle for most of 1872, the smelter had produced 300 tons of bullion from the Hidden Treasure, St. Patrick, Grand Cross, and Metropolitan mines, which were located as far as nine miles from the smelter by the end of the year (Fabian 1873:16, Salt Lake Tribune, 22 October 1875, Utah Mining Gazette, 2 September 1873). Between April 23 and May 27, the smelter produced 35 bars of silver weighing 47,528 ounces with an 1873 value of $55,250.73 (Utah Mining Gazette, 2 September 1873). In December 1872, the smelter began processing ore again under the supervision of Henry Prosser (Bailey 2002:129).
In 1875, the Salt Lake Tribune reported that the capacity of the Waterman furnaces was 26 tons per day, which resulted in the processing of 9 tons of bullion per day per stack (22 October 1875). The processed bullion, which had previously been sent to Newark, New Jersey for further refining, was shipped to St. Louis in 1875 (Salt Lake Tribune, 22 October 1875). In 1877, the future of the smelters appeared good when the Salt Lake Tribune announced in April 1877 that a new furnace was complete and that the construction of a second new furnace was underway (1 May 1877). At the same time, the Utah and Nevada Railroad had reached Stockton, which now made it more economical to freight the ore to more efficient facilities out of the territory. By 1887, production had almost ceased at the smelters and freighting charges were putting a further strain on the production of ore from the mines. Smelter owners, including the new owners of the Waterman, were struggling to keep their operations going. The Salt Lake Tribune (20 May 1887) recorded:
Under these prices nine out often of the mines about Stockton, will be forced to shut down, and the same may be the case with some of the other districts in Utah. But it may result in starting smelters at Stockton. Mr. Pascoe, who owns the old Waterman smelter, is looking about to secure ore to put his works in blast, and the Hornerine Company and Messrs Neldricghaus are investigating the subject of smelters for their ores.
In 1894, the Waterman Smelter was no longer in operation. The owners, however, were attempting to make the property pay by finding methods to reprocess the waste material surrounding the old mill site. The Tooele Transcript Bulletin reported, "Messrs. Pascoe are shipping some slag from the old Waterman smelter dump," suggesting that they were reprocessing the slag that remained in the waste material from the furnace (12 October 1894).
Chicago Smelting Company
The Chicago Smelting Company, which became the most successful of the smelting operations in Rush Valley, began construction of their mill on the southeastern edge of Rush
23 Lake in May 1873, and was completed in August of the same year (Bailey 2002:129-130, Utah Mining Gazette, 11 October 1873). William Godbe, a local businessman, had convinced a number of English investors to form the company and construct the mill in Stockton, with Godbe as manager and John H. Latey as superintendent (Bailey 2002:129, Utah Mining Gazette, 6 September 1873 and 11 October 1873). The Utah Mining Gazette (6 September 1873) described the new smelting works as follows:
In no instance perhaps since Utah has become famous for her mineral wealth, has so much energy and thoroughness been displayed as have this company since taking possession of the Chicago mine in Dry Canyon in May last. In less than four months reduction works of a smelting capacity of sixty tons per day with the latest improvements and second to none on the coast, have been erected on Rush Lake, forty-two miles from this city and eight miles from the mine.
The mill consisted of two vertical blast furnaces (one a 26 ton and the second a 30 ton), which were run by a Utica Manufacturing Company horizontal 35-40-horsepower steam engine and 42-horsepower boiler (Bailey 2002:129, Utah Mining Gazette, 11 October 1873). The two furnaces were housed in a 30-ft-tall, 72 x 39-ft (appears later to have been expanded to 75 x 48 ft) wooden frame building with a fireproof sheet metal roof (Bailey 2002:130, Utah Mining Gazette, 11 October 1873). The second floor contained a 7 ft x 15 ft rock crusher capable of pulverizing seven to eight tons of ore per hour (Utah Mining Gazette, 11 October 1873). The furnaces were first to be fitted with a fume chamber, invented by John D. Williams, in an attempt to reduce the lead dust produced during the smelting process, which amounted to about 16,968 pounds each week (Bailey 2002:130, Utah Mining Gazette, 11 October 1873). A 30 x 30 ft wooden frame structure enclosed the engine and boiler (Bailey 2002:130). The entire smelting operation was supplied with water from a well located in the furnace building (Bailey 2002:130). Located behind these two buildings were the fuel sheds. These structures contained the 20,000 bushels of charcoal and 40 tons of coke necessary for maintaining the furnaces and for the refining process (Bailey 2002:130).
Additional buildings included a 20 x 30-ft office building with a 20,000 pound Howe's scale next to it, an assay office situated west of the office building, a two story 30 x 10-ft employee boarding house located east of the office, a stable, an ore house, and three wooden water tanks (Utah Mining Gazette, 11 October 1873). The assay office was a small wood-frame building rebuilt of brick in December 1874 (Utah Mining Gazette, 13 December 1874). The boarding house had six rooms on the upper floor with a sitting room, dining room, kitchen and storeroom on the lower level (Utah Mining Gazette, 11 October 1873). The 72 x 27-ft stable, which could house up to 30 animals, was situated 200 ft northeast of the office (Utah Mining Gazette, 11 October 1873). The south end of this building was divided into a harness room and grain rooms (Utah Mining Gazette, 11 October 1873). West of the stable was a triangular box wood frame ore house measuring 72 x 16 ft (Utah Mining Gazette, 11 October 1873). Water for the facility was furnished from three water tanks located on the site that could hold up to 15,000 gallons of water (Utah Mining Gazette, 11 October 1873). These buildings, along with several
24 other residential structures, were referred to as "Slagtown" (Salt Lake Tribune, 22 October 1875).
By late September 1873, only one month after starting production, the Chicago Smelter had processed eleven car loads of ore with an estimated value of $27,000 (Utah Mining Gazette, 20 September and 27 September 1873). By the following year, the smelter was operating only one furnace, which was processing 27 tons of ore a day, producing seven tons of bullion coming from mines in both Utah and Montana (Salt Lake Tribune, 18 September 1874). At this time, they were in the process of constructing a new stamp mill next to the furnace building (Salt Lake Tribune, 18 September 1874). By 1875, the mill had been running for almost two and half years and the two furnaces were processing 15 tons of bullion daily, which were made into 350 to 450 20-pound bars (Salt Lake Tribune, 22 October 1875). The Salt Lake Tribune reported that the mill was purchasing its coke from Pennsylvania at a cost of $35 per ton; the refined bars were being sent to Omaha for further refining (Salt Lake Tribune, 22 October 1875). In addition, the company had constructed two boats that the employees used on Rush Lake, which the Salt Lake Tribune records was five miles long by two miles wide, for recreation (Salt Lake Tribune, 22 October 1875). In May 1877, the Chicago Smelter replaced one of their furnaces with a new one, at the same time that the Waterman was doing the same (Salt Lake Tribune, 1 May 1877). No mention of the smelter is made after 1877, which suggests that the appearance of the Utah and Nevada Railroad in Stockton in 1877, successfully impacted the smelters.
Carson and Buzzo Smelter
In 1873, Carson and Buzzo purchased the Galena Smelting Works in Sandy, south of Salt Lake City, and at the same time constructed a new smelter a short distance east of the Chicago Smelter (Bailey 2002:108, Portage Lake Mining Gazette, 14 May 1874). The ores processed at the Carson and Buzzo Smelting Works in Stockton came from the Utah Queen, Corona, and Miama mines (Utah Mining Gazette, 2 September 1873). The smelter was owned by James Carson and Thomas W. Buzzo of Houghton County, Michigan, who were known for their work in copper mining near Lake Superior in Michigan (Portage Lake Mining Gazette, 14 May 1874 and 5 August 1875). Carson, was a prominent Michigan businessman who had started in business as a house builder and contractor before switching to the mercantile and shipping businesses (Portage Lake Mining Gazette, 5 August 1875). Later, he developed an interest in copper mining in Michigan (Portage Lake Mining Gazette, 5 August 1875). In 1872, Carson and Buzzo formed a partnership (Portage Lake Mining Gazette, 5 August 1875). Since Carson and Buzzo also owned the Galena smelter in Sandy, it is unlikely that the smelter in Stockton lasted very long against the larger smelters in the area, as well as the untimely death of Carson in August 1875 (Portage Lake Mining Gazette, 5 August 1875). The 60-year-old Carson was on a business trip to San Francisco and Oakland, California, when he was accidently run over by a car belonging to the Chicago InterOcean Company in Oakland (Portage Lake Mining Gazette, 5 August 1875).
25 Decline of Mining (1890-1913)
By 1889, the older mines that had been in operation the longest in the Rush Valley Mining District began to experience problems once they reached a depth of about 660 ft (Blanthorn 1998:122). At this depth, the mines encountered the water table, which began to flood the mining works. While pumping was a solution, it was also costly. In 1901, the Honerine Mining Company choose to construct a drainage tunnel. The water from this tunnel was used to irrigate an orchard on the mine company property (Blanthorn 1998:123). Gradually, the cost of pumping along with the diminishing prices for ore brought about the closure of many of the mines in the mining districts. While many mines closed, some like the Honerine continued operation on a limited scale into the 1980s (Blanthorn 1998:123). With the closure of the mines, the economic base of the area gradually shifted from mining production to agriculture.
World War I and the Great Depression (1914-1941)
While agriculture and mining both saw a temporary economic recovery during World War I, both markets began a steady decline during the 1920s. The demand for materials and agricultural produce, as well as goods and services, during World War I, 1917-1919, produced a economic boom for these items (Alexander 1978: 463-72). However, the end of the war brought about a depression that would last until 1922, and longer for some commodities, such as agriculture (Alexander 1978: 463-72). This depression was brought about by several factors including the sudden cancellation of government contracts at the end of the war, the termination of war-time government business controls, and cut backs in government spending (Alexander 1978: 464). During this period, mining operations ceased and many mines closed (Alexander 1978: 465). By 1922, mineral prices began to increase and mining had a sluggish start; however most mines above Stockton remained closed with the exception of the Honerine and several others (Alexander 1978: 469, 1987:188). While mining slowly recovered, it did not reach the pre-war levels of production and instead fluctuated throughout the remainder of the period (Alexander 1978: 469, 1987:188).
Like many other communities in the state, Stockton and Tooele were hit hard by the Great Depression of the 1930s that struck the entire nation after the collapse of the Stock Market in October 1929. With the county's economy based upon mineral and agrarian activities, the two communities experienced extreme difficulties when the outside markets dried up. Many residents left the area in search of work near industrial centers. During this period, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints developed a welfare system to assist their members in coping with the crisis (Alexander and Allen 1984:213). However, it took the major efforts and resources of the federal government to make a dent in the problem.
The federal government responded with the creation of a number of new agencies tasked with stimulating the national and local economies. These agencies, such as the Public Works Administration (PWA), later changed to the Works Project Administration (WPA), created
26 employment for the jobless through construction projects, as well as the arts and sciences. These projects helped to lessen the severity of the Great Depression in the county.
World War II and Post-war Period (1941 to Present)
Economic recovery was slow to return to Utah and the Nation. Full economic recovery did not come until the United States entered World War II after the Japanese attack on the U.S. Naval Fleet at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. The war-time demand for minerals and agricultural products brought about a new demand for goods, material, and services throughout the state and nation. Unlike other areas of the state, however, the Stockton area did not enjoy the full benefit of the resurgent economy but resulted in an indirect way when the Tooele Army Depot was created.
One of the most significant impacts of the war overseas was the establishment of defense-related installations throughout the country. Among those facilities erected in Utah were the Defense Depot in Weber County and Hill Air Force Base and the Clearfield Naval Supply Depot in Davis County. While the establishment of these facilities provided direct benefits to residents in these northern counties, it only indirectly affected the southern Utah communities by helping to create a stronger state economy.
During the late 1930s and early 1940s, the United States conducted a general military buildup in the wake of the outbreak of war in Europe. As part of this buildup, the United States Department of Defense planned to expand the Ogden Arsenal, located in Sunset, Utah, approximately 50 miles (80 km) north of Tooele. Military officials found that enlarging the arsenal would be difficult, given the geographic limitations of the city of Ogden to the north, the suburbs of Salt Lake City to the south, the Wasatch Mountains to the east, and the Great Salt Lake to the west. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 and subsequent United States involvement in the war, the Army elected to supplement the Ogden Arsenal by purchasing a 25,000 acre tract of land just south of Tooele and building a depot (Arrington and Alexander 1963:4). Ground was broken on the depot in June 1942. During construction, the Department of Defense also began building the Deseret Chemical Warfare Depot, a toxic chemical storage and shipping area, on a 19,000 acre parcel of land 20 miles south of Tooele. This facility was placed under the command of the Tooele Ordnance Depot in 1955, and became known as the Tooele Army Depot South Area in 1962 (Building Technology, Inc. 1984:14).
In December of 1942, the Tooele Ordnance Depot was assigned its first mission by the Army, that of storing vehicles, small arms, and fire equipment (Miller 1990:166). The following year the depot became the official supply center for the Ogden Arsenal. Later in the war effort, the Tooele Ordnance Depot took on the additional task of maintaining and repairing vehicles and artillery (Arrington and Alexander 1963:7-8). During World War II, the Tooele Ordnance Depot shipped and received more than 1,625,000 tons of materiel, overhauled nearly 2,000 vehicles, and repaired over 1,300 pieces of artillery (Arrington and Alexander 1963:13-14). The depot also housed Italian and German prisoners of war and an Italian Service Unit during the war years
27 (Miller 1990:166). By the end of World War II, facilities of the Tooele Ordnance Depot included over 900 storage igloos, 31 warehouses, 12 magazines for the storage of small arms, and a number of artillery and automotive repair shops. An administrative area included a hospital, offices, and housing facilities (Miller 1990:166). After the war ended in 1945, the depot remained a hub of activity for many years.
Cold War to the Present (1946-2000)
While some of the local residents continued to ranch and farm, other local residents continued work at the Tooele Army Depot and the Deseret Chemical Depot. Throughout the Cold War era (1946-1992), the function of the Tooele Army Depot reflected the goals and objectives of the defense needs of the United States. Therefore, the history of the depot is best understood by describing it within the framework of specific periods of United States military history. For the purpose of the current project, the Cold War history of the depot has been divided into time periods as follows: Post-World War II, Korean War, Post-Korean War, Vietnam War, and Post-Vietnam War.
Post-World War II Period: 1946-1949
In the period between the end of World War II and the outbreak of the Korean War, the Tooele Ordnance Depot remained a busy military post. When the war in the Pacific ended in August of 1945, the function of the depot became that of returning war materiel to stock or surplus disposal. Given this enormous task, it is not surprising that the amount of shipping and receiving at the depot increased over that of the World War II period. On a single day in September of 1945, the depot shipped and received 107 car loads of materiel, far surpassing the previous high of 89 carloads attained during World War II (Arlington and Alexander 1963:14).
The disposal of military surplus at the depot also included the destruction of ammunition. When residents of Grantsville and Tooele complained about the noise, this activity was shifted to Dugway Proving Grounds and Wendover Air Force Base (Arlington and Alexander 1963:14). The continued high level of activity resulted in relatively little decrease in the number of people employed at the depot. Civilian employment at the depot in 1949 was only slightly less than in 1945 (Arrington and Alexander 1963:12).
The amount of storage space for excess materiel was quickly exhausted, and the army found it necessary to build new storage facilities. At the same time, obsolete buildings were disposed of or converted to other uses. The prisoner-of-war barracks were sold and this site was used for salvaging metal from small arms.
Korean War Period: 1950-1953
In June of 1950, communist North Korean forces invaded South Korea. Over the next three years, 350,000 American troops supported the efforts of South Korean forces (Urrutia
28 1994:306). With the massive American military involvement in the conflict, the primary function of the Tooele Ordnance Depot became the shipment of supplies and materiel to the West Coast for transport to Korea. The number of people employed at the depot skyrocketed from a total of 1,565 employees in 1950, to a 1953 total of 5,359 (Arlington and Alexander 1963:18).
Manufacturing, rebuilding, and repairing war materiel were also important activities at the Tooele Army Depot during the Korean War. In fact, the amount of production from these activities far surpassed the totals achieved during World War II (Arrington and Alexander 1963:19). Because many of the World War II functions of the depot continued after the war and during the Korean War, the Army spent a considerable amount of money in this period improving buildings originally designed for temporary use. This was accomplished by the addition of materials like asbestos shingles and aluminum siding (Arrington and Alexander 1963:19-20).
Post-Korean War Period: 1954-1964
In July of 1953 a negotiated truce ended the hostilities in Korea. The United States remained committed to the policy of containing communism worldwide, therefore major military cutbacks did not occur. The end of the Korean War did, however, signal another shift in the focus of activities at the Tooele Ordnance Depot away from shipping and receiving to maintenance and storage. Because the depot assumed the functions of other military installations during this period, the level of activity there remained high.
In 1955 the depot absorbed the functions, and many of the employees, of the Ogden Arsenal (Arrington and Alexander 1963:20). That same year, the depot absorbed the chemical storage and shipping functions of the Deseret Chemical Warfare Depot, located 20 miles south of Tooele. In 1957 the depot became a training site for Army Reserve and National Guard units (Miller 1990:167). The most significant additions to the functions of the depot occurred in 1962, when the Army consolidated at Tooele the activities of several maintenance and supply installations throughout the West. At this time the Tooele Depot took over the functions of Pueblo Ordnance Depot in Colorado, the Mount Rainier Depot in Washington, and the Benicia Arsenal in California. The base absorbed the maintenance, rehabilitation, and supply functions of these facilities, as well as many of the personnel formerly employed at the three installations. That same year the name of the depot was officially changed to Tooele Army Depot, in order to reflect the expanded role of the facility (Miller n.d.:4). At this time the original depot became known as the Tooele Army Depot North Area, and the former Deseret Chemical Warfare Depot was designated the Tooele Army Depot South Area (Building Technology, Inc. 1984:29).
Vietnam War Period: 1965-1975
Beginning in the late 1950s, the United States became increasingly involved in another conflict in southeast Asia, the struggle between communist North Vietnam and non-communist South Vietnam. In 1965, United States Marine combat troops landed in South Vietnam to guard
29 Da Nang Air Force Base from North Vietnamese forces, an event which marked a significant escalation in American involvement in the controversial conflict (Powell 1994:613). As the level of United States military commitment to the war increased throughout the 1960s, a corresponding upsurge of activity occurred at the Tooele Army Depot. The shipment of supplies once more became a crucial mission of the depot, while the maintenance and storage functions also remained important activities there. An increase in personnel accompanied the rise in activity level at the depot. By 1967, the number of civilians employed at the depot surpassed the previous high mark of just over 5,300 people set during the Korean War (Miller n.d.:4).
Additional functions and personnel were added to the Tooele Army Depot in 1971 when the Granite City Army Depot in Illinois closed and the Tooele Depot assumed its maintenance and supply functions (Miller 1990:167). In the closing years of the Vietnam War, the Army further consolidated its storage and supply facilities in the West by placing four depot areas under the official command of Tooele Army Depot. These included the Pueblo Depot in Colorado, the Umatilla Depot in Oregon, the Fort Wingate Depot in New Mexico, and the Navajo Depot in Arizona (Miller n.d.:4-5).
Post-Vietnam War Period: 1976-1992
American involvement in Vietnam ended in 1975, but American defense policy remain focused on opposing the spread of communism. At this time, storage and maintenance activities once again assumed the most importance at the Tooele Army Depot. Maintenance functions in this period included overhauling of wheeled vehicles, engines, air conditioning units, and surveying equipment. Supply functions also remained an integral part of the installation's functions, including packaging, shipping, storage and preservation of materials, as well as contingency planning (Miller 1990:168). The destruction of chemical munitions was added to the activities of the Tooele Army Depot when the state of the art Chemical Agent Munitions Disposal System (CAMDS) became operational in 1979 at the South Area.
By the late 1980s, major political changes in the Soviet Union and the collapse of communist governments in eastern Europe signaled the beginning of a new era in United States defense strategy. As part of a general military reduction, in 1990 the United States Congress passed the Defense Base Closure and Realignment Act, which designated more than 100 Department of Defense facilities for closure and realignment (AEGISS Environmental Inc., 1994:1). This act also established the Base Closure and Realignment (BRAC) commission, a bipartisan, Presidentially-appointed body charged with making recommendations to Congress on facilities to be closed or realigned (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District 1995:1-1).
In March of 1993, the BRAC Commission recommended the elimination of the maintenance and supply divisions at the Tooele Army Depot North Area, leaving the main function of the installation as munitions and chemical storage (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District 1995:1-1). Following Congressional approval of the recommendation of this action in the fall of 1993, the realignment began with the reduction or transfer of the depot's maintenance and supply functions. The realignment was officially completed at the close of the
30 federal fiscal year 1995 (September 30, 1995), although small tasks such as the movement of equipment are occurring at of the completion of this report (Walden 1995). A 1,684 acre parcel of land in the North Area was excessed, although some of the buildings within this area will be retained by the Tooele Army Depot or other agencies to support their missions (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District 1995:2-4). A local redevelopment authority has established an office in the excessed area to facilitate re-use of the buildings. At present, the Corps of Engineers is negotiating interim leases with private organizations for space in the excessed areas (Walden 1995).
RESULTS
In October 2007, Sagebrush conducted a survey of four areas identified as having soils containing heavy metals from the 1870s ore processing smelters and that need to be removed for health concerns. The survey resulted in the identification of 8 sites (42To3303- 42T03310) and 25 isolated finds (IF 0-1 through IF 0-16, IF 1-1 through IF 1-5, IF 1-7 through IF 1-9, and IF 1- 12) in each of the three areas (Area 0, Area 1 and 2, and Area 10). No cultural materials or features were found in Areas 3 and 5. These sites include two prehistoric sites (42To3305 and 42To3307), four historic sites (42To3304, 42To3306, 42To3308, and 42To3310), and two dual- component sites (42To3303 and 42To3309). A brief description of each the sites, features, and isolated finds are described as follows:
AreaO
This area consists of two prehistoric sites (42To3305 and 42To3307), a historic site (42To3306), the Chicago Smelter(42To3303), and 15 prehistoric isolates. Sites 42To3305 and 42To3307 stretch along the eastern shore of Rush Lake. Site documentation for these cultural resources are provided in Appendix A of this document.
Lithic Scatter(42To3305)
This site is a 128 m (north-south) by 88 m (east-west) prehistoric lithic scatter with 20 flakes and no tools (Figures 3 and 4). Lithic debitage consists of chert and obsidian flakes. The site is dominated by tertiary flakes, with secondary and primary flakes also present, but rare. There were 19 tertiary flakes, 2 secondary flakes, and 1 primary flake recorded at the site. No additional artifacts, diagnostic tools, or features were identified in association with this site.
Temporary Habitation Site (42To3306)
This site, located on a flat plain within Rush Valley, is a possible 19th century temporary habitation location consisting of three depressions/dugouts (Fl through F3) and one small
31 depression/possible privy (F4) (Figures 5-9). This site measures approximately 55 m (north- south) by 40 m (east-west). Artifacts identified at the site include tin cans and tin can fragments, glass shards, ceramic sherds, glass bottle fragments, one leather insole for a child's shoe, one barrel hoop, one square nail, one thin iron fragment, and a four-hole, mother-of-pearl button. The historic artifacts identified at the site generally date within the historic period from ca. 1885 to the late 1920s. No additional historic artifacts or features were observed at this site.
FJ_ is a dugout partially surrounded by an earthen berm. The dugout measures approximately 19 ft (north-south) by 12 ft (east-west). The berm is 2/4 ft wide and is located only on the up slope side of the dugout, to the east. The western portion of the dugout is level with the ground surface. The interior walls slope inward at a 70° angle. The floor of the dugout is roughly rectangular and appears to have two levels. The south half of the dugout floor surface is approximately 4 ft deep, while the northern half is only 2 ft deep. An iron guy wire anchor measuring % in thick is embedded in the southwest corner of the dugout berm. It is protruding 1ft 5 in from the ground surface and angles in toward the dugout center
F2, consists of a large rectangular depression/dugout surrounded by a low earthen berm. The dugout measures 33 ft (east-west) by 18 ft (north-south) and the berm measures 3 to 4 ft wide. It is possible that a shallow portion of the berm, on the west wall, represents an entiyway. Nearly 50 limestone rocks have fallen into the dugout from the associated walls and berm. The limestone rocks range in size from 5 in to 1 ft 5 in. A possible entry to the structure is located in the west wall. This possible entry is indicated by a distinctive low spot in the earthen berm. Walls slope in 30-45 degrees. Sagebrush and rabbitbrush were noted around the edge of the dugout.
F3_ is a depression/dugout partially surrounded by a low earthen berm. The depression measures approximately 12 ft long (east-west) by 9 ft (north-south) in diameter. An entiyway is possibly located in the southwest corner of the feature. This feature is heavily overgrown with sagebrush, greasewood, and grasses. Artifacts observed near the feature include can and glass fragments. Two long bones of a cow, a possible femur, are eroding out of the feature's interior walls (southeast portion). Other bones were found on the surface (one scapula and three vertebrae). The bones do not appear to be butchered. There is a possible entrance on the south wall.
F4 is a depression measuring about 3'/2 ft in diameter byl ft deep. The walls slope dramatically and are heavily overgrown. This feature resembles a large, shallow shovel hole, which may have been used as a privy. Artifacts include one 2'/2-in-long square nail, about ten small glass fragments, one glass window fragment, three ceramic whiteware teacup fragments, two ceramic whiteware fragments, one mother-of-pearl button, one ceramic whiteware plate rim, and a thin iron fragment.
32 SAGEBRUSH CONSULTANTS. L.L.C.
Figure 3. Site 42To3305: Site Overview; view to the north.
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Figure 4. Site 42To3305: Representative Flake Sample.
33 SA6E8RUSH CONSULTANTS, L.L.C.
Figure 5. Site 42To3306: Site Overview to the North.
Figure 6. Site 42To3306: Fl - Overview of Depression.
34 SAGEBRUSH CONSULTANTS, L.L.C.
Figure 7. Site 42To3306: F2 - Overview of Dugout.
Figure 8. Site 42To3306: F3 - Overview of Depression
35 SAGEBRUSH CONSULTANTS, L.L.C.
Figure 9. Site 42To3306: F4 - Overview of Depression
36 Chicago Smelter Site (42To3303)
This site sits on a relatively flat plain in Rush Valley (Figure 10). It is a multi-component site consisting of the historic Chicago Smelter and a small lithic scatter on the northern end of the site. The site measures about 298 m (north-south) by 213 m (east-west). The historic component of this site consists of a large trash scatter, two structural foundations (SI and S2), and 26 features (F1-F26). Artifacts observed include three tools (a hay, a plow, and a metal tiller), domestic trash, farming debris, and associated smelter trash. The prehistoric artifacts include seven basalt, chert, and quartzite flakes. One mano (Tl) and one non-diagnostic obsidian biface were also recorded.
The historic Chicago Smelter is half a mile west of Stockton. The Chicago Smelting Company, which became the most successful of the smelting operations in Rush Valley, began construction of its mill on the southeastern edge of Rush Lake in May 1873 and completed it in August of the same year (Bailey 2002:129-130, Utah Mining Gazette, 11 October 1873). The mill consisted of two vertical blast furnaces run by a Utica Manufacturing Company, a horizontal steam engine, and a 42-horsepower boiler (Bailey 2002:129, Utah Mining Gazette, 11 October 1873). The two furnaces were housed in a 30-ft-tall, 72 by 39-ft (appears later to have been expanded to 75 by 48 ft) wooden frame building covered with a fireproof sheet metal roof (Bailey 2002:130, Utah Mining Gazette, 11 October 1873). The second floor contained a 7 ft by 15 ft rock crusher capable of pulverizing seven to eight tons of ore per hour (Utah Mining Gazette, 11 October 1873). No mention of the smelter is made after 1877, which suggests the appearance of the Utah and Nevada Railroad in Stockton in 1877 successfully impacted the smelters. Structures and features observed at this site include two structural foundations (S1 and S2), five burned rock scatters (Fl, F2, F12, F14, F22), one wood beam pile (F3), one round fencepost (F4), one brick concentration (F5), one fence (F6), one mill site depression (F7), one motor mount and slag concentration (F8), one dugout and ramp (F9), eight depressions (F10, F13,F18, F19, F20, F23, F28, F29 ), five slag piles (F15, F16, F21, F24, F27), one smelter oven (Fl 1), three slag and ash piles (F14, F17, F25), and one concentration of crucible cups (F26). An artificial low berm runs north of the creek. It may have been constructed to prevent flooding or erosion. It ends at the concrete pipe, which is no longer in the creek itself but on the north side of it. In addition, a carved rock with modern markings reading "LIL BUM and DUMB ASS / DEC 7 / 2006" was noted. The structures and features are described as follows:
Structure 1 is a stone foundation measuring approximately 25 ft (north-south) by 10 ft (east-west) with an interior stone partition foundation for a wall, which is located about 15 ft from the south end of the building (Figure 11). A single line (one brick wide) of red bricks, identified as Structure 2, measures approximately 15 ft long to the east. This line of brick is the north wall of an apparent addition and is situated adjacent to the interior stone partition wall of Structure 1. The line of brick makes a 90° turn at its eastern end for a distance of about 5 ft where it abruptly ceases. Other brick fragments suggest that the brick alignment formed walls that reconnected with the stone foundation at the southeast corner making a brick addition that measured about 15 ft by 15 ft. The existing bricks measure about 8 in by 3!/2 in by 2 in. No foundation was observed for the brick,
37 which suggests that the single row of bricks sat directly on the ground surface. A 2 in vertical iron pipe about 18 in high is located about a foot from the east wall and 10 ft from the outer southeast corner of the structure. While much of this pipe is buried, those parts that are visible suggest that it was associated and aligned with another 2 in iron pipe located near a small reservoir to the east. Except for some wood, brick and stone fragments, no other artifacts were found in direct association with these foundations. The presence of the pipe and its connection to the small stream fed reservoir suggests that the building that sat on this foundation probably housed a water pump and/or steam driven engine.
Fl appears to be the location of residue from the two brick and stone furnaces located at this site. The feature consists of three scatters (Fl-1, Fl-2, and Fl-3) of local rock that shows signs of intense heat, mixed with fragments of slag and coke. The stones appear to consist of mostly quartzite with some red basalt mixed in with brick fragments. The stones range in size from 1 in to 10'/2 in across. Fl-1 is a pile of about 300 rocks, basalt, slag, and brick fragments measuring 8 ft (north-south) by 8 ft (east-west. Fl-2 is a diffuse rock pile of about 100 stones and measures 9 ft (north-south) by 7'/2 ft (east-west). The density of this pile is about 8 rocks per square foot. Fl-3 is a slag and coke concentration measuring 6 ft (north-south) by 6 ft (east-west). These slag and coke pieces range in size from 1 in to 7'/2 in across. No additional artifacts were found in association with this feature.
F2 is a broad area of burned soil, gravel, and ash, which appears to be residue from the smelter furnaces. The feature measures 66 ft (north-south) by 51 ft (east-west). The feature is located on the northwest face of a low hill. The majority of the material is gravel, which has been mixed with cobbles and burned slag, ash and soil. F2-1 is an unburned gravel pile mixed with dirt on the southeast end of F2. The gravel at this feature constitutes about 85% of the material present. This sub-feature measures 11 ft in diameter. F2 is a probably furnace location. No artifacts were found in association with this feature.
£3 is a pile of 30 wooden beams, railroad ties, and logs. The wooden beams are square and measure 8 in square by 8 ft long.
F4 is a round fence post made from a local Pinyon or Juniper. The feature measures 6 in in diameter by 4 ft 8 in long. No artifacts were found in association with this feature.
F5 is a brick concentration consisting of approximately 32 fragments. Some are engraved with the letters "H" or "E." No other artifacts were found in association with this feature.
38 SAGEBRUSH CONSULTANTS, L.L.C.
Figure 10. Site 42To3303: Site Overview; view to the north.
Figure 11. Site 42To3303: Stone Foundation of Structure 1; view to the west. 39 F6 is a fence associated with the local farming and ranching that has occurred after the abandonment of the smelter site. The average post size is 5 in in diameter by 4 ft 8 in long. Twenty posts make up this segment of the fence line. No artifacts were found in association with this feature.
F7 is a depression associated with the operation of the mill operations that were part of the smelter process. The depression is full of trash, much of which appears to have been deposited within the last fifty years. Artifacts in the feature include wooden beams of various sizes, a two-ply barbed wire, fencing material, metal fragments, red brick fragments, cast iron piping, irrigation pipe, a tractor tire, a tractor manifold cover, a set of bedsprings, a set of couch springs, a corrugated metal sheet, chicken wire, and other modern trash. A small depression on the south side of ths feature is full of old fenceposts. South of F7 is a steep ramp running east to west.
F8 is a concrete motor mount and slag concentration. The concrete motor mount measures 2 ft wide by 6 ft 7'/2 in long and is composed of 5 (originally 6) metal mounting bolts that measure 1 in in diameter and are spaced about 39 in apart. The mounting bolts protrude from the ground surface approximately 1 in. Artifacts associated with this feature include a rectangular metal plate measuring 7% in by 4Vs in with six irregular nail holes on either side, one tan brick fragment, one red brick fragment, two aqua glass base fragments that read BH31 / 90 /LG, and some modern debris.
F9 is a dugout/cellar with a corresponding ramp (Figure 12). The feature measures approximately 16 ft wide by 38 ft long by 58 in high, which has been excavated and constructed into the side of a hill. The dugout or cellar entrance is topped by a lintel composed of three thick beams measuring 8 in wide by 8 in thick by 16 ft long. These beams rest on two uprights with the same dimensions. Fronting the uprights are four 12 in by 2 in. The innermost 12 in by 2 in on the south side has a single hinge attached. Behind the posts and lintels are 11 posts (roof beams) leaning upright, measuring 7 in wide by 9 in thick, creating a tunnel that extends into the hillside. These leaning posts appear to be railroad ties. A 4 in by 7 in by 12 ft long ridge pole extends from the front wall to the back of the structure. The roof beams, which have collapsed are still partially leaning against the ridge pole. The back of the structure has been excavated back into the hillside creating a partial tunnel, which has collapsed. Inside the hill, a square chute made of wooden boards is visible. It runs to the top of the hill where a square opening is partially visible in the soil. In front of the dugout is a ramp running north-south from the ground in front of the dugout entrance to the top of the hill to the south to the area of the smelter furnaces were located. No artifacts were found in association with this feature.
F10 is a depression. The feature is west of the ramp from Feature 9 and may have been the source of the soil for the ramp. Artifacts in the depression include wire fragments, six metal fragments, one metal bucket fragment, and one tan brick fragment.
40 Fll is a brick scatter, which appears to be the location of the smelter furnaces. This feature included about 24 whole red bricks and over 160 brick fragments. In addition to the brick, a metal furnace door measuring I61/a in long by 12Vs in wide was found at this location, along with a black crockery fragment, a tin can fragment, a ceramic crucible, approximately 20 amethyst glass fragments, 10 cobalt glass fragments, 1 amber glass fragment, and 3 green glass fragments. One glass fragment was embossed with "Isaid/Extracts. " About 150 ft to the west of this location was a large "Y-shaped" metal pipe (Figure 13). The pipe is about 15 in in diameter with each branch of the "Y" measuring approximately 8 ft 4 in in length. This welded and riveted pipe is identical to the one shown in a drawing of the two furnaces belonging to the Chicago Smelter.
F12 is a burned rock, ash, and brick pile. The feature is 10 ft south of an unnamed spring and measures 22 ft (north-south) by 22 ft (east-west). No artifacts were found in association with this feature.
F13 is an oval depression. The feature measures 8 ft (north-south) by 6 ft (east-west) by 2 ft deep. No artifacts were found in direct association with this feature.
F14 is a slag and ash pile. The feature measures 9 ft (north-south) by 10 ft (east-west). One aqua glass fragment and one sawn 2 by 4 board are associated with this feature.
F15 is a slag pile. The feature measures 6 ft (north-south) by 9 ft (east-west). No artifacts were found in association with this feature.
F16 is a slag pile. The feature measures 7 ft (north-west) by 9 ft (east-west). No artifacts were found in association with this feature.
F17 is a slag pile mixed with ash. The feature measures 4 ft (north-south) by 14 ft (east- west). No artifacts were found in direct association with this feature.
F18 is a depression with slag on the southeast edge and bottom. The feature measures 28 ft (north-south) by 24 ft (east-west) by 4 ft deep. Artifacts in this feature include numerous metal fragments, 11 brick fragments, and one concrete fragment.
F19 is a depression with slag on the southeast edge and bottom. The feature measures 24 ft (north-south) by 32 ft (east-west) by 3 ft deep. No artifacts were found in association with this feature.
F20 is a small depression measuring 10 ft (north-south) by 8 ft (east-west). One brick fragment is associated with the feature.
F21 is a slag pile measuring 23 ft (north-south) by 21 ft (east-west). Artifacts associated with this feature include one brick fragment and one aqua glass fragment.
41 SAGEBRUSH CONSULTANTS, L.L.C.
Figure 12. Site 42To3303: Base (Dugout) of Processing Mill; view to the east.
Figure 13. Site 42To3303: "Y-shaped" Flue for Chicago Furnaces.
42 F22 consists of ash and burned cobbles. The feature measures 12 ft (north-south) by 9 ft (east-west). Artifacts associated with this feature include one amethyst glass fragment, six aqua glass fragments, and one whiteware fragment.
F23 is a depression measuring 10 ft (north-south) by 14 ft (east-west) by 3 ft deep. Artifacts associated with this site include a brick fragment, a 4-in-diameter bottle base fragment, and a metal bar fragment measuring 2 in in diameter by 11 in long.
F24 is a slag and charcoal concentration. The feature measures 5 ft (north-south) by 24 ft (east-west). No artifacts were found in association with this site.
F25 is a slag and ash concentration measuring 5 ft (north-south) by 8 ft (east-west). No artifacts were found in direct association with this site.
F26 is a concentration of ceramic crucible cups used in the assaying process, which is eroding from the bottom of a shallow pit. The feature measures 34 ft (east-west) by 27 ft (north-south). Artifacts associated with this site include 40 brick fragments including some that are stamped with "UEB/K" and "BCo/K", a metal bar measuring 2 in wide by 18 in long, two whiteware fragments, an aqua glass insulator fragment, and 22 crucibles of various sizes.
F27 is a slag pile. The feature measures 41 ft (north-south) by 19 ft (east-west). No artifacts are in direct association with this feature.
F28 is a depression. The feature measures 28 ft (north-south) by 20 ft (east-west) by 2 ft 4 in deep. The depression contains one beam measuring 8!/2 in wide by 4% in thick by 17 ft long. A wooden post and some barbed wire are present.
F29 is a depression. The feature measures 26 ft (north-south) by 20 ft (east-west) by 5 ft deep. Artifacts in association with this site include a ceramic insulator fragment, a white earthenware fragment, a wire fragment, more than 10 red brick fragments, and 15 amethyst glass fragments.
Lithic Scatter (42To3307)
This site is a 228 m (north-south) by 44 m (east-west) small prehistoric lithic scatter with approximately 40 flakes, 1 non-diagnostic quartzite projectile point, and 1 possible mano made of gray basalt (Figures 14, 15, and 16). Lithic debitage consists of basalt, obsidian, quartzite and chert (white, orange, brown, gray, yellow, and beige) primary, secondary, and tertiary flakes, and shatter fragments. There were 25 tertiary flakes, 5 secondary flakes, 2 primary flakes, and 5 pieces of shatter recorded at the site. No additional artifacts, diagnostic tools, or features were identified in association with this site.
43 SAGEBRUSH CONSULTANTS, L.L.C.
Figure 14. Site 42To3307: Site Overview; view to the South.
Figure 15. Site 42To3307: Representative Flake Sample.
44 SAGEBRUSH CONSULTANTS. L.L.C.
Figure 16: Site 42To3307: Tool 2, possible mano
45 Prehistoric Isolates
IF 0-1 This isolated find consists of three tertiary flakes including one 25-mm obsidian flake, one 15-mm red chert flake, and one 15-mm white chert flake.
IF 0-2 This isolated find consists of one 15-mm red chert primary flake and one 15-mm basalt tertiary flake.
IF 0-3 This isolated find consists of one 12-mm gray chert tertiary flake.
IF 0-4 This isolated find consists of two obsidian tertiary flakes measuring 8 mm and 10 mm.
IF 0-5 This isolated find consists of two white chert tertiary flakes measuring 10 mm and 15 mm.
IF 0-6 This isolated find consists of one 19-mm orange chert tertiary flake and one 13- mm obsidian tertiary flake.
IF 0-7 This isolated find consists of one 15-mm white chert tertiary flake and one 30-mm brown chert tertiary flake.
IF 0-8 This isolated find consists of one 20-mm white chert tertiary flake.
IF 0-9 This isolated find consists of one 13-mm white chert tertiary flake.
IF 0-10 This isolated find consists of one 19-mm brown chert secondary flake.
IF 0-11 This isolated find consists of one piece of 19-mm brown chert shatter.
IF 0-12 This isolated find consists of one 21-mm white chert tertiary flake and one 19- mm gray quartzite tertiary flake.
IF 0-13 This isolated find consists of one 17-mm white chert tertiary flake.
IF 0-14 This isolated find consists of one 23-mm red chert tertiary flake.
IF 0-15 This isolated find consists of one piece of 14-mm red chert shatter, and one piece of 34-mm red and peach shatter.
IF 0-16 This isolated find consists of three gray chert secondary flakes measuring 28 mm, 20 mm, and 5 mm.
46 Area 1
The downslope (south) side of this site is mostly a fallow agricultural field with scattered artifacts, which appear to consist of trash from the nearby residences of Stockton. A number of depressions located in the area may be related to the operation of the smelter. The up slope portion of Area 1 incorporates the bulk of the smelter site and related features, including foundation remnants, alignments, slag piles, and associated artifacts. Almost the entire ground surface of Area 1 appears to have been disturbed. Further, it appears that once the smelter ceased operation, much of the material was salvaged and recycled. Since that time, it appears there has been a lot of ground-penetrating (metal detecting and souvenir hunting) activity in and around the mill site. Two historic sites and nine historic isolated finds were recorded as follows:
Waterman Smelter Site (42To3310)
This historic site, situated on the northeastern shore of Rush Lake, is the location of the largest smelter in the Stockton area (Figures 17, 18, 19, and 20). The site, known as the Waterman Smelting Company Works, was completed and opened in May 1871 by Isaac S. Waterman and Henry Simons of Philadelphia, and operated until 1886 (Bailey 2002:128, Salt Lake Tribune, 22 October 1875). In its beginning, the smelter consisted of two furnaces, a large roasting furnace that was 6 ft wide at the bottom and 12 ft wide at the top and a 30 to 40 inch blast furnace (Bailey 2002:128-129). By 1872, the facility consisted of two cupolas (vertical cylindrical furnaces) with a daily production capacity of 14 tons each, a blast furnace, a 40 horsepower engine, and a 70 horse boiler (Salt Lake Tribune, 22 October 1875). In 1894, the Waterman Smelter was no longer in operation. The owners, however, attempted to make the property pay by finding methods to reprocess the waste material surrounding the old mill site. The Tooele Transcript Bulletin reported that, "Messrs. Pascoe are shipping some slag from the old Waterman smelter dump", suggesting that they were reprocessing the slag for the silver ore that remained in the waste material (12 October 1894)
Twenty-three features (F1-F23) were located and recorded at this site. These features consist of the remnants of a rock foundation possibly representing the Waterman Smelter ore mill (Fl); a possible kiln feature (F5) located 10 ft to the west of the ore mill; seven rock foundations (F2-F4, F6, and F17-F19) possibly representing office, storage, or residential buildings; a single rock wall (F16); four rock and brick concentrations (F7, F8, F10, and Fl 1); six modern spoil piles (F9, F12-F15, and F20); depressions (F22 and F23); and one fairly dense artifact/trash scatter (F21).
Thousands of artifacts/trash were found scattered at this site. Artifacts mostly represent ore processing and smelting activities, and unregulated dumping activities. In addition, a variety of artifacts, most of which would be characterized as architectural or domestic can be observed throughout the site. Historic material include several glass fragments (aqua, clear, amber, milk, olive, red, cobalt blue, and green), window glass, ceramic shards, tin cans (sanitary, hole-in-top, and hole-in-cap) and can fragments, and a variety of other metal objects (nails, sheet metal, a
47 SAGEBRUSH CONSULTANTS, L.L.C.
Figure 17. Site 42To3310: Site Overview to the North. Waterman Smelter located along the south slope.
Figure 18. Site 42To3310: F1 - Overview of Mill Area.
48 SAGEBRUSH CONSULTANTS, L.L.C.
ir
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Figure 19. Site 42To3310: F2 - Overview of Foundation.
Figure 20. Site 42To3310. RC Cola Bottle. 49 stove pipe, chicken wire, a 3 ft long metal saw blade, and metal drum fragments). Brick, concrete, cut wood, and weathered lumber were also identified.
Fl appears to be the remnants of the Waterman Smelter. The presence of partial rock and brick walls suggest that this structure measured approximately 100 ft (east-west) by 65 ft (north-south). Bricks were found in the north east comer of the structure. These bricks might represent a collapsed brick wall. Inside the structure are two engine mounting areas characterized by metal rods extending out of grounded foundations. The engine mounting areas are near the middle of the south wall. Also inside the structure are several light linear concentrations of bricks and rock material suggesting possible outlines of inner walls. One of these possible walls is approximately 30 ft long (north-south) and is located approximately 30 west of the east wall. Many artifacts are found in association with Fl including metal wire fragments, metal tube fragments, 15 unidentified metal fragments, 50 aqua glass fragments, 15 amber glass fragments, and approximately 100 red bricks.
F2 is a stone foundation consisting of three partial rock walls. These walls enclose an area measuring 50 ft (east-west) by 80 ft (north-south). An additional rock wall foundation is located inside the feature on the southern central portion of F2. It measures 15 ft (east-west) by 40 ft (north-south). A pit measuring 10 ft (east-west) by 6 ft (north- south) and two concentrations of over 100 red brick fragments were also noted.
F3_ is a series of stone foundations forming a possible three roomed residential structure. This structure consists of a large rectangular foundation measuring approximately 65 ft (east-west) by 30 ft (north-south). A centrally located north-south inner rock wall divides this large foundation into two possible rooms. Additional rock walls form a square structure extending south from the south wall. This smaller structure measures approximately 14 ft square, and forms the third room. This site contains many historic artifacts including more than 30 fragments of dark amethyst glass, a few hundred fragments of clear glass, more than 100 fragments of light aqua glass, and several historic domestic ceramic shards.
F4 is a rectangular stone wall foundation measuring 60 ft (east-west) by 50 ft (north- south). This feature is located at the top of a slope and as such might have been used as an office overlooking the rest of the smelter site. The southern end of the feature contains a gravel concentration. Cultural material includes 1 metal pail, 3 Ponds cream milk glass containers, 1 modern clear glass bottle, 40 metal fragments, 65 amber glass fragments, 1 clear medicine bottle finish, 40 amethyst glass fragments, 100 clear glass fragments, concrete fragments, 1 green glass base printed "5 / H," a knife-punched hole- in-top can, 1 crushed hole-in-cap can, 10 fragments of milk glass, more than 20 crockery shards, 1 clear bottle base marked with a circle inside a square, 1 clear crown finish, 1 clear lipped bottle finish, 1 small toy car, and modern trash.
50 F5_ is a possible kiln foundation located 10 ft west of F2. This feature consists of a small depression measuring 20 ft (east-west) by 16 ft (north-south). The depression contains several red brick fragments and gravel. Five fragments of amber glass are present in the feature.
F6 is a partial stone foundation measuring approximately 40 ft square. It is likely that this foundation represents either another office building or a residential structure. The north wall and the northern half of the west wall are visible. No artifacts were found in association with the feature.
F7 is a circular rock concentration located 36 ft to the west of a possible house structure (F6). This feature measures 12 ft by 10 ft. The concentration includes small amounts of slag (5%), brick fragments (10%), and gravel (30%).
F8 is a 12 ft diameter rock and brick pile with several non-diagnostic metal fragments and two glass fragments (green and brown). Slag was also noted.
F10 consists of a concentrated area of rock and bricks measuring 17 ft by 22'/2 ft. This features contains quartzite, sandstone, slag, and red brick fragments. This feature includes 12 clear glass fragments, a 3-in tin mason jar lid with a milk glass sealer, 14 amber glass fragments, 2 metal fragments, and 1 fragment of a porcelain toilet.
F9. F12-F15. and F20 represent modern spoil piles. These features contain a mixture of angular and sub-angular rock cobbles without cultural artifacts. Two weathered shoe soles, an 8-in tin can lid, a 4-in amber Clorox bottle base, 12 can fragments, 14 clear glass fragments, and 11 white-ware ceramic shards, were observed in association with F9. In addition, nine large concrete fragments, one piece of particle board, and part of a concrete lawn border, were observed in association with F15.
Fll consists of eight mounds distributed in a 110 ft in diameter area. Artifacts found in association with this feature include slag and burnt brick, cobalt glass, clear glass, enamelware, and modern trash. There is no evidence of a structure at this location.
F16 is the remnant of a gravel and stone wall measuring 55 ft long. No artifacts were found in association with this feature.
F17 is a partial stone foundation measuring 45 ft (east-west) by 48 ft (north-south). It is located approximately 45 ft north of F3_. No artifacts were found in association with the feature.
F18 is a two-room foundation measuring 26 ft (east-west) by 16 ft (north-south). Artifacts associated with this feature include window glass fragments, 1 blue plastic button, 10 amethyst glass fragments, 25 brown glass fragments, 25 aqua glass fragments, and 3 cream paste with clear glaze ceramic fragments.
51 F19 is a stone foundation located approximately 28 ft north of £18. It may have been a two-room structure consisting of a large, square room measuring 32 ft (east-west) by 29 ft (north-south) and a smaller room measuring 12 ft (east-west) by 14 ft (north-south).
F21 is a fairly dense artifact/trash scatter located directly east of F19 (rock foundation). This feature includes aqua glass fragments, clear glass fragments, and various tin cans and can fragments.
F22 consists of two small circular depressions. These depressions are approximately 12 ft and 15 ft in diameter. A single tin can fragment was the only artifact observed in association with this feature.
F23 consists of two small depressions and one large, shallow depression. The large depression measures about 240 ft northeast-southwest.
Historic Dump (42To3304')
This site, located on a gently sloping hillside within Rush Valley, is a sparse historic dump where several small concentrations of historic artifacts occur (Figures 21 and 22). The site sits west of West Silver Avenue and northeast of Rush Lake and measures 177 m (north-south) by 948 m (east-west). Over 1,000 tin cans were recorded including hole-in-cap cans, hole-in-top cans, sanitary cans, hinged lid tobacco cans, paint cans, and cone-topped beer cans. Approximately 150 ceramic sherds were observed, including 1 flower pot fragment, 8 blue tiles, 103 porcelain sherds, 31 whiteware sherds, and 5 crockery fragments. Over 400 glass sherds were also noted. They include clear, amethyst, aqua, green, brown, cobalt, milk, yellow, teal, and pink glass sherds. At least four identifiable maker's marks were identified as well. These include the "Duraglass," "mTc," "Abort," and "Bayer Aspirin" trademarks. Additionally, numerous miscellaneous artifacts and highly fragmentary domestic items were observed at this site. A considerable amount of modern trash is mixed in with the historic materials, likely as a result of the sites proximity to the road and the town. An earthen berm (Fl) measuring 25 ft long by 11 ft wide by 2'/2 ft high was also noted. This feature appears to be a modern push pile from a bulldozer. This location has been in continues use since the late 1800s and extends northwest across West Silver Avenue out of the project area. The historic artifacts identified at the site generally date within the historic period from 1885 to the late 1950's.
Site documentation for these cultural resources are provided in Appendix A of this document.
Historic Isolates
IF 1-1 This feature consists of two deep depressions and foundation remnants.
IF 1-2 This feature is a small historic dump with some chunks of concrete and historic artifact fragments.
52 SAGEBRUSH CONSULTANTS, L.L.C.
Figure 21. Site 42To3304: Site Overview; view to the southeast.
Figure 22. Site 42To3304: Fl - Earthen Berm; view to southeast.
53 IF 1-3 This feature is an earthen berm.
IF 1-4 This feature consists of a pile of partially buried bricks and cobblestones.
IF 1-5: This feature consists of a pile of brick and stones. Glass fragments, metal fragments, old bricks, and ceramics fragments were observed in association with this feature.
IF 1-7 This feature is a large, irregularly shaped dugout measuring approximately 4!/2 ft deep.
IF 1-8 This feature consists of a pile of slag and brick.
IF 1-9: This feature is a 5 ft dugout. A barrel hoop, aqua glass fragments, historic bricks, and pre-1920s olive and amethyst glass fragments were observed in association with this feature.
IF 1-12 This feature consists of a pile of concrete debris, rock, and charcoal.
Area 2
This area is located on the western side of the Union Pacific Railroad tracks just north of West Silver Avenue in Stockton, Utah. Much of the trash and debris may come from town residents, but the proximity of the feature to the railroad tracks suggests the area was also used as a dump site by the railroad. The features identified include the following:
Trash Scatter r42To3308)
This site is a 355 m (north-south) by 46 m (east-west) historic trash/artifact scatter (Figure 23). It consists of light concentrations of historic trash and modern trash scattered along the top and side of a low bluff near the Union Pacific Railroad tracks. Most of the artifacts found at this site are modern. Cultural material found at this site includes several tin cans, brown bottle glass, part of a metal bed frame, wood and asphalt fragments, plastic water bottles, cardboard boxes, barbed and smooth wire, two motor metal oil filters, wood window screen, concrete fragments, a fired brick, a wood cable spool, a car tire, plastic oil bottles, galvanized tin fragments, ceramic insulator fragments, a battery core and terminal, Styrofoam, a wooden pallet, plywood, a white enameled appliance door, metal cargo banding, and paper fragments (Figure 24). A considerable amount of modern trash is mixed in with the historic materials, likely as a result of the sites proximity to the road, railroad grade, and the town. In addition, a dirt road runs through the center of the site. Site documentation for this cultural resource site is provided in Appendix A of this document
54 SAGEBRUSH CONSULTANTS, L.L.C.
Figure 23. Site 42To3308: Site Overview; view to the north-northeast. Historic debris scatter along slope.
Figure 24. Site 42To3308: Representative ceramic sample.
55 Area 3
This area is located on a rise on the east edge of Stockton. Rush Lake is located approximately 1.1 mi to the west of the area. No cultural resources were identified within the area.
Area 5
This area is located on a rise on the northeast edge of Stockton. Rush Lake is located approximately 1.15 mi to the southwest of the area. No cultural resources were identified within the area.
Area 10
This area, located 0.3 mi south of the southern end of Rush Lake, contains the Carson- Buzzo Smelter (42To3309). Site documentation for this cultural resource is provided in Appendix A of this document
Carson-Buzzo Smelter (42To3309)
This multi-component site consists of a historic trash/artifact scatter, a small prehistoric lithic scatter, and historic grave (Figures 25, 26 and 27). The site measures 100 m (north-south) by 79 m (east-west). The prehistoric component of this site consists of one obsidian tertiary flake and two chert tertiary flakes. The historic trash/artifact scatter at this site include several glass fragments, a piece of Stoke whiteware, a gray ware fragment, pieces of yellow glazed ceramic, a tin bucket, an aerosol can, a buckshot gun shell, square-head wire drawn nails, a .22- caliber cartridge shell, a .45-caliber cartridge shell, barbed wire, two fence post with barbed wire still attached, modern beer cans made by Busch or Budweiser, a plastic shotgun wad, a plastic plant tub, a plastic garden shovel (broken), cardboard, modern aluminum Pepsi cans, amber glass beer bottles, a modern Mountain Dew plastic bottle, twine, plastic Remington shotgun shells, a flip-flop, and plastic bottles. Most of the cultural material found at this site is modern. Historic artifacts are of a known European-American style and time period, and date prior to the 1920s.
In 1873, Carson and Buzzo purchased the Galena Smelting Works in Sandy, south of Salt Lake City, and at the same time constructed a new smelter a short distance east of the Chicago smelter at this site (Bailey 2002:108, Portage Lake Mining Gazette, 14 May 1874). The ores processed at the Carson and Buzzo Smelting Works in Stockton, came from the Utah Queen, Corona, and Miama mines (Utah Mining Gazette, 1 September 1873). The smelter was owned by James Carson and Thomas W. Buzzo of Houghton County, Michigan, known for its work in copper mining near Lake Superior in Michigan (Portage Lake Mining Gazette, 14 May 1874 and 5 August 1875). Carson was a prominent Michigan businessman who had started in business as a house builder and contractor before switching to the mercantile and shipping businesses.
56 SAGEBRUSH CONSULTANTS, L.L.C.
Figure 25. Site 42To3309: Site Overview; view to the east.
Figure 26. Site 42To3309: Historic Grave Marker; "S.J. Shaeefer - Died - Aug 2, 1860 - Aged 9 mo.
57 SAGEBRUSH CONSULTANTS, L.L.C.
Figure 27. Site 42To3309: Representative ceramic sample.
58 Later, he developed an interest in copper mining in Michigan. In 1872, Carson and Buzzo formed a partnership. Since Carson and Buzzo also owned the Galena smelter in Sandy, it is unlikely the smelter in Stockton lasted very long against the larger smelters in the area, as well as the untimely death of Carson in August 1875 (Portage Lake Mining Gazette, 5 August 1875).
DISCUSSION
The survey of the project areas identified two prehistoric, two multi-component sites (both prehistoric and historic) and four historic sites. The prehistoric artifact assemblage recovered (42To3303, 42To3305, 42To3307, and 42To3309) within the project areas is minimal in nature. Although this prehistoric material is limited, the artifacts found suggests that Native American peoples were utilizing the area around Rush Lake, as well as the surrounding area. These sites contain no significant artifact concentrations, tools, diagnostics, or features, and have no relation to other known sites in the area or specific cultures. However, these sites and cultural material suggest that Rush Lake and its surrounding shores may have been more extensively utilized and the potential for sites within the area is good. Unfortunately, the integrity of these fours sites has been compromised by considerable erosional and/or cultural disturbances.
The survey identified six historic sites within the project boundaries. Two sites consisted of trash scatters and a third the supposed location of the Carson and Buzzo smelter. While the trash scatters contain material and are clearly evident on the surface, the Carson and Buzzo smelter could not be relocated. Neither the trash scatters or the proposed site of the Carson and Buzzo smelter site have the potential to yield important information. However, the remaining three historic sites are considered important to the development of mining and the local economy.
The Chicago Smelter (42To3303), the Waterman Smelter (42To3310), and the temporary habitation site (42To3306) are important parts of the history of the smelting industry in Utah and the development of the town of Stockton, as well as the development of Tooele County. Both the Chicago and Waterman Smelters represent the earliest attempts at processing ore in Utah. These sites exhibit multiple feature areas and diagnostic artifact concentrations. In the case of the Chicago, the features include a possible steam generator or pump house, the furnace locations, the ore processing mill, a motor mount for an engine that operated the stamp mill, and the assay area. The Waterman Smelter site also has a concrete motor mount, the foundation of the mill processing plant, the furnace area, and other foundations, as yet unidentified. Although intact structures are no longer present, the surrounding site areas exhibit potential to yield information about early smelting/milling operations in the region.
A GLO map of the region, dating from 1886 (T. 4S., R. 5W., West of the Salt Lake), shows the locations of the smelters opened on the eastern shore of Rush Lake. These historic smelters include the Chicago Smelter (42To3303) and the Waterman Smelter (42To3310). Also
59 included is the Carson and Buzzo Smelter (42To3309), where all cultural traces of the smelting/milling operations reported to have existed have disappeared. Sites 42To3303 and 42To3310 have good potential for depth within the feature and artifact concentrations; therefore, the probability of encountering additional data is high. The smelter sites have foundations, machinery mounts, furnace material, and locations; and in the case of the Chicago Smelter site, part of the original furnaces is still present. In addition to the smelter operation, a number of habitation sites appear to be present at the Chicago site, as well as several a habitation area to the north, which has been identified as the temporary habitation site (42To3306). This site has the potential to yield information about the occupation of the area during the smelter operations that is also somewhat separated from the smelter sites. The artifacts at these locations should not be intermixed with those associated with the smelter operation.
RECOMMENDATIONS
An intensive cultural resource inventory was carried out for five areas around the town of Stockton, Tooele County, Utah. A total of eight newly identified cultural resource sites (42To3303 through 42To3310) were recorded and evaluated for eligibility to the NRHP as part of this project. Each feature was evaluated as either a contributing or non-contributing part of the site. A total of 25 isolated finds (IF 0-1 through IF 0-16, IF 1-1 through IF 1-5, IF 1-7 through IF 1-9, and IF 1-12) were also identified during the course of this inventory. These isolated finds are not associated with any known site and cannot, in-and-of-themselves, be considered for eligibility to the NRHP. Following are the criteria followed in determining the eligibility of properties as set forth in 36CFR 60.4:
The quality of significance in American history, architecture, archeology, engineering, and culture is present in districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association, and:
(a) that are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history; or
(b) that are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past; or
(c) that embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; or
(d) that have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.
60 In National Register Bulletin Number 15: How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation, the National Park Service (NFS) defined the "integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association" in part, as follows:
Location is the place where the historic property was constructed or the place where the historic event occurred.
Design is the combination of elements that create the form, plan, space, structure, and style of a property. It results from conscious decisions made during the original conception and planning of a property (or its significant alteration) and applies to activities as diverse as community planning, engineering, architecture, and landscape architecture. Design includes such elements as organization of space, proportion, scale, technology, ornamentation, and materials.
Setting is the physical environment of a historic property. Whereas location refers to the specific place where a property was built or an event occurred, setting refers to the character of the place in which the property played its historical role. It involves how, not just where, the property is situated and its relationship to surrounding features and open space.
Materials are the physical elements that were combined or deposited during a particular period of time and in a particular pattern or configuration to form a historic property. The choice and combination of materials reveals the preferences of those who created the property and indicate the availability of particular types of materials and technologies. Indigenous materials are often the focus of regional building traditions and thereby help define an area's sense of time and place.
Workmanship is the physical evidence of the crafts of particular culture or people during any given period in history or prehistory. It is the evidence of artisans' labor and skill in constructing or altering a building, structure, object, or site. Workmanship can apply to the property as a whole or to its individual components. It can be expressed in vernacular methods of construction and plain finishes or in highly sophisticated configurations and ornamental detailing. It can be based on common traditions or innovative period techniques.
Feeling is a property's expression of the aesthetic or historic sense of a particular period of time. It results from the presence of physical features that, taken together, convey the property's historic character. For example, a rural historic district retaining original design, materials workmanship, and setting will relate the feeling of agricultural life in the 19'h century. A grouping of prehistoric petroglyphs, unmarred by graffiti and intrusions and located on its original isolated bluff, can evoke a sense of tribal spiritual life.
61 Association is the direct link between an important historic event or person and a historic property. A property retains association if it is the place where the event or activity occurred and is sufficiently intact to convey that relationship to an observer. Like felling, association requires the presence of physical features that convey a property's historic character. For example, a Revolutionary War battlefield whose natural and manmade elements have remained intact since the 18lh century will retain its quality of association with the battle (NFS 1991:44-45).
Recommendations regarding site eligibility to the NRHP were made based upon retention of historic integrity and the above cited criteria. Based upon experience and professional judgement, sites that were found to not retain integrity and/or meet these criteria were recommended NOT eligible to the NRHP. Those sites that were found to retain integrity and meet one or more of the four criteria set forth in 36CFR 60.4 were recommended ELIGIBLE to the NRHP. A total of eight cultural resource sites were identified, recorded, and evaluated for eligibility to the NRHP as part of this inventory. Of the eight newly recorded cultural resource sites evaluated during this inventory, a total of three sites are recommended ELIGIBLE to the NRHP based upon age and integrity as well as upon selected criteria of the National Register. Eligibility recommendations for newly identified cultural resource sites recorded during this project are listed below.
Historic Properties
Four of the historic sites were identified during the survey include, the Waterman Smelter (42To3310), an historic trash scatter (42To3308), a temporary habitation site (42To3306), and an historic dump (42To3304). Two sites, the Chicago Smelter (42To3303) and the Carson and Buzzo Smelter (42To3309), are multi-component sites with both prehistoric and historic material present. The following section details the eligibility of each property and/or component.
The Chicago Smelter (42To3303)
This dual-component site represents a 19th century historic smelter location built within the Stockton area, with multiple historic features and diagnostic artifacts. The prehistoric portion of the site contains no diagnostic tools, features, significant artifact concentrations or tools and has no relation to other known sites in the area. The Chicago Smelter contains numerous artifacts which have the potential to yield information about early smelting operations in Utah. The site maintains its integrity of location, setting, design, materials, and association as a historic smelter. Therefore, this site is recommended ELIGIBLE for the National Register under criteria A and D.
Historic Dump f42To3304)
This site is a large historic dump which has been in continues use since the late 1800s. The surface scatter of historic material is not related to habitation or other significant features.
62 In addition, the site has been heavily impacted by grazing, recreational use, and vandalism. This site has been thoroughly documented and is not likely to provide additional data important to the understanding of historic consumption or occupation of the region. Therefore, the site is recommended NOT eligible to the NRHP.
Temporary Habitation Site (42To3306*)
This site represents a temporary habitation location with diagnostic domestic artifacts, three depressions/dugouts, and one small depression/possible privy. The site has potential for depth within the features and artifact concentrations. The site demonstrates potential to provide further information important to the understanding of historic consumption or occupation in the region. As such, this site is recommended ELIGIBLE to the NRHP under criteria A and D.
Trash Scatter (42To3308)
This site represents a surficial scatter of historic debris mixed with modern trash with very little or no potential for depth. The artifact assemblage at this site is minimal in nature and contains no significant artifact concentrations, tools, diagnostic artifacts or features. The integrity of the site has been compromised by road and railroad construction and maintenance. Therefore, this site is recommended NOT eligible to the NRHP, under any criterion.
Carson and Buzzo Smelter (42To3309)
This multi-component site consists of a historic trash/artifact scatter with a small prehistoric lithic scatter, without the presence of diagnostic artifacts, artifact concentrations, or features. Even though this location represents the former Carson and Buzzo Smelter site, there were no structural features or additional cultural materials to be located that are immediately associated with the smelter. The prehistoric portion of the site contains no significant artifact concentrations, tools, diagnostics or features and has no relation to other known sites in the area. The historic portion of the site is a surface trash scatter mixed with some modern trash, which exhibits no significant artifact, artifact concentrations, or features. The integrity of this site has been heavily compromised by erosion and railroad construction and maintenance; therefore, this site is recommended NOT eligible for inclusion to the NRHP, under any criterion.
The Waterman Smelter (42To3310)
This site represents a 19th century historic smelter location built within the Stockton area, with multiple features and diagnostic artifacts. The Waterman Smelter contains numerous artifacts which have the potential to yield information about early smelting operations in Utah. The site maintains its integrity of location, setting, design, materials, and association as a historic smelter. Therefore, this site is recommended ELIGIBLE for the National Register under criteria A and D.
63 Prehistoric Sites
Two prehistoric lithic scatters, 42To3305 and 42To3307, were identified during the survey. The following section details the eligibility of each property.
Lithic Scatter (42To3305)
This site consists of a small lithic scatter without the presence of diagnostic artifacts, artifact concentrations, or features. Lithic material on this site consists of chert and obsidian. The site's physical integrity appears to be compromised by moderate erosional disturbance caused by sheet wash and aeolian movement from a nearby lake. In addition, the site has been thoroughly documented and is not likely to provide additional data important to the understanding of aboriginal habitation of the region. Therefore, this site is unlikely to yield information important to the understanding of prehistory in the region. Therefore, this site is recommended NOT eligible to the NRHP, under any criterion.
Lithic Scatter (42To3307)
This site represents a surficial scatter of prehistoric debris with very little or no potential for depth. The artifact assemblage at this site is minimal in nature and contains no diagnostic artifacts or features, and no significant artifact concentrations or tools. In addition, the site's physical integrity appears to be compromised by moderate erosional disturbance caused by sheetwash and aeolian movement from a nearby lake. As such, the site is unlikely to yield information important to the understanding of prehistory in the region. Therefore, this site is recommended NOT eligible for inclusion to the NRHP, under any criterion.
SUMMARY
A total of eight new cultural resource sites and 25 isolated finds were documented during this inventory. Three of the sites have been recommended ELIGIBLE to the NRHP under criteria A and D. The eligible sites include the Chicago Smelter (42To3303), the Waterman Smelter (42To3310), and a temporary habitation location (42To3306). The remaining five sites documented during this inventory are recommended NOT eligible to the NRHP due to a lack of integrity. Although these sites are not recommended eligible to the NRHP, the information obtained from them during the current inventory is of value. The 25 isolated finds identified during this inventory are not associated with any known site and cannot be considered for eligibility to the NRHP.
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