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The Antioxidant, Anticancer and Anticoagulant Activities of Acanthus Ilicifolius L

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The Antioxidant, Anticancer and Anticoagulant Activities of Acanthus Ilicifolius L Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science Vol. 7 (03), pp. 081-087, March, 2017 Available online at http://www.japsonline.com DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2017.70313 ISSN 2231-3354 The antioxidant, anticancer and anticoagulant activities of Acanthus ilicifolius L. roots and Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. leaves, from southeast coast of India Tanvira Paul, Seenivasan Ramasubbu Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Bio Science & Technology, VIT University, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India. ABSTRACT ARTICLE INFO Article history: The present study was designed to evaluate and determine the phytochemical composition, antioxidant, Received on: 30/04/2016 anticancer and anticoagulant activities of the aqueous extracts of Acanthus ilicifolius roots and Lumnitzera Accepted on: 23/08/2016 racemosa leaves from Pichavaram mangrove forest, Tamil Nadu, India based on folklore knowledge. The Available online: 30/03/2017 preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of the following classes of bioactive compounds: phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, sterols, tannins, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, saponins and Key words: quinones. The total phenolic content was reported much higher as compared to the total flavonoid content Acanthus ilicifolius, mainly in the leaf extract of L.racemosa. This mostly contributes to the antioxidant power of the extracts, which Lumnitzera racemosa, is affirmed by the IC50 values of the crude extracts in the DPPH assay, which was lower than the ABTS assay. Mangroves, Antioxidant, The FRAP assay also exhibited a consistent increase in reducing ability with increase in the concentration which Anticancer, Anticoagulant. is indicative of the extract’s antioxidant potential. The extracts were also reported to exhibit in vitro cytotoxicity and apoptosis inducing ability in Hep G2 cancer cells. And the anticoagulant study conducted provided a first hand report for the plants exhibiting the property. However, further studies must be conducted for secondary metabolite profiling to decipher and clarify the compound(s) responsible for the reported activities of the plant crude extracts. INTRODUCTION to primarily investigate their phytochemical & antioxidant Mangroves are a category of plants, the use of which properties and their role as anti-cancer agents. They were also tested for blood anti-coagulating property, which in sum would for medicinal purposes dates back to the year 1230 scientifically validate their folklore functionality. (Bandaranayake, 1998). The current study aims at documenting a maiden report on the antioxidant, anti-cancerous and anti- coagulant properties of specific parts of the mangrove species: MATERIALS AND METHODS Acanthus ilicifolius L. (Acanthaceae) and Lumnitzera racemosa Sample collection and authentication Willd. (Combretaceae), based on folklore knowledge, from the Fresh samples of mangroves (Acanthus ilicifolius and Pichavaram mangrove forest situated in the state of Tamil Nadu, Lumnitzera racemosa) were collected from Pichavaram mangrove India. Prominent survey reports from India suggests the use of forest located along the southeastern coastline, in the state of Tamil roots of Acanthus ilicifolius and leaves of Lumnitzera racemosa Nadu, India. Guided by the knowledge of folklore use of plants for for treatment of snake bites, rheumatism, skin allergies, blood different medicinal purposes, specifically, the roots of Acanthus purifier, asthma, diabetics etc. (Bandaranayake, 1998; Pattanaik ilicifolius and the leaves of Lumnitzera racemosa were collected et al., 2008) And as such, the specific plant parts were collected from this region during the month of April-May 2013. The plant sample specimens were identified and preserved in the herbarium under the collection number AUCASMBTR01 and AUCASMBTR * Corresponding Author Email: rseenivasan @ vit.ac.in 09. © 2017 Tanvira Paul and Seenivasan Ramasubbu. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License - NonCommercial-ShareAlikeUnported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/). 082 Paul and Ramasubbu / Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 7 (03); 2017: 081-087 Sample preparation and extraction 1.25 ml of distilled water and then 0.075 ml of sodium nitrite The plant samples collected were then thoroughly solution (5%) was added. The reaction mix was incubated at room washed with distilled water for the removal of contaminants, mud temperature for 5 min, following which 0.15 ml of 10% aluminum and dirt. After shade drying at room temperature for 3-4 days, the chloride solution was added and the mix was again allowed to plant samples were pulverized for use in the extraction purpose. stand for another 6 min at room temperature before adding 0.5 ml For the preparation of extracts (root and leaf), 5g of the of 1M sodium hydroxide solution and finally diluting the reaction powdered plant parts (root and leaf) were soaked in 50ml of water mix with 0.275 ml of distilled water. The absorbance was recorded in a beaker and was kept on a magnetic stirrer for 24h at room at 510 nm in a Shimadzu UV-1800 UV-VIS spectrophotometer temperature. The extracts were then filtered using Whatman No. 1 (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). The TFC of the plant extracts were filter paper and the filtrates were concentrated using rotary vacuum calculated as mean ± SD (n=3) using the linear regression equation evaporator. The dried extracts were finally stored at -20 °C until obtained by plotting quercetin standard curve and expressed as further use (Solomon Charles Ugochukwu et al., 2013). µg/ml of quercetin equivalent (QE) of dry extract. Chemicals, reagents and cell lines In vitro antioxidant assays All the chemicals and reagents used in the phytochemical DPPH radical scavenging activity and antioxidant assays were obtained from the certified suppliers The scavenging activity of the plant aqueous extracts and were of the highest analytical grade. The Hep G2 (human liver against DPPH (2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical was hepatocellular carcinoma) cell line was procured from the cell determined by the standard method (Banerjee et al., 2008; repository of National Center for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, Zheleva-Dimitrova et al., 2010), with few modifications. An India. Liquicelin-E and Liquiplastin reagents, for the aliquot of 200 µl of different concentrations (20-100 µg/ml) of anticoagulation studies were purchased from Tulip Diagnostics each of the extracts was mixed with 3.9 ml of freshly prepared Pvt. Ltd., India. DPPH solution (25 mg/L) in methanol. The reaction mixture was mixed and incubated for 30 min at room temperature in dark and Phytochemical screening of the extracts its absorbance was recorded at 517 nm. Ascorbic acid was used as Using standard protocol (Solomon Charles Ugochukwu the reference standard. The DPPH scavenging capability was et al., 2013), the freshly prepared aqueous extracts were subjected calculated using the following equation: to qualitative phytochemical screening for detecting the presence of the following bioactive chemical constituents: phenols, DPPH radical flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, sterols, tannins, proteins and scavenging = [(Abs (control) – Abs (sample))/Abs (control)] × 100 amino acids, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, saponins and activity (%) quinones. where Abs (control) is the absorbance of the DPPH radical in methanol; Abs (sample) is the absorbance of the DPPH solution in Determination of total phenolic content (TPC) presence of the aqueous extract or standard. The antioxidant value The standard protocol (Ainsworth and Gillespie, 2007; was expressed as IC50, which is defined as the concentration in µg Barku et al., 2013) for estimating the total phenol content of the of the dry extract per ml that inhibits the formation of DPPH extracts using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was adapted with little radical by 50%. Each value was determined from the slope of the modifications. Gallic acid (20-100 µg/ml) was used as a standard. linear regression equation (y = mx + c), obtained by plotting the To a volume of 1 ml (100 µg/ml) of aqueous plant extract, 5 ml of ascorbic acid standard curve. All results were calculated as mean ± Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (diluted to 10 folds) and 4ml of sodium SD (n=3). carbonate solution (7.5%) were added. The reaction mix was then allowed to stand in dark at room temperature for 30 min and ABTS radical scavenging assay absorbance of the blue color developed was recorded at a For ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6- wavelength of 765 nm using a Shimadzu UV-1800 UV-VIS sulphonic acid)] assay the standard protocol (Floegel et al., 2011; spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). The TPC of the Shalaby and Shanab, 2013) was followed with slight extracts were determined using the linear regression equation modifications. Initially, two stock solutions of 7 mM ABTS and acquired by plotting gallic acid standard curve. The results were 2.4 mM potassium persulfate were prepared. The working stock calculated as mean ± SD (n=3) and expressed as µg/ml of gallic solution was then prepared by mixing the two solutions in equal acid equivalent (GAE) of dry extract. volume and was allowed to react for 16 h at room temperature in the dark. After incubation, the solution was diluted by mixing 1 ml Determination of total flavonoid content (TFC) of ABTS∙+ with 60 ml methanol to obtain an absorbance of 0.706 The aluminium chloride colorimetric method (Barku et ± 0.01 units at 734nm. For each assay the ABTS∙+ solution was al., 2013) was used for determining the total flavonoid content of freshly prepared. Then, 1 ml of aqueous extract was added to 1 ml the plant aqueous extracts. Quercetin (20-100 µg/ml) was used as of ABTS∙+ solution and was allowed to react for 7 min at room the standard. Each plant extract (1 mg/ml, 0.25 ml) was added to temperature. After the incubation, absorbance of the reaction mix Paul and Ramasubbu / Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 7 (03); 2017: 081-087 083 was recorded at 734 nm. Ascorbic acid was used as the respective crude extracts at its IC50 concentration and incubated for experimental standard with which the ABTS radical scavenging 24 hours.
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