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6 the Perpetrators 6The Perpetrators [T]hey did not entereach apartment.[…]Someone certainlytold Piroska Delywhere to go. Iamsuspicious of the janitor and his relative Szamocseta.¹⁹² During PiroskaDely’sfirst trial not much attentionwas paid to the janitor family. While interrogated the Struckys emphasized their benevolence and willingness to help and tried to clear up every possibletrace leading to them.¹⁹³ However, they could not mislead Andor Lichter.Allegedly, Lichter warned them that if his son had not returned within ayear he would denounce them because it was “acommon belief among the house’stenants […]that PiroskaDelyand the 19 murders happened because of this family.”¹⁹⁴ The “continuous amnesty orders”¹⁹⁵ also urgedthe survivors to act,i.e.astime passed the forcefulness of political justice lessened and the verdicts of war criminals became lighter and lighter.Finally, Lichter waited no longer and at the end of 1946 denounced the whole Strucky-Szamocseta family. The Strucky-Szamocseta familywas connected by the Kalliszta sisters:one of them married József Strucky,the other György Szamocseta. They livedasneigh- bors in Csengery Street,GyörgySzamocseta’stailor shop was in 64.Their chil- dren, Nándor Szamocseta and Éva Struckygrew up together.Nándor Szamocseta became the main accused of the case.¹⁹⁶ But whywas this family put on trial?Most of the janitors easilyfound their place in the new regime.¹⁹⁷ Whynot this family? The answer is because of the existenceofproactive survivors who did not wait till the legal system took its course, but actively movedthe process forward. The question is also valid as there had alreadybeen aPeople’sTribunal trial on the Csengery 64 case, which, as even Lichter acknowledged, “could not provethat Nándor Szamocseta caused the tragedy.” Still, Lichter added: BFL 19273/1949.187–189.Mrs. (Lajos) Steiner’stestimony. Alan Rosen, “Autobiographyfromthe Other Side. The ReadingofNazi Memoirs and Con- fessional Ambiguity,” Biography. An Interdisciplinary Quarterly 24.3 (2001): 553–570. BFL 19273/1949.8. BFL 19273/1949.3. BFL 19273/1949.1–6. This also contained Strucky’scousine István Kiss, wholater ceased to be mentioned during the courtprocess. Ádám Pál István, Budapest Building Managers and the Holocaust in Hungary (London: Pal- grave, 2017). https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110687552-008 66 6The Perpetrators [Nándor Szamocseta’s] conduct and the whole family’santi-Semitic and extremist attitude and greediness seem to provemyhypothesis.[…]although it was not possible to identify whodenounced the house, Ihad to come to the conclusion that it was certainlyacommon agreement of the actors.¹⁹⁸ In January 1947Nándor Szamocseta, György Szamocseta, Mrs. György Szamocse- ta née Mária Kalliszta, József Struckyand Mrs. József Strucky née Emília Kalliszta wereprovisionallyarrested. 6.1 The janitors’ greed The indictment against the arrestedfamilymembers was war crimes and crimes against the people. Forthe June 23,1947public trial Mrs. Temesvári (i.e. Piroska Dely) was ordered as witness. Accordingtothe court records she failed to show up, which was hardlyasurprise giventhat she had by then been dead along time. Therefore, sections of the Delycase’scourt records and parts of Dely’stes- timonygot attached to the Szamocseta–Struckycase file, which turned Dely’s statements into “truth” since theircross-examination was impossible. Shortlybefore her execution Delywas questioned two more times. The termi- nallyill woman accused Strucky of “having to return to” Csengery 64.She said that Strucky did not want to give up all the Jewish tenants at first.Ofcourse Struckydenied the accusation during their cross-examination.¹⁹⁹ In her Janu- ary 31,1946 testimony “Delydelivered that she sawthe accused person [Strucky] talk to the leader of the Arrow Cross and the SS and that conversation had an effect [on the massacre]. They came to the houseand took away manypeo- ple.”²⁰⁰ Strucky denied this accusation too. In other words, in 1947the People’s Tribunal had to decidewhom to believe: an executed “Arrow Cross woman” or what by that time Strucky had became: an “Arrow Cross janitor.” Struckywas also accused of not preventing Miksa Eisenstadter’sdeporta- tion. Had he said that he had stomach issues, so ranthe accusation, Eisenstadter would have been saved.²⁰¹ It is certainlytruethatthe soldiers asked aquestion BFL 19273/1949.9.Lichter’stestimony. BFL 19273/1949.206. BFL 19273/1949.10. “Mrs. Eisenstadterpleaded the leader of the Arrow Crossmen, whowas rather benevolent Ishould say, because he accepted various excuses and left some people in the house, to leave her husband whohad asurgery recently. The Arrow Crossman lookedatStrucky, whoshrugged to signal his indifference. […]The tiniest benevolencefromStrucky’sside could have prevented Eisenstadter’sdeportation, because […]that Arrow Crossman was unusuallyagreeable.” BFL 6.1 The janitors’ greed 67 and the janitor at thatmoment gave the morallywronganswer,still, the accusa- tion wrongly assumed the janitor’spower to be high. Had Struckysaid the truth, namelythat Eisenstadter had stomach issues, that would not have savedhis life, because the point of the deportation was to eliminate witnesses. He was also ac- cused of not lettingthe house’sJewish tenants leave their apartments and of plunderingtheir assets. These were proven without much further ado.²⁰² “[T]hey made [the Jews’ lives] harder whenever it was possible. [T]hey asked ahighprice for every serviceand demonstratedtheir power at every occasion,” was the summary of the accusations against the Strucky’s.²⁰³ Certainlythere are times when even corruption can offer asense of security:the vulnerable tenants knew that if they paid the Strucky’s, they would receive services.But as the times weregetting increasinglyinsecure, the janitor made more and more ad hoc de- cisions. Thehouse’stenants could not forgetwhen Struckyhad “rung the bells and told the tenants that they werehis captives, and no one can leave their apartments anymore.”²⁰⁴ This was certainlyanautonomous action on his part and his wayofdemonstrating his power. The charge against Mrs. Strucky née Emília Kalliszta was that Széplaki, who livedasalodgeronthe third floor,was in her kitchen right before he called the Arrow Cross. According to the indictmentSzéplaki listened to her moaning about her husband and how he could not take care of anything,towhich Széplaki re- plied: “Iwill take care of them [the Jews]!” With thatSzéplaki left and according to the first testimonies he phoned whereas in latertestimonies he walked over and personallycalled the Arrow Cross.Furthermore, on October 15,1944 Mrs. Rózsa and Mrs. Stongl heard Mrs. Strucky stated that if the Russianscame she would “stand up against them with amachine gun.” The woman was alsoac- cused of stealingtextiles (gowns, crocheted tablecloths,bedding) from the ten- 19273/1949.49. It is no wonder that the strongest accusations against the Struckyswere coming from the widow,Mrs. Eisenstadter,who claimed to have seen them on ArrowCrossParty rallies and that Arrow Crossmen helped them to transport the belongings of the deceased Stern family. (BFL 19273/1949. 36–38.) Avészkorszakról lásd Lévai Jenő: Apesti gettócsodálatos megmenekülésének hiteles törté- nete.Budapest,Officina, 1946., Lévai Jenő: Feketekönyv amagyarzsidóság szenvedéseiről.Buda- pest,Officina,1946., Lévai Jenő, Zsidósors Magyarországon. Az üldözés kora (Budapest: Magyar Téka,1948), and FerencLaczó, “The foundational dilemmasofJenő Lévai:onthe birth of Hun- garian Holocaust historiographyinthe 1940s,” Holocaust Studies 21.1–2(2015): 93–119. BFL 19273/1949.44. Grünberger’stestimony. On the legal background, see Mátraházi Ferenc, ed., Szemelvények amagyarországi zsidóság életét korlátozó törvényekbőlésrendeletekből.(H. n., K. n., 2004), and SzékelyGáborand VértesRóbert,eds., Magyarországi zsidótörvényekésrende- letek, 1938–1945 (Budapest: PolgárKiadó, 1997). BFL 19273/1949.11. 68 6The Perpetrators ants, which after liberation she gave back upon their request.Lastly, multiple testimonies emphasized that Mrs. Strucky washed,dried and used the bloody, bullet-tornwoolen blanket (elsewhereaPersian rug) of the Stern family. Their daughter,Éva Strucky,Széplaki’sgirlfriend was not arrested, because she had no enemies in the house other than Lichter,who considered that “Éva Struckyworked at the House Office responsible for the redistribution of Jewish property and she placed her acquaintances and relativesinto forsaken Jewish apartments.[…][S]he did not talk to the Jewishtenants of the house because in my opinion she was ahugeanti-Semite.”²⁰⁵ Had this been true she would cer- tainlyhavegotten an apartment for Nándor Szamocseta too. Instead Szamocseta used aforgedGestapo permit,orasheput it: Iknew that the apartmentwas empty and sinceIhad no apartment Iannounced on the Svábhegy that therewas an empty apartmentand asked them to getitfor me. German sol- diers went to the apartment and confiscated it for the German policeand took the keys. Igot the keys on the Svábhegyand apermit with which Icould provetothe Hungarian housingadministration that the police does not need it.With this permit Iwenttothe hous- ing administration and the apartment was mine.²⁰⁶ Importantly, the testimonies suggested that the Struckys werenot all equally wicked, but that the wife was the family’s “evil spirit.” Adetail from Mrs. Bydes- kuti’stestimony: Ilived with forgeddocuments in the house and Iwas not deported. Iwas checked in front of the janitor’sapartment and let on my way. Iheardwhen Mrs. Strucky
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