Joseph Palmer Clostridium in the environment What is Clostridium? • Bacteria> Firmicutes > Clostridia > Clostridales > Clostridiaceae > Clostridium • Contains many species of medical and biotechnological importance • Highly pleomorphic, with heterogeneous phenotype and genotype • Genus subject to recent taxonomic reshuffling 99 Clostridium estertheticum subsp. laramiense strain DSM 14864 Clostridium estertheticum subsp. laramiense strain DSM 14864 99 Clostridium92 99 estertheticum Clostridium frigoris subsp. strain laramiense D-1/D-an/II strain DSM 14864 92 92 Clostridium47 Clostridium frigoris Clostridium strainalgoriphilum D-1/D-an/II frigoris strain strain 14D1 D-1/D-an/II 47 10047 Clostridium algoriphilum Clostridium strain bowmanii algoriphilum 14D1 strain DSMstrain 14206 14D1 100 100 Clostridium Clostridium bowmanii Clostridium tagluense strain bowmaniiDSM strain 14206 A121 strain DSM 14206 Clostridium Clostridium tagluense tunisiense Clostridium strain strain tagluense A121 TJ strain A121 Clostridium76 tunisiense Clostridium strain tunisiense TJ strain TJ 86 Clostridium sulfidigenes strain MCM B 937 76 76 86 86 Clostridium 100sulfidigenes Clostridium Clostridium strain sulfidigenesthiosulfatireducens MCM B 937 strain strain MCM LUP B 93721 100 100 Clostridium thiosulfatireducens Clostridium100 thiosulfatireducens Clostridiumstrain LUP amazonense 21 strain LUPstrain 21NE08V 100 100 Clostridium amazonense Clostridium Clostridium senegalense strain amazonense NE08V strain JC122strain NE08V 30 48 Clostridium Clostridium senegalense Clostridium subterminale strain senegalense isolate JC122 DSM strain2636 JC122 30 30 48 48 Clostridium100 subterminale Clostridium Clostridium isolate subterminale argentinense DSM 2636 strain isolate ATCC DSM 27322 2636 99 100 Clostridium100 argentinense Clostridium Clostridium schirmacherense strain argentinense ATCC strain27322 strain AP15 ATCC 27322 99 Clostridium99 schirmacherense Clostridium schirmacherense strainClostridium AP15 collagenovorans strain AP15 strain SG 100 Clostridium collagenovorans Clostridium Clostridium collagenovorans strain acetobutylicum SG strain DSM SG1731 100 Clostridium aurantibutyricum strain DSM 793 100 100 Clostridium acetobutylicum Clostridium acetobutylicumDSM 1731 DSM 1731 17 100 Clostridium100 aurantibutyricum Clostridium94 aurantibutyricumClostridium strain DSM botulinum 793 strain BKT015925 DSM 793 17 17 100 Clostridium haemolyticum strain JCM 1402 94 Clostridium94 botulinum Clostridium BKT015925 botulinum BKT015925 99 100 Clostridium100 Clostridium haemolyticum Clostridium novyi NTstrain haemolyticum JCM 1402 strain JCM 1402 99 23 99 Clostridium novyi Clostridium Clostridium NT ganghwense novyi NT strain HY-42-06 Clostridium oceanicum strain DSM 1290T 23 23 Clostridium ganghwense Clostridium strain ganghwense HY-42-06 strain HY-42-06 99 Clostridium oceanicumClostridium Clostridium botulinum strain oceanicum DSM A str. 1290T ATCC strain 19397 DSM 1290T 100 Clostridium botulinum Clostridium Clostridium A sporogenes str. botulinum ATCC strain 19397 A DSM str. 795ATCC 19397 5 99 99 Clostridium pascui strain DSM 10365 100 100 Clostridium100 sporogenes Clostridium strain sporogenes DSM 795 strain DSM 795 5 5 Clostridium peptidivorans strain TMC4 100 100 Clostridium pascui Clostridium strain DSM pascui 10365 strain DSM 10365 Clostridium acetireducens strain 30A 48 Clostridium peptidivorans Clostridium strain peptidivorans TMC4 strain TMC4 Clostridium lundense strain DSM 17049 99 Clostridium acetireducens Clostridium strain acetireducens 30A strain 30A 48 48 41 Clostridium tetanomorphum strain DSM 4474 99 Clostridium99 lundense Clostridium strain lundenseDSM 17049 strain DSM 17049 45 Clostridium malenominatum 41 41 Clostridium tetanomorphum Clostridium tetanomorphumstrain DSM 4474 strain DSM 4474 61 Clostridium cochlearium strain JCM 1396 45 45 Clostridium malenominatum Clostridium malenominatum 100 Clostridium tetani E88 61 61 Clostridium cochlearium Clostridium strain cochlearium JCM 1396 strain JCM 1396 Clostridium swellfunianum strain S11-3-10 Clostridium estertheticum subsp. laramiense strain DSM 14864 100 Clostridium100 tetani Clostridium E88 tetani E88 99 Clostridium cellulovorans 743B 92 Clostridium frigoris strain D-1/D-an/II Clostridium swellfunianum Clostridium strain swellfunianum S11-3-10 strain S11-3-10 100 Clostridium algidicarnis strain NCFB 2931 33 47 Clostridium algoriphilum strain 14D1 Clostridium cellulovorans Clostridium 743B cellulovorans 743B 39 Clostridium putrefaciens strain DSM 1291 100 100 Clostridium100 algidicarnis Clostridium strain algidicarnis NCFB 2931 strain NCFB 2931 Clostridium bowmanii strain DSM 3314206 33 46 Clostridium intestinale 8139 39 Clostridium putrefaciens Clostridium strain putrefaciens DSM 1291 strain DSM 1291 Clostridium tagluense strain A121 Clostridium amylolyticum strain SW408 46 46 Clostridium intestinale Clostridium intestinale Clostridium tunisiense strain TJ 81 81 100 Clostridium polynesiense strain MS1T Clostridium amylolyticum Clostridium strain amylolyticum SW408 strain SW408 76 86 Clostridium sulfidigenes strain MCM B 937 82 Clostridium bovipellis strain B30 100 Clostridium100 polynesiense Clostridium strain polynesiense MS1T strain MS1T 100 Clostridium thiosulfatireducens strain LUP 21 Clostridium perfringens SM101 82 82 Clostridium bovipellis Clostridium strain bovipellisB30 strain B30 100 Clostridium amazonense strain NE08V 100 Clostridium baratii strain JCM 1409 34 Clostridium perfringens Clostridium SM101 perfringens SM101 Clostridium senegalense strain JC122 90 Clostridium sardiniense strain KZ 1544 Clostridium baratii Clostridium strain JCM baratii 1409 strain JCM 1409 30 100 100 Clostridium colicanis strain AB32 48 Clostridium subterminale isolate DSM 2636 34 34 44 9092 90 Clostridium sardiniense Clostridium strain sardiniense KZ 1544 strain KZ 1544 Clostridium argentinense strain ATCC 27322 Clostridium isatidis isolate MV1 100 Clostridium colicanis strain AB32 44 44 Clostridium colicanis Clostridium strain AB32 chauvoei strain 2585 99 Clostridium schirmacherense strain AP15 92 92 96 Clostridium99 isatidis Clostridium Clostridiumisolate MV1isatidis septicum isolate strain MV1 Pasteur III Clostridium collagenovorans strain SG 61 96 96 Clostridium Clostridium chauvoei Clostridium botulinum strain Bchauvoei2585 str. Eklund strain 17B(NRP) 2585 100 Clostridium acetobutylicum DSM 1731 99 Clostridium99 Clostridium septicum Clostridium neonatale strain septicum Pasteur16S III strain Pasteur III 100 Clostridium aurantibutyricum strain DSM 793 61 61 Clostridium Clostridium botulinum butyricum Clostridium B strain str. botulinum EklundJKY6D1 17B(NRP) B str. Eklund 17B(NRP) 17 94 94 Clostridium botulinum BKT015925 Clostridium Clostridium corinoforum neonatale Clostridium strain 16SDSM neonatale5906 16S 100 Clostridium haemolyticum strain JCM 1402 63 94 94 Clostridium Clostridium butyricum Clostridium saccharobutylicum strain butyricum JKY6D1 DSM 13864strain JKY6D1 99 Clostridium novyi NT Clostridium Clostridiumcorinoforum Clostridium beijerinckii strain corinoforum DSM strain 5906 NCIMB strain 14988 DSM 5906 63 63 23 Clostridium ganghwense strain HY-42-06 Clostridium72 Clostridium saccharobutylicum Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum saccharobutylicum DSM 13864 N1-4(HMT) DSM 13864 Clostridium oceanicum strain DSM 1290T Clostridium55 Clostridium beijerinckii Clostridium diolis strain strain beijerinckii NCIMB DSM 5430 14988 strain NCIMB 14988 72 72 99 Clostridium botulinum A str. ATCC 19397 Clostridium100 saccharoperbutylacetonicumClostridium Clostridium roseum saccharoperbutylacetonicum strain N36 N1-4(HMT) N1-4(HMT) 100 Clostridium sporogenes strain DSM 795 80 Clostridium55 acidisoli Clostridium strain CK7455 diolis Clostridium strain DSM diolis 5430 strain DSM 5430 5 100 Clostridium pascui strain DSM 10365 100 Clostridium100 pasteurianum Clostridium100 BC1 roseum Clostridium strain N36 roseum strain N36 Clostridium peptidivorans strain TMC4 80 Clostridium80 acidisoli ClostridiumClostridium strain akagii CK74acidisoli strain strain CK58 CK74 Clostridium acetireducens strain 30A 100 100 Clostridium48 Clostridium pasteurianum Clostridium carboxidivorans BC1 pasteurianum P7 BC1 48 Clostridium100 akagiiClostridium Clostridium strain drakei CK58 akagii strain SL1strain CK58 99 Clostridium lundense strain DSM 17049 44 41 94 Clostridium scatologenes strain ATCC 25775 Clostridium tetanomorphum strain DSM 4474 48 Clostridium 48carboxidivorans Clostridium carboxidivoransP7 P7 Clostridium malenominatum 100 Clostridium Clostridium100 drakei Clostridium magnumstrain SL1 strain drakei FM5 strain SL1 45 44 44 94 94 64 Clostridium scatologenes Clostridium strain scatologenes ATCC 25775 strain ATCC 25775 Clostridium kluyveri NBRC 12016 61 Clostridium cochlearium strain JCM 1396 Clostridium algifaecis strain MB9-9 100 Clostridium tetani E88 Clostridium magnum Clostridium strain FM5magnum strain82 FM5 99 Clostridium tyrobutyricum Clostridium swellfunianum strain S11-3-1064 64 Clostridium kluyveri Clostridium NBRC 12016kluyveri NBRC 12016 63 Clostridium Clostridium autoethanogenum algifaecis DSM strain 10061 MB9-9 Clostridium cellulovorans 743B 82 82 Clostridium algifaecis strain MB9-9 99 99 100 Clostridium ljungdahlii DSM 13528 Clostridium tyrobutyricum Clostridium tyrobutyricum 100 Clostridium algidicarnis strain NCFB 2931 33 63 63 Clostridium autoethanogenum Clostridium autoethanogenum DSM 10061 DSM 10061 39 Clostridium putrefaciens strain DSM 1291 0.02 100 Clostridium100 ljungdahlii Clostridium DSM ljungdahlii13528