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Rosbeiani.Pdf — Das Unternehmen „Mammut“ Ein politisch-militärisches Geheimdienstunternehmen in Südkurdistan in den Jahren 1942/43 und seine Vorgeschichte Dissertation Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil.) Eingereicht an der Philosophischen Fakultät III der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin von Mag. Pherset Zuber Mohammed Rosbeiani Präsident der Humboldt-Universität Prof. Dr. Jan-Hendrik Olbertz Dekan der Philosophischen Fakultät III Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Bernd Wegener Gutachter: 1. Prof. Dr.habil Peter Heine 2. Prof. Dr.habil Ferhad Ibrahim Seyder Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 08 - 06 -2011 2 Inhalt EINLEITUNG .............................................................................................................................................4 1.Europa, Deutschland und der Orient im Überblick. ........................................................................................ 4 2.Die Entdeckung Kurdistans und der Kurden durch Gelehrte, Wissenschaftler und Militärs. ........................ 12 3.Forschungsstand........................................................................................................................................... 19 4.Fragestellungen............................................................................................................................................ 28 I‐Kapitel: Zur Geschichte des Irak von seiner Entstehung 1921 bis zum Gailani‐Putsch 1941. ...................32 I.1. Die frühe Entwicklung bis 1932. ................................................................................................................ 32 I.2. Die Entwicklung des politischen Lebens im Irak von 1932‐1941................................................................ 42 I.3. Deutsche Aktivitäten im Irak von 1932‐1941............................................................................................. 46 1.4. Deutsche Propaganda und Sympathien für Hitler‐Deutschland im Irak seit 1933. .................................. 49 I.5. Der Putsch vom Mai 1941 unter Rashid Ali al‐Gailani. .............................................................................. 53 I.6. Die „Grobba‐Mission“ vom Mai 1941........................................................................................................ 63 I.7. Die Bewertung des irakischen „Hitler‐Abenteuers“ im Rückblick. ............................................................. 67 I.8. Wurde der Irak 1941 Opfer der panarabischen Nationalisten?................................................................. 72 II‐Kapitel: Das Unternehmen „Mammut“ und seine Vorgeschichte. ........................................................76 II.1. Zur Entwicklung der deutschen Orientstrategie in der Weimarer Republik und im NS‐Staat................... 76 II.2. Die militärischen Nachrichtendienste von der Weimarer Republik bis zum NS‐Staat. ............................. 85 II.3. Die Planung und Entwicklung des Unternehmens “Mammut“................................................................. 89 II.4. Operative Zielsetzungen und potenzielle Erfolgsaussichten des Unternehmens „Mammut“................. 103 II.5. Die personellen Voraussetzungen, Schulung und Ausbildung der deutschen Teilnehmer...................... 106 II.6. Die materiellen Voraussetzungen........................................................................................................... 117 II.7. Der Verlauf und das Scheitern des Unternehmens „Mammut“.............................................................. 125 II.8. Das Unternehmen „Mosul“ 1944 ........................................................................................................... 140 III. Kapitel‐ Ramzi Nafi’ Raschid Agha (1917‐1949) ................................................................................143 III.1.Kurzer Abriss der politischen Lage in Südkurdistan von 1918‐1943. ...................................................... 143 III.2. Ramzi Nafi’Rashid Agha als historische Figur in Forschung und Publizistik........................................... 154 III.3. Ramzis Werdegang und die Entwicklung der Khoybun‐Partei............................................................... 161 III.4. Die Sympathie für Nazi‐Deutschland im Nahen und Mittleren Osten ................................................... 168 III.5.Prof.Kamuran Bedirkhan und sein Einfluss auf Ramzi............................................................................ 171 III.6. Ramzis Zusammenarbeit mit der Abwehr.............................................................................................. 173 III.7. Ramzis Beteiligung beim Unternehmen „Mammut“. ............................................................................ 183 III.8.Ramzis Charakterbild in der Geschichte. ................................................................................................ 185 Zusammenfassung......................................................................................................................................... 191 Epilog: Was wurde aus den deutschen Fallschirm‐Agenten? ........................................................................ 196 Abkürzungsverzeichnis................................................................................................................................... 198 Erläuterung der Fachbegriffe......................................................................................................................... 201 Anlage 1:Hitlers Weisung Nr.30 für die Kriegführung vom 23. Mai 1941. .................................................... 203 3 Anlage 2: Planerische Ziele des Unternehmens „Mammut“.......................................................................... 207 Anlage 3:Vorgesehene Teilnehmer für das Unternehmen „Mammut“, untergliedert in die Gruppen I und II. ....................................................................................................................................................................... 208 Anlage 4: Vorgesetzte, Ausbilder und Vertreter der mit Ausland/Abwehr II korrespondierenden Dienststellen für das Unternehmen „Mammut“. ................................................................................................................ 209 Anlage 5: Liste der Gastgeschenke für Scheich Mahmud und die übrige kurdische Bevölkerung ................. 210 Anlage 6: Die Bewaffnung der Agentengruppen „Mammut I und II“:........................................................... 211 Anlage 7: Zeittafel des Unternehmens „Mammut“ und der Marschweg der Agentengruppe „Mammut I“ in Südkurdistan von ihrer Landung am 17. Juni bis zu ihrer Gefangennahme am 28./29. Juni 1943................ 212 Anlage 8: Wortlaut des Verhörs von Ramzi Nafi’ Raschid, geführt durch Albert Habib Hourani am 12. Oktober 1943, bezüglich einer Gesamteinschätzung seiner Persönlichkeit und seines Charakters im Original und in deutscher Übersetzung....................................................................................................................... 215 Anlage 9: Weitere Geheimdienstunternehmen der deutschen Abwehr 1941‐1944 im Nahen und Mittleren Osten. ............................................................................................................................................................ 219 Anlage 10: Vollständiger Wortlaut der Artikel 62 bis 64 der englichen Fassung des Friedensvertrages von Sèvres vom 10. August 1920.......................................................................................................................... 222 Quellen‐ und Literaturverzeichnis.........................................................................................................223 Ungedruckte Quellen..................................................................................................................................... 223 Gedruckte Quellensammlungen, Quelleneditionen, Bibliographien und Nachschlagewerke........................ 224 Monographien und Darstellungen................................................................................................................. 224 Darstellungen zum historischen, kulturellen, politischen Vor‐ und Umfeld................................................... 226 Memoiren, Erinnerungen und Biographien ................................................................................................... 227 Aufsätze, Miszellen, Beiträge in Periodika, Sammelbänden und Zeitschriften.............................................. 229 Weitere Darstellungen und Beiträge ............................................................................................................. 232 Internetbeiträge ............................................................................................................................................ 235 Zeitzeugenbefragungen und Interviews ........................................................................................................ 236 Darstellungen und Beiträge in kurdischer und arabischer Sprache............................................................... 236 4 EINLEITUNG 1.Europa, Deutschland und der Orient im Überblick. Über Jahrhunderte herrschte ein gespanntes Verhältnis und ein mit vielen Vorurteilen behafteter Umgang des Abendlandes mit dem Morgenland, sosehr der Orient1 für Europa auch immer ein großes Faszinosum, wahrlich immer 1 Der Ausdruck Orient als der Gegensatz zum Okzident, dem Abendland, ist als Begriff bereits in der griechi- schen bzw. lateinischen Sprache nachweisbar und bedeutet
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