Gevangen Tussen Mythe En Realiteit De Representatie Van Countercultural Festivals in Muziekdocumentaires (1963-1971)

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Gevangen Tussen Mythe En Realiteit De Representatie Van Countercultural Festivals in Muziekdocumentaires (1963-1971) Gevangen tussen mythe en realiteit De representatie van countercultural festivals in muziekdocumentaires (1963-1971) Cerianne Slagmolen 336360 Masterscriptie Maatschappijgeschiedenis Specialisatie Geschiedenis van Nederland in Mondiale Context Erasmus School of History, Culture and Communication Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam 13-11-2019 Begeleider: dr. Robbert-Jan Adriaansen Tweede lezer: dr. Jesper Schaap 1 2 Inhoudsopgave 1. Inleiding .................................................................................................................................. 5 1.1. Vraagstelling .................................................................................................................... 5 1.2. Theoretisch kader ............................................................................................................ 8 1.2.1 Counterculture ........................................................................................................... 8 1.2.2 Representatie ........................................................................................................... 12 1.3. Historiografie ................................................................................................................. 13 1.3.1 Genreconventies en stijl in de muziekdocumentaire .............................................. 14 1.3.2 Festivalfilms en de counterculture .......................................................................... 20 1.3.3 Positionering onderzoek .......................................................................................... 25 1.4 Methode ......................................................................................................................... 26 1.5 Bronnen .......................................................................................................................... 28 2. Festival (1968) ...................................................................................................................... 30 2.1. De ‘folk revival’ ontmoet de Amerikaanse sociale bewegingen en counterculture ...... 30 2.2. Direct cinema volgens een eigenzinnige visie ............................................................... 35 2.3. Thematische analyse muziek ......................................................................................... 37 2.3.1 Schatplichtigheid aan vérité en direct cinema ........................................................ 40 2.3.2 De mensen maken de muziek .................................................................................. 41 2.4. Thematische analyse tegencultuur................................................................................ 44 2.4.1. Meegenomen in het moment ................................................................................. 44 2.4.2. Een bewuste jeugd en de verering van idolen ........................................................ 45 2.5. Conclusie: Op het kruispunt van authenticiteit en verandering ................................... 47 3. Monterey Pop (1968) ............................................................................................................ 49 3.1 The Summer of Love ....................................................................................................... 49 3.2. Direct cinema en Do-it-yourself .................................................................................... 53 3.3. Thematische analyse muziek: De San-Francisco underground ..................................... 56 3.3.1. De ervaring van muziek en emotie ......................................................................... 58 3.3.2 De authenticiteit van rockmuziek ............................................................................ 59 3.4. Thematische analyse tegencultuur: Countercultural ons-kent-ons .............................. 61 3.4.1 Het beeld dienstig aan het geluid ............................................................................ 61 3.4.2 Introductie in de wereld van Monterey ................................................................... 63 3.5. Conclusie: ‘It Happened at Monterey’........................................................................... 64 3 4. Stamping Ground (1971) ...................................................................................................... 66 4.1 De gematigde jaren zestig .............................................................................................. 66 4.1.2. Van kleinschalige happenings tot on-Nederlandse praktijken ............................... 66 4.1.3. Een hoge dosis bluf ................................................................................................. 68 4.2 Een smeltkroes van invloeden met een vernislaag van cinéma vérité .......................... 71 4.3 Thematische analyse muziek .......................................................................................... 74 4.3.1 De ervaring van het optreden .................................................................................. 76 4.3.2 Vrijheid en community ............................................................................................. 77 4.4 Thematische analyse tegencultuur................................................................................. 78 4.4.1 Poëtisch en observatief? .......................................................................................... 78 4.4.2 Persoonlijke vrijheid en een terugkeer naar de natuur ........................................... 80 4.5 Conclusie: Een schouwspel van counter-culturele esthetiek ......................................... 81 5. Conclusie .............................................................................................................................. 83 6. Bibliografie............................................................................................................................ 87 6.1 Primaire bronnen ............................................................................................................ 87 6.2 Secundaire bronnen ....................................................................................................... 89 4 1. Inleiding Al sinds het einde van de jaren vijftig worden er films gemaakt van festivals. Jazz on a Summer’s Day (1959), over het Newport Jazz Festival in de gelijknamige stad, kan worden beschouwd als de eerste echte muziekdocumentaire. De film vertegenwoordigt de culminatie van een decennium waarin werd gezocht naar nieuwe onderwerpen en mogelijkheden op het gebied van de documentaire. Daarnaast was het een directe breuk met de technologische methodes en werkwijzen van de vorige generatie filmmakers.1 De counterculture (tegencultuur) van de jaren zestig werd hiervoor een bron van inspiratie. Op verschillende plekken in het Westen kwamen in deze periode namelijk tegenculturele (jeugd)bewegingen op, die op sommige vlakken een internationaal karakter kenden en gekenmerkt werden door hun verzet tegen de status quo. Een voorbeeld hiervan is de protestmuziek die door deze bewegingen werden gemaakt en geluisterd. Artiesten konden bovendien door het groeiende aantal festivals met internationale programmering op verschillende plekken ter wereld hun muziek en gedachtengoed verspreiden. Dit droeg nog verder bij aan het internationale karakter van de beweging. Ondertussen had de filmtechniek sinds Jazz on a Summer’s Day echter ook niet stilgestaan en deden nieuwe filmgenres hun intrede, die op een aantal vlakken wederom aansluiting vonden bij het gedachtengoed van de counterculture. Thema’s zoals vrijheid, authenticiteit en protest vonden hun gelijke in opkomende filmstijlen als direct cinema en cinéma vérité. De opkomst van draagbare camera’s, die het geluid synchroon met het beeld opnamen, maakten het bovendien mogelijk voor filmmakers om zich vrij te bewegen en de wereld vast te leggen as it happened. Drie films uit dit bewogen tijdperk representeren de samenkomst van deze ontwikkelingen. 1.1. Vraagstelling In deze scriptie staan drie muziekdocumentaires uit de jaren zestig en vroege jaren zeventig centraal. Een comparatieve analyse van de cinematografische methoden en technieken die 1 Michael Brendan Baker, “Rockumentary: Style, Performance & Sound in a Documentary Genre” (Dissertatie, McGill University, 2011), 88–89. 5 in deze films zijn toegepast zal uitwijzen hoe die bepalend zijn voor wat filmtheoreticus Bill Nichols ‘de stem van de film’ noemt.2 Om te kunnen onderzoeken en vergelijken hoe de regisseurs de festivals hebben gerepresenteerd is de volgende hoofdvraag opgesteld: Hoe wordt counterculture gerepresenteerd in muziekdocumentaires over muziekfestivals in de late jaren zestig en vroege jaren zeventig? Binnen het kader van deze masterscriptie is geen ruimte om iedere film uit deze periode te onderzoeken. Daarom is gekozen voor drie films: Festival (1967) over het Newport Folk Festival tussen 1963-1966, Monterey Pop (1968) over het Monterey International Pop Festival in 1967 en Stamping Ground (1971) over het Holland Pop Festival in 1970. De deelvragen waarmee de hoofdvraag zal worden beantwoord zijn als volgt: - Hoe wordt counterculture op het Newport Folk Festival tussen 1963-1966 in de film Festival (1967) gerepresenteerd? - Hoe wordt counterculture op het Monterey International Pop Festival van 1967 in de film Monterey Pop (1968) gerepresenteerd? - Hoe wordt counterculture op het Holland Pop Festival van 1970 in de film Stamping Ground (1971) gerepresenteerd? Deze drie films zijn gekozen vanwege het feit dat zij alle drie een ‘eerste’ op het
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