DOCSLIB.ORG

Species and Varieties in the Rhizopus Arrhizus-Rhizopus Oryzae Group As Indicated by Their Dna Complementarity

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Species and Varieties in the Rhizopus Arrhizus-Rhizopus Oryzae Group As Indicated by Their Dna Complementarity Mycologia, 77(2), 1985, pp. 243-247. 551 9 © 1985, by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458 SPECIES AND VARIETIES IN THE RHIZOPUS ARRHIZUS-RHIZOPUS ORYZAE GROUP AS INDICATED BY THEIR DNA COMPLEMENTARITY J. J. ELLIS Northern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department ofAgriculture, I Peoria, Illinois 61604 ABSTRACT DNA renaturation experiments gave evidence to conclude that Rhizopus arrhizus, R. OIyzae, R. delemar, Amylomyces rou.xii, R. delemar var. minimus, R. delemar var. multiplici­ sporus, R. arrhizus var. delemar, R. chungkuoensis var. isqfermentarius, and R. javanicus var. kawasakiensis can be accommodated in three taxa, namely, R. arrhizus var. arrhizus, R. arrhizus var. rozedi, and R. arrhizus var. delemar. Key Words: Rhizopus, DNA renaturation, taxonomy. Numerous attempts have been made to clarify the species concepts of Rhi­ zopus, with primary emphasis on a single or relatively few morphological or physiological features (2,3,10, 15). Some workers attempted to rearrange existing data, using relatively newer techniques, with either weighted or nonweighted characteristics to place strains in appropriate species and to show relationships (1). Traditionally, we have weighted heavily characteristics of the sexual stage over other characteristics exhibited by a species. Problems arise when, as is the case for many species of Rhizopus, the sexual stage is unknown or is rarely produced. Thus, we have depended on morphological characteristics ofthe spor­ angial apparatus and attempted to support our viewpoint with physiological data. The lack ofdefinitive information on the numerous described species ofRhizopus has led to considerable difficulty in determining the extent of variability within a species and how the species can be readily distinguished. In particular, it has been most difficult to attach names to strains belonging in the Rhizopus arrhizus­ R. oryzae-R. delemar group of species and varieties. To delimit the taxa and the morphological characteristics that will help place strains in those taxa, deoxyri­ bonucleic acid (DNA) renaturation studies were performed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fungal cultures. - The fungal strains (TABLE I) used in this study are maintained in the Agricultural Research Service Culture Collection (NRRL) at the Northern Regional Research Center. Stock cultures were grown on either potato dextrose agar (PDA) or yeast-malt agar (YM). These media are described as M-20 and M-69, respectively, in the Mycological Guidebook (12). For DNA extraction, cultures were grown in YM broth (400 ml per I liter Erlenmeyer flask) for 30 h on a reciprocal shaker at 28 C. Cultures were harvested by filtering with suction and were suspended in the spermidine-spermine-sucrose buffer ofMorris (as cited by Timberlake, 14). DNA purification.-DNA was extracted and purified by modifying Marmur's method (8) with the use ofhydroxylapatite (Bio-Gel RTP, Bio-Rad Laboratories) I The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or rec­ ommended by the U.S. Department ofAgriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned. 243 Purchased by U.S. Department of Agriculture for Official Use 244 MYCOLOGIA TABLE I SOURCE OF STRAINS NRRL 1469 Rhizopus arrhizus Fischer. Received from Blakeslee collection as C 606 in June, 1940. Blakeslee's notes say "lvfucor arrhizus (=Rhiz. arrhizus) evidently fro Cen­ trastelle." (sic) NRRL 1472 R. delemar (Boid.) Wehmer & Hanz. Received from Blakeslee collection as C 608 in June, 1940. Blakeslee's notes say "prob. fro Centralstelle." NRRL 2871 R. javanicus var. kawasakiensis Takeda & Takamatsu. Received from Institute for Fermentation, Osaka, as IFO 4801 Type, in June, 1960. NRRL 2872 Rhizopus delemar var. minimus Takeda. Received from Institute for Fermentation, Osaka, as Takeda 7301, in June, 1960. Isolated from Indonesian ragi. NRRL 2873 R. chungkuoensis var. isofermentarius Takeda. Received from Institute for Fermen- tation, Osaka, as IFO 4726 Type, in June, 1960. NRRL 2915 R. microsporus v. Tiegh. Received from H. Schoch, University ofBasel, in December, 1960. Originally from Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures. NRRL 3133 R. oryzae Went & Geerligs. Received from Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures in May, 1964, as Went strain and presumed type strain. NRRL 3142 R. oryzae Went & Geerligs. Isolated from Chinese yeast obtained from the Taiwan Sugar Co. in April, 1964. NRRL 3258 R. delemar var. multiplicisporus Inui, Takeda & Iizuka. Received from H. Iizuka, University ofTokyo, as lAM 6258, in January, 1967. NRRL 5129 R. arrhizus var. delemar Mauvernay, Laboureur & Labrousse. Received from Mu- seum of Nat. Hist. Paris as No. 1916, in September, 1970. No Latin diagnosis in U.S. Patent No. 3,513,073 ofMay 19, 1970. NRRL 5866 Amylomyces rouxii Calmette. Neotype strain isolated January, 1974, from Look Pang (sweet fermented glutinous rice) made in Thailand. chromatography (7). Purity ofDNA preparations was checked by their absorbancy ratios at 2301260 nm and 2601280 nm as well as by their thermal denaturation profiles. DNA renaturation. - The extent of DNA relatedness was measured spectropho­ tometrically as described by Seidler and Mandel (11) and Kurtzman et al. (4). These workers have shown that results from this method are comparable to relatedness values obtained using radioisotope techniques. The main steps in the spectrophotometric techniques are the following. Purified DNA was sheared by two passages through a French press cell at 10,000 psi. Following filtration through a micropore filter (0.45 ,urn, from Mi1lipore" Corp.), the sheared, double-stranded DNA was dialyzed (Spectrapore membrane tubing with 12,000 mol wt cut-off) at 3-5 C for 3 da against O.OOlx SSC (SSC = standard saline citrate, 0.15 M NaCl, 0.015 M trisodium citrate, pH 7.0) with 0.001 M EDTA. The DNA solution was freeze-dried and redissolved in deionized-distilled water. DNA renaturations were monitored in a Gilford 260 recording spectrophotometer equipped with an elec­ tronically-heated, four-place cuvette holder. The reactions were carried out in 5x SSC-20% DMSO with 75 ,ug DNA per ml for a single strain or a mixture of 37.5 ,ug DNA for each ofthe paired strains, i.e., four fused quartz cuvettes were used: one contained only water, SSC, and DMSO (blank); two contained DNA of one strain each; and the fourth contained the DNA mixture of the two strains. Pre­ ceding renaturation, the DNA was denatured by raising the temperature to 90 C and holding the reaction mixtures at that temperature for 10 min. Then the temperature was lowered 3 C/min until it reached the incubation temperature of 55 C. This temperature corresponds to T m - 25 C which was determined experi- ELLIS: RHIZOPUS DNA 245 TABLE II REASSOCIATION OF NUCLEAR DNA IN SPECIES OF Rhizoplls NRRLNo. Name 1472' 3142 3133 1469 5866 2915 b 2915 b R. microsporlls 18 e 26 24 19 25 100 5866 Amylomyces rouxii 65 96 96 95 1469 R. arrhizlIs var. arrhizus 65 97 97 3133 R.oryzae 60 97 3142 R.oryzae 65 • R. delemar var. delemar. b Two different fermentations and extractions of DNA for this strain. e Average per cent of 2-3 reassociations. mentally in the reaction buffer. The A 260 readings for the four cuvettes were recorded successively at 10 sec intervals for the 4-9 h necessary to reach Cot.s. Two to three determinations were made for each pairing. Per cent renaturation was calculated by Seidler and Mandel's method (11) using the Cot.s values. Determination ofbase composition. - The guanine plus cytosine (G+C) content of the nuclear DNA preparations was calculated from 2-3 buoyant density de­ terminations in cesium chloride gradient (20 h, 44,000 rpm) (9, 13). Measurements were made in a Spinco model E analytical ultracentrifuge equipped with an elec­ tronic scanner. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A summary ofthe results ofDNA renaturation experiments ofstrains selected as most representative of Rhizopus microsporus, R. arrhizus, the presumed type ofR. Olyzae, a second strain ofR. Olyzae, and the neotype strain ofAmylomyces rouxii are presented in TABLE II. Rhizopus microsporus was chosen to be "the obvious distinct species." The extent of DNA relatedness of this species with other strains listed in TABLE II is quite low, and no pair shows more than 26% complementarity. When DNA from the strains of A. rouxii, R. arrhizus var. arrhizus, and R. Olyzae were interacted, all showed more than 95% relatedness. The first clue that strain NRRL 1472 R. delemar was somewhat different in its DNA make-up is shown by its 60-65% complementarity with the aforementioned strains that gave high relatedness with one another. Further indication is seen in TABLE III, where results are given ofrenaturations between strains ofR. delemar var. delemar and R. arrhizus var. 'arrhizus with strains of varieties thought to oe synonyms ofR. delemar var. delemar on a morphological basis. Indeed, these TABLE III REASSOCIATION OF NUCLEAR DNA FOR STRAINS OF Rhizoplls delemar NRRLNo. Name NRRL 1472' NRRL 1469b 2872 R. delemar var. minimus 85 e 71 3258 R. delemar var. mliltiplicisporlis 89 67 5129 R. arrhizlIs var. delemar 100 70 2873 R. chzlIlgklloensis var. isofermentarius 96 73 2871 R. javanicus var. kawasakiensis 95 73 • R. delemar var. delemar. b R. arrhizus var. arrhizus. e Average per cent of 2-3 reassociations. 246 MYCOLOGIA TABLE IV GUANINE PLUS CYTOSINE CONTENT OF NUCLEAR DNA FROM RhizopliS STRAINS NRRLNo. Name G + C(mo1%) 1469 R. arrhizlIs 36.6 (±O.22)a 3133 R.oryzae 36.7 (±O.21) 1472 R. delemar 36.1 (±O.07) 5866 Amylomyces rozedi 35.5 (±O.12) 2915 R. microsporliS 43.9 (±O.35) a Mean of2-3 determinations (± standard deviation). so-called varieties gave at least 85% complementarity with strain NRRL 1472 R. delemar var. delemar, whereas they gave at least 10% less complementarity with strain NRRL 1469 R. arrhizus var. arrhizus. The results of a determination of G+C content of the DNA from pertinent strains are shown in TABLE IV.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fungi-Rhizopus
    Characters of Fungi Some of the most important characters of fungi are as follows: 1. Occurrence 2. Thallus organization 3. Different forms of mycelium 4. Cell structure 5. Nutrition 6. Heterothallism and Homothallism 7. Reproduction 8. Classification of Fungi. 1. Occurrence: Fungi are cosmopolitan and occur in air, water soil and on plants and animals. They prefer to grow in warm and humid places. Hence, we keep food in the refrigerator to prevent bacterial and fungal infestation. 2. Thallus organization: Except some unicellular forms (e.g. yeasts, Synchytrium), the fungal body is a thallus called mycelium. The mycelium is an interwoven mass of thread-like hyphae (Sing, hypha). Hyphae may be septate (with cross wall) and aseptate (without cross wall). Some fungi are dimorphic that found as both unicellular and mycelial forms e.g. Candida albicans. 3. Different forms of mycelium: (a) Plectenchyma (fungal tissue): In a fungal mycelium, hyphae organized loosely or compactly woven to form a tissue called plectenchyma. It is two types: i. Prosenchyma or Prosoplectenchyma: In these fungal tissue hyphae are loosely interwoven lying more or less parallel to each other. ii. Pseudoparenchyma or paraplectenchyma: In these fungal tissue hyphae are compactly interwoven looking like a parenchyma in cross-section. (b) Sclerotia (Gr. Skleros=haid): These are hard dormant bodies consist of compact hyphae protected by external thickened hyphae. Each Sclerotium germinates into a mycelium, on return of favourable condition, e.g., Penicillium. (c) Rhizomorphs: They are root-like compactly interwoven hyphae with distinct growing tip. They help in absorption and perennation (to tide over the unfavourable periods), e.g., Armillaria mellea.
    [Show full text]
  • A Newly Isolated Rhizopus Microsporus Var. Chinensis Capable of Secreting Amyloytic Enzymes with Raw-Starch-Digesting Activity
    J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (2010), 20(2), 383–390 doi: 10.4014/jmb.0907.07025 First published online 24 December 2009 A Newly Isolated Rhizopus microsporus var. chinensis Capable of Secreting Amyloytic Enzymes with Raw-Starch-Digesting Activity Li, Yu-Na1,2, Gui-Yang Shi1,2, Wu Wang1,2*, and Zheng-Xiang Wang1,2* 1The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China 2Research Center of Bio-resource and Bio-energy, School of Bioengineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China Received: July 19, 2009 / Revised: November 15, 2009 / Accepted: November 17, 2009 A newly isolated active producer of raw-starch-digesting are available, but researchers continue to search for new amyloytic enzymes, Rhizopus microsporus var. chinensis amyloytic enzymes that could create new applications. CICIM-CU F0088, was screened and identified by The traditional course of enzymatic starch saccharification morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic is a high-energy-consumption procedure, which significantly analyses. This fungus was isolated from the soil of Chinese enhances the cost of starch-related products. Therefore, to glue pudding mill, and produced high levels of amylolytic reduce the cost of starch processing, the importance of activity under solid-state fermentation with supplementation enzymatic saccharification of raw starch without cooking of starch and wheat bran. Results of thin-layer chromatography has become well recognized recently [24, 34]. This has showed there are two kinds of amyloytic enzymes formed generated a worldwide interest in the discovery of several by this strain, including one α-amylase and two glucoamylases. raw-starch-digesting amyloytic enzymes that do not require It was found in the electron microscope experiments that gelatinization and can directly hydrolyze the raw starch in the two glucoamylases can digest raw corn starch and a single step [26, 34].
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution of Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases in Fungi and Conservation of the Free- 2 Methionine-R-Sulfoxide Reductase in Multicellular Eukaryotes
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.26.433065; this version posted February 27, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Distribution of methionine sulfoxide reductases in fungi and conservation of the free- 2 methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase in multicellular eukaryotes 3 4 Hayat Hage1, Marie-Noëlle Rosso1, Lionel Tarrago1,* 5 6 From: 1Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, UMR1163, INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, 7 Marseille, France. 8 *Correspondence: Lionel Tarrago ([email protected]) 9 10 Running title: Methionine sulfoxide reductases in fungi 11 12 Keywords: fungi, genome, horizontal gene transfer, methionine sulfoxide, methionine sulfoxide 13 reductase, protein oxidation, thiol oxidoreductase. 14 15 Highlights: 16 • Free and protein-bound methionine can be oxidized into methionine sulfoxide (MetO). 17 • Methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msr) reduce MetO in most organisms. 18 • Sequence characterization and phylogenomics revealed strong conservation of Msr in fungi. 19 • fRMsr is widely conserved in unicellular and multicellular fungi. 20 • Some msr genes were acquired from bacteria via horizontal gene transfers. 21 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.26.433065; this version posted February 27, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
    [Show full text]
  • Isolation of Mucorales from Biological Environment and Identification of Rhizopus Among the Isolates Using PCR- RFLP
    Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences doi:10.34172/jsums.2019.17 2019;21(2):98-103 http://j.skums.ac.ir Original Article Isolation of Mucorales from biological environment and identification of Rhizopus among the isolates using PCR- RFLP Mahboobeh Madani1* ID , Mohammadali Zia2 ID 1Department of Microbiology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran 2Department of Basic Science, (Khorasgan) Isfahan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran *Corresponding Author: Mahboobeh Madani, Tel: + 989134097629, Email: [email protected] Abstract Background and aims: Mucorales are fungi belonging to the category of Zygomycetes, found much in nature. Culture-based methods for clinical samples are often negative, difficult and time-consuming and mainly identify isolates to the genus level, and sometimes only as Mucorales. Therefore, applying fast and accurate diagnosis methods such as molecular approaches seems necessary. This study aims at isolating Mucorales for determination of Rhizopus genus between the isolates using molecular methods. Methods: In this descriptive observational study, a total of 500 samples were collected from air and different surfaces and inoculated on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar supplemented with chloramphenicol. Then, the fungi belonging to Mucorales were identified and their pure culture was provided. DNA extraction was done using extraction kit and the chloroform method. After amplification, the samples belonging to Mucorales were identified by observing 830 bp bands. For enzymatic digestion, enzyme BmgB1 was applied for identification of Rhizopus species by formation of 593 and 235 bp segments. Results: One hundred pure colonies belonging to Mucorales were identified using molecular methods and after enzymatic digestion, 21 isolates were determined as Rhizopus species.
    [Show full text]
  • First Record of Rhizopus Oryzae from Stored Apple Fruits in Saudi Arabia
    Plant Pathology & Quarantine 8(2): 116–121 (2018) ISSN 2229-2217 www.ppqjournal.org Article Doi 10.5943/ppq/8/2/2 Copyright ©Agriculture College, Guizhou University First record of Rhizopus oryzae from stored apple fruits in Saudi Arabia Al-Dhabaan FA Department of Biology, Science and Humanities College Alquwayiyah, Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia Al-Dhabaan FA 2018 – First record of Rhizopus oryzae from stored apple fruits in Saudi Arabia. Plant Pathology & Quarantine 8(2), 116–121, Doi 10.5943/ppq/8/2/2 Abstract During spring 2017, red delicious and Granny Smith apples with soft rot symptoms were collected from commercial markets in Saudi Arabia. The causal agent was isolated from infected fruits and its pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculation assays. To confirm the identity, total genomic DNA was extracted and multi-locus sequence data targeting two gene markers (ITS, ACT) was sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the presence of two distinct clades; Saudi isolate was placed within a clade comprising Rhizopus oryzae and R. delemar reference isolates. Based on morphological characteristics, molecular identification and pathogenicity test, the fungus was identified as Rhizopus oryzae. This is the first report of Rhizopus soft rot caused by R. oryzae from stored apple fruits in Saudi Arabia. Key words – Rhizopus soft rot – phylogeny – pathogenicity – morphological characters – sequence data Introduction Rhizopus soft rot caused by Rhizopus oryzae occurs worldwide and reduces the quantity and quality of harvested vegetables and ornamental crops during storage, transit, and marketing (Amadioha 1996, 2001, Agrios 2005). Rhizopus soft rot is one of the most important postharvest diseases of apple, banana, watermelon, sweet potato and other hosts in Korea (Kwon et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Successful Treatment of Pulmonary Mucormycosis Caused by Rhizopus Microsporus with Posaconazole
    Successful Treatment of Pulmonary Mucormycosis Caused by Rhizopus Microsporus With Posaconazole Fan Yuan Southeast University Medical College Jun Chen Nanjing Jinling Hospital: East Region Military Command General Hospital Fang Liu Nanjing Jinling Hospital: East Region Military Command General Hospital Yongchao Dang Nanjing Jinling Hospital: East Region Military Command General Hospital Qingtao Kong Nanjing Jinling Hospital: East Region Military Command General Hospital Hong Sang ( [email protected] ) Nanjing Jinling Hospital: East Region Military Command General Hospital Case report Keywords: pulmonary mucormycosis, Rhizopus microspores, diabetes mellitus, posaconazole Posted Date: March 16th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-302265/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/7 Abstract Background: Mucormycosis is a rare fungal infection occurring chiey in the lung or the rhino-orbital- cerebral compartment, particularly in patients with immunodeciency or diabetes mellitus. Among Mucorales fungi, Rhizopus spp. are the most common cause of mucormycosis. Case presentation: We report the case of pulmonary mucormycosis caused by Rhizopus microsporus in a young patient with diabetes but no other apparent risk factors. The diagnosis has mainly relied on clinical manifestation, positive pulmonary tissue biopsy, and fungal culture. The patient was successfully treated with posaconazole oral suspension and remains asymptomatic at one-year follow-up. Conclusions: Pulmonary mucormycosis is a life-threatening condition and based on direct microscopy, histopathology, and culture for the diagnosis. Background Mucormycosis is a rare opportunistic infection but is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Mucormycosis occurs most commonly in immunocompromised patients, such as those with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, solid organ or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, trauma, and those receiving immunosuppressive therapy [1–3].
    [Show full text]
  • Genomic Analysis of the Basal Lineage Fungus Rhizopus Oryzae Reveals a Whole-Genome Duplication
    Genomic Analysis of the Basal Lineage Fungus Rhizopus oryzae Reveals a Whole-Genome Duplication The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Ma, Li-Jun, Ashraf S. Ibrahim, Christopher Skory, Manfred G. Grabherr, Gertraud Burger, Margi Butler, Marek Elias, et al. 2009. Genomic analysis of the basal lineage fungus rhizopus oryzae reveals a whole-genome duplication. PLoS Genetics 5(7): e1000549. Published Version doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000549 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:8148898 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Genomic Analysis of the Basal Lineage Fungus Rhizopus oryzae Reveals a Whole-Genome Duplication Li-Jun Ma1*, Ashraf S. Ibrahim2, Christopher Skory3, Manfred G. Grabherr1, Gertraud Burger4, Margi Butler5, Marek Elias6, Alexander Idnurm7, B. Franz Lang4, Teruo Sone8, Ayumi Abe8, Sarah E. Calvo1, Luis M. Corrochano9, Reinhard Engels1, Jianmin Fu10, Wilhelm Hansberg11, Jung-Mi Kim12, Chinnappa D. Kodira1, Michael J. Koehrsen1, Bo Liu12, Diego Miranda-Saavedra13, Sinead O’Leary1, Lucila Ortiz- Castellanos14, Russell Poulter5, Julio Rodriguez-Romero9, Jose´ Ruiz-Herrera14, Yao-Qing Shen4, Qiandong Zeng1, James Galagan1, Bruce W. Birren1, Christina A. Cuomo1., Brian L. Wickes10.* 1 The Broad Institute
    [Show full text]
  • Multifocal Rhizopus Microsporus Lung Infection Following Brush Clearing
    University of Massachusetts Medical School eScholarship@UMMS Infectious Diseases and Immunology Publications and Presentations Infectious Diseases and Immunology 2014-08-08 Multifocal Rhizopus microsporus lung infection following brush clearing Artsiom V. Tsyrkunou University of Massachusetts Medical School Et al. Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Follow this and additional works at: https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/infdis_pp Part of the Bacterial Infections and Mycoses Commons, Infectious Disease Commons, and the Respiratory Tract Diseases Commons Repository Citation Tsyrkunou AV, Ellison RT, Akalin A, Wiederhold N, Sutton DA, Lindner J, Fan H, Levitz SM, Zivna I. (2014). Multifocal Rhizopus microsporus lung infection following brush clearing. Infectious Diseases and Immunology Publications and Presentations. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mmcr.2014.08.001. Retrieved from https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/infdis_pp/212 Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. This material is brought to you by eScholarship@UMMS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Infectious Diseases and Immunology Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of eScholarship@UMMS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Medical Mycology Case Reports 6 (2014) 14–17 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Medical Mycology Case Reports journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mmcr Multifocal Rhizopus microsporus lung infection
    [Show full text]
  • Biology, Systematics and Clinical Manifestations of Zygomycota Infections
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by IBB PAS Repository Biology, systematics and clinical manifestations of Zygomycota infections Anna Muszewska*1, Julia Pawlowska2 and Paweł Krzyściak3 1 Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawiskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected], [email protected], tel.: +48 22 659 70 72, +48 22 592 57 61, fax: +48 22 592 21 90 2 Department of Plant Systematics and Geography, University of Warsaw, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warsaw, Poland 3 Department of Mycology Chair of Microbiology Jagiellonian University Medical College 18 Czysta Str, PL 31-121 Krakow, Poland * to whom correspondence should be addressed Abstract Fungi cause opportunistic, nosocomial, and community-acquired infections. Among fungal infections (mycoses) zygomycoses are exceptionally severe with mortality rate exceeding 50%. Immunocompromised hosts, transplant recipients, diabetic patients with uncontrolled keto-acidosis, high iron serum levels are at risk. Zygomycota are capable of infecting hosts immune to other filamentous fungi. The infection follows often a progressive pattern, with angioinvasion and metastases. Moreover, current antifungal therapy has often an unfavorable outcome. Zygomycota are resistant to some of the routinely used antifungals among them azoles (except posaconazole) and echinocandins. The typical treatment consists of surgical debridement of the infected tissues accompanied with amphotericin B administration. The latter has strong nephrotoxic side effects which make it not suitable for prophylaxis. Delayed administration of amphotericin and excision of mycelium containing tissues worsens survival prognoses. More than 30 species of Zygomycota are involved in human infections, among them Mucorales are the most abundant.
    [Show full text]
  • Mucormycosis: Botanical Insights Into the Major Causative Agents
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 8 June 2021 doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0218.v1 Mucormycosis: Botanical Insights Into The Major Causative Agents Naser A. Anjum Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002 (India). e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] SCOPUS Author ID: 23097123400 https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=23097123400 © 2021 by the author(s). Distributed under a Creative Commons CC BY license. Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 8 June 2021 doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0218.v1 Abstract Mucormycosis (previously called zygomycosis or phycomycosis), an aggressive, liFe-threatening infection is further aggravating the human health-impact of the devastating COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, a great deal of mostly misleading discussion is Focused also on the aggravation of the COVID-19 accrued impacts due to the white and yellow Fungal diseases. In addition to the knowledge of important risk factors, modes of spread, pathogenesis and host deFences, a critical discussion on the botanical insights into the main causative agents of mucormycosis in the current context is very imperative. Given above, in this paper: (i) general background of the mucormycosis and COVID-19 is briefly presented; (ii) overview oF Fungi is presented, the major beneficial and harmFul fungi are highlighted; and also the major ways of Fungal infections such as mycosis, mycotoxicosis, and mycetismus are enlightened; (iii) the major causative agents of mucormycosis
    [Show full text]
  • Secondary Metabolites in Fungus-Plant Interactions
    REVIEW published: 06 August 2015 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00573 Secondary metabolites in fungus-plant interactions Tünde Pusztahelyi 1*, Imre J. Holb 2, 3 and István Pócsi 4 1 Central Laboratory, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary, 2 Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, Institute of Horticulture, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary, 3 Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, Hungary, 4 Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary Fungi and plants are rich sources of thousands of secondary metabolites. The genetically coded possibilities for secondary metabolite production, the stimuli of the production, and the special phytotoxins basically determine the microscopic fungi-host plant interactions and the pathogenic lifestyle of fungi. The review introduces plant secondary metabolites usually with antifungal effect as well as the importance of signaling molecules in induced systemic resistance and systemic acquired resistance processes. The review also concerns the mimicking of plant effector molecules like auxins, gibberellins and Edited by: abscisic acid by fungal secondary metabolites that modulate plant growth or even can Essaid Ait Barka, subvert the plant defense responses such as programmed cell death to gain nutrients for University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France fungal growth and colonization. It also looks through the special secondary metabolite Reviewed by: production and host selective toxins of some significant fungal pathogens and the plant Michael Wink, response in form of phytoalexin production. New results coming from genome and Heidelberg University, Germany Xiquan Gao, transcriptional analyses in context of selected fungal pathogens and their hosts are also Nanjing Agricultural University, China discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Rhizopus Oryzae Lipase, a Promising Industrial Enzyme: Biochemical Characteristics, Production and Biocatalytic Applications
    catalysts Review Rhizopus oryzae Lipase, a Promising Industrial Enzyme: Biochemical Characteristics, Production and Biocatalytic Applications Josu López-Fernández, Maria Dolors Benaiges and Francisco Valero * Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; [email protected] (J.L.-F.); [email protected] (M.D.B.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-93-581-1809 Received: 13 October 2020; Accepted: 30 October 2020; Published: 3 November 2020 Abstract: Lipases are biocatalysts with a significant potential to enable a shift from current pollutant manufacturing processes to environmentally sustainable approaches. The main reason of this prospect is their catalytic versatility as they carry out several industrially relevant reactions as hydrolysis of fats in water/lipid interface and synthesis reactions in solvent-free or non-aqueous media such as transesterification, interesterification and esterification. Because of the outstanding traits of Rhizopus oryzae lipase (ROL), 1,3-specificity, high enantioselectivity and stability in organic media, its application in energy, food and pharmaceutical industrial sector has been widely studied. Significant advances have been made in the biochemical characterisation of ROL particularly in how its activity and stability are affected by the presence of its prosequence. In addition, native and heterologous production of ROL, the latter in cell factories like Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris), have been thoroughly described. Therefore, in this review, we summarise the current knowledge about R. oryzae lipase (i) biochemical characteristics, (ii) production strategies and (iii) potential industrial applications. Keywords: Rhizopus oryzae lipase; Pichia pastoris; biodiesel; structured lipids; flavour; ester; bioprocess engineering; operational strategy; racemic resolution 1.
    [Show full text]