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Evaluation of Novel Rhizopus Microsporus Fungal Biomass and Its Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2014 Evaluation of novel Rhizopus microsporus fungal biomass and its impact on growth performance, and nutrient digestibility in the diet of nursery pigs Dana Michael Van Sambeek Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Agriculture Commons, Animal Sciences Commons, and the Human and Clinical Nutrition Commons Recommended Citation Van Sambeek, Dana Michael, "Evaluation of novel Rhizopus microsporus fungal biomass and its impact on growth performance, and nutrient digestibility in the diet of nursery pigs" (2014). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 13837. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/13837 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Evaluation of novel Rhizopus microsporus fungal biomass and its impact on growth performance, and nutrient digestibility in the diet of nursery pigs by Dana Michael Van Sambeek A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Animal Science Program of Study Committee: Nicholas K. Gabler, Co-Major Professor Johannes van Leeuwen, Co-Major Professor Brian J. Kerr Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2014 Copyright © Dana Michael Van Sambeek, 2014. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................................... v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ viii ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................... x CHAPTER 1. LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 1 Overview of animal and crop agriculture ......................................................................................................... 2 Biofuel production and feedstuffs .......................................................................................................... 5 Corn Ethanol Production ........................................................................................................................................ 5 Rhizopus microsporus Biomass Process ........................................................................................................... 7 Biodiesel production ................................................................................................................................................ 9 Cellulosic Production ............................................................................................................................................ 12 Chemical and nutritional composition of corn, soybeans and co-products ........................................ 13 Biofuel byproducts ................................................................................................................................................ 16 Current use of co-products .................................................................................................................... 17 Fungal biomass composition and potential use benefits ................................................................. 18 Animal Nutrition ...................................................................................................................................... 22 Amino Acids ............................................................................................................................................................ 23 Energy ........................................................................................................................................................................ 24 Vitamins and Minerals ......................................................................................................................................... 25 Health and Performance Modifiers .................................................................................................................. 25 Feedstuff Evaluation ............................................................................................................................... 27 Performance and Digestibility ........................................................................................................................... 27 Slope-ratio assay for bioavailability ................................................................................................................ 29 Tissue Accretion ..................................................................................................................................................... 30 Intestinal Health ....................................................................................................................................... 32 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 33 Literature Cited ....................................................................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER 2. EVALUATION OF RHIZOPUS MICROSPORUS-DERIVED FUNGAL BIOMASS AS A FEED STUFF FOR NURSERY PIGS ................................... 41 Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................... 41 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 42 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................................................... 43 Results ........................................................................................................................................................ 48 Discussion .................................................................................................................................................. 50 Literature Cited ....................................................................................................................................... 54 CHAPTER 3. EVALUATION OF FEEDING A BACILLUS-BASED PROBIOTIC WITH RHIZOPUS MICROSPORUS BIOMASS IN NURSERY PIGS ............................. 66 iii Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................... 66 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 67 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................................................... 69 Results ........................................................................................................................................................ 72 Discussion .................................................................................................................................................. 73 Literature Cited ....................................................................................................................................... 79 CHAPTER 4. GENERAL DISCUSSION ................................................................................ 86 APPENDIX .................................................................................................................................. 100 Industry Reports ................................................................................................................................... 100 Journal Articles ..................................................................................................................................... 101 Abstracts ................................................................................................................................................. 102 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1. Crop production and usage from 2012-2013 ……………………………….....…. 3 Table 1.2. Feed Ingredient Composition, Dry Matter Basis ………………………......…... 14 Table 1.3. Essential, nonessential, and conditionally essential amino acids for pigs …........ 23 Table 2.1. Ingredient comparison, % …………………………………………………....…. 57 Table 2.2. Experiment 1 diet composition, as fed basis …………………………….....….... 58 Table 2.3. Experiment 2 diet composition, as fed basis ………………………………......... 59 Table 2.4. Experiment 1 growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility coefficients of nursery pigs fed different inclusion
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