Los Palestinos Olvidados

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Los Palestinos Olvidados REVERSO Historia crítica Desde la proclamación del Estado de Israel, hace ya setenta años, 2 varias generaciones de palestinos han vivido como ciudadanos Ilan Pappé TÍTULOS PUBLICADOS I israelíes dentro de las fronteras surgidas del conflicto de 1948. Su lan Pappé situación precaria, a caballo entre los ciudadanos judíos de Israel GERMÁN LABRADOR MÉNDEZ y los desposeídos palestinos de la Franja de Gaza y de Cisjordania, Culpables por la literatura les ha hecho desarrollar una relación extremadamente compleja Los palestinos Imaginación política y contracultura en la transición española (1968-1986) con la tierra a la que llaman hogar por más que, en los innumera- ILAN PAPPÉ bles debates surgidos a raíz del conflicto palestino-israelí, sus des- L olvidados venturas y vivencias sean a menudo olvidadas y desdeñadas. Los palestinos olvidados os palestinos olvidados Historia de los palestinos de Israel En este innovador libro, Ilan Pappé narra la fascinante historia de Historia de los palestinos de Israel estos palestinos israelíes, sus experiencias bajo el dominio judío, desde sus luchas por alcanzar la plena ciudadanía hasta los enfren- tamientos de larga duración por la tierra y la representación parla- mentaria en la Knéset. Sobre la base de importantes materiales de archivo y entrevistas, Pappé analiza la política del Estado israelí hacia sus ciudadanos palestinos, caracterizada por la discrimina- ción en materia de vivienda, educación y derechos civiles. Traza la creciente confianza que tienen en sí mismos como grupo, así como la compleja relación que mantienen con sus compatriotas. Y, en última instancia, plantea la espinosa cuestión de hasta qué punto es posible ser un ciudadano no judío en un Estado judío. Ilan Pappé es un historiador y activista israelí, director del Centro Eu- ropeo de Estudios sobre Palestina de la Universidad de Exeter (Reino Unido), donde codirige, asimismo, el Centro Exeter de Estudios Et- nopolíticos. En Ediciones Akal ha publicado Historia de la Palestina moderna. Un territorio, dos pueblos (2007) y La idea de Israel. Una historia de poder y conocimiento (2015). 7 REVERSO Historia crítica 9 9 3 4 0 6 4 4 8 8 ISBN 978-84-460-4399-7 7 9 Este libro ha sido impreso en papel ecológio que proviene de una gestión forestal sostenible REVERSO Historia crítica Director Juan Andrade La colección REVERSO Historia crítica tiene como objetivo ofrecer miradas alternativas sobre la histo- ria. Tiene preferencia por los procesos sociales, políticos y culturales de las últimas décadas, pero también por aquellos que, pese a ser más remotos, sean objeto de debate y controversia en la actuali- dad. Recupera el ideal clásico de analizar el pasado para entender mejor el presente, pero aspira tam- bién a penetrar en el presente para desentrañar los relatos que desde él se construyen sobre el pasado. La colección publica libros respaldados por una investigación rigurosa, pero atractivos para un grupo amplio de lectoras y lectores inquietos. No quiere glosas, redundancias, ni acomodo a los con- sensos historiográficos establecidos, sino ideas pro- pias y atrevidas que miren de forma crítica la rea- lidad y los discursos que la legitiman, y que al hacerlo se miren de forma idéntica a sí mismas. No aspira a construir ningún nuevo consenso sobre el pasado, sino a disentir con fundamento y a repro- ducir el disenso también en su interior. REVERSO Historia crítica concibe la historia en un sentido amplio y transdisciplinar muy alejado de las habituales divisiones burocráticas y corporati- vas del conocimiento. Quiere dar más voz a una nueva generación de autoras y autores que ya se están haciendo oír, pero también a quienes lo hicie- ron con voz propia en tiempos más monótonos. Quiere ser, en definitiva, una forma rigurosa, ágil, plural, discrepante y crítica de mirar al pasado y al presente. Diseño interior y cubierta: RAG Reservados todos los derechos. De acuerdo a lo dispuesto en el art. 270 del Código Penal, podrán ser castigados con penas de multa y privación de libertad quienes sin la preceptiva autorización reproduzcan, plagien, distribuyan o comuniquen públicamente, en todo o en parte, una obra literaria, artística o científica, fijada en cualquier tipo de soporte. Título original: The Forgotten Palestinians: A History of the Palestinians in Israel Publicado originalmente por Yale University Press © Ilan Pappé, 2011 © Ediciones Akal, S. A., 2017 para lengua española Sector Foresta, 1 28760 Tres Cantos Madrid - España Tel.: 918 061 996 Fax: 918 044 028 www.akal.com ISBN: 978-84-460-4399-7 Depósito legal: M-2.902-2017 Impreso en España ILAN PAPPÉ LOS palestinOS OLVIDADOS Historia de los palestinos de Israel Traducción de Jaime Blasco Castiñeyra En memoria de los 13 ciudadanos palestinos asesinados a tiros por la Policía israelí en octubre de 2000 Y, por tanto, si queréis, diré que soy el hombre, un poeta preislámico que extendió sus alas y entró volando en el desierto y fui judío antes de que los judíos flotaran en el mar de Galilea, y fui un árabe insolado a la mañana siguiente… y fui una roca, un olivo que no desapareció. Todo el país se convirtió en un hogar, pero yo era un extranjero en ese [país. Un musulmán en la tierra de Jesús y un católico en el desierto. Nada de esto cambió mi forma de vida; sólo que no he olvidado que nací en la tierra, y vagué con la luz hasta que aterricé a la sombra de un despiadado árbol de la ciencia. Probé su fruto. Fui excomulgado para siempre, imposible regresar como el agua que fluyó y nunca regresó al río… Salman Masalha, «Respuesta definitiva a la pregunta “¿Cómo te definirías?”» Tiro Población palestina Altos del (como % del total) LÍBANO Golán 75% + 50–75% S I R I A 25–50% Acre 5–25% Haifa Mar de Galilea menos del 5% Shefa-‘Amr Nazaret L WADI ARA Umm Mar al-Fahem Netanya Mediterráneo El Triángulo (Muthalath) Jordán Nablus Tel Aviv/Jaffa CISJORDANIA Amán Asdod RAE Jerusalén S Gaza Hebrón GAZA Rahat Mar Muerto I Beerseba J ORD A NIA Desierto del Néguev EGIP T O Sina í 0 50 km Golfo de Áqaba 0 30 millas Prólogo Extranjeros hostiles en su propia patria Los primeros colonos sionistas escribían diarios de forma compulsiva. Dejaron a los historiadores uan gran cantidad de dia- rios de viajes, testimonios personales y cartas que empezaron a escribir en cuanto pusieron los pies en Palestina, nada más co- menzar el siglo XX. Era una tierra desconocida y, en muchos ca- sos, el viaje desde Europa oriental había sido duro y lleno de ad- versidades. Pero, cuando llegaban a Jaffa, los recibían con los brazos abiertos, y salían a buscarlos en barquitas para llevarlos desde el barco hasta la costa, donde buscaban su primera residen- cia temporal o sus primeras tierras. En la mayoría de los casos, los palestinos del lugar les ofrecían alojamiento y les enseñaban a cul- tivar la tierra, pues los conocimientos agrícolas de los sionistas, que habían tenido prohibido durante siglos el ejercicio de la agri- cultura y la posesión de tierras en sus países de origen, eran esca- sos o nulos1. Los colonos no los trataban con la misma amabilidad. Por las noches, cuando se sentaban a escribir los primeros apuntes en sus diarios a la luz de las velas, describían a los palestinos del lugar como extranjeros que vagaban por las tierras del pueblo judío. Algunos judíos estaban convencidos de que iban a hacerse cargo de unas tierras vacías y pensaban que las personas que encontra- ron allí eran invasores extranjeros; otros, como el fundador del movimiento sionista Theodor Herzl, sabían que Palestina no era una tierra sin pueblo, pero creían que podrían «hacerlos desapa- recer» para que los judíos pudieran regresar y recuperar la tierra 1 Estos apuntes se pueden encontrar en Bracha Habas, The Book of the Second Aliya, Tel Aviv, Am Oved, 1947 (en hebreo), una antología de cartas y fragmentos de diarios de los colonos que llegaron en torno al año 1905. Véase también Nur Masalha, Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of «Transfer» in Zionist Political Thought, 1882-1948, Washington DC, Institute of Palestine Studies, 1992. 9 de Israel2. En palabras del desaparecido Ibrahim Abu Lughod, «el rechazo y el desprecio absoluto que sentían los primeros colo- nos sionistas por los palestinos del lugar escandalizaba a los pen- sadores judíos europeos de la época, intelectuales bien intencio- nados pero poco influyentes»3. La percepción de que los palestinos eran un pueblo inoportuno y molesto se convertiría en un elemento importante del discurso y de la actitud sionista que impulsaron la fundación del Estado de Israel en 1948. Más de un siglo después, los descendientes de algu- nos de estos palestinos son ciudadanos del Estado judío, pero esta posición no impide que se considere que representan una peligrosa amenaza en su propia patria y se los trate en consecuencia. Esta actitud ha calado en la clase dirigente israelí, y se expresa de distin- tas maneras. El Instituto de Estudios de Seguridad Nacional de Israel es el «West Point» local, la escuela donde se forman la mayoría de los oficiales superiores del Ejército y de los servicios de seguridad, tan- to de los servicios secretos domésticos, el Shabak, como del famo- so (o infame, según se mire) Mossad. Los futuros líderes del Ejér- cito y de estos aparatos de seguridad se gradúan en esta escuela, que trabaja en estrecha colaboración con el Centro de Estudios de Seguridad Nacional y Geoestrategia de la Universidad de Haifa. Todos los años, publican artículos en los que se advierte de la ame- naza que representa la adquisición de tierras a manos de los «ára- bes» en el norte y en el sur de Israel.
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