Globalization and East Asia
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The Stage and Inheritance
1 The Stage and Inheritance he Indian subcontinent is the only subcontinent in the world. That in itself Ttells us that India possesses a unique geography while also being intrinsi- cally linked to the larger continent, Asia. These two impulses, a pull toward engagement as part of a larger whole and a push to be apart due to a unique ge- ography, have influenced India’s history and behavior through the ages and have determined the nature of her engagement with the world. Geography matters because it has consequences for policy, worldviews, and history. The “big geography” of Eurasia, to which the Indian subcontinent is at- tached, divides that landmass into a series of roughly parallel ecological zones, determined largely by latitude, ranging from tropical forest in the south to northern tundra. In between these extremes, are temperate woodlands and grasslands, desert-steppe, forest-steppe, the forest, and more open taiga. The zone of mixed grassland and woodland was the ecological niche for settled ag- riculture to develop in two areas—in southwest Asia, from the Nile valley to the Indus valley, and in southeast Asia including China—where civilizations, states, and empires grew. Of the two, its geography enabled southwest Asia to communicate easily. Throughout history, from the Nile to the Indus and later the Ganga, exchanges, migrations, and change were the rule with civilizations growing and developing in contact with one another even though they were separate geographically.1 The topography of the Indian subcontinent is open on three sides: the west, south, and east and is blocked off to the north by the Himalayan range. -
Historical Relations Between Poland and North Korea from 1948 to 1980*
International Journal of Korean Unification Studies Vol. 27, No. 1, 2018, 29−70. Historical Relations between Poland and North Korea from 1948 to 1980* Nicolas Levi** and Kyungyon Moon*** This article focuses on relations between Poland and North Korea from 1948 till 1980, focusing on places of remembrance of Poles in North Korea, and North Korean citizens in Poland. During this period, bilateral relations between these countries were very close due to their belonging to the same ideological movement. The article focuses on political, ideo- logical, cultural, and economic relations based on three historical phases of the Korean War (1950-1953), Post-Korean War (1953-1960) and distur- bance of Poland-North Korea relations (1960-1980). The paper argues that although Poland did make efforts to successfully foster mutual rela- tions, sometimes regardless of Polish interest, the behavior of DPRK authorities reduced the benefits Poland could gain from maintaining relations with this country. The DPRK focused on its interest and not on the interest of fraternal nations. This led to a negative image of the DPRK authorities among the Polish leadership and automatically to negative views concerning the DPRK population among Poles. Keywords: Asymmetry of relations, North Korea, Poland, Communism, Juche ideology * This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government [NRF-2016S1A3A2924968]; This research was supported by “Research Base Construction Fund Support Program” funded by Chonbuk National University in 2018. ** Assistant Professor, Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures of the Polish Academy of Science, First Author. *** Assistant Professor, Chonbuk National University, Corresponding Author. -
Irrigation in Southern and Eastern Asia in Figures AQUASTAT Survey – 2011
37 Irrigation in Southern and Eastern Asia in figures AQUASTAT Survey – 2011 FAO WATER Irrigation in Southern REPORTS and Eastern Asia in figures AQUASTAT Survey – 2011 37 Edited by Karen FRENKEN FAO Land and Water Division FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2012 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-107282-0 All rights reserved. FAO encourages reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Non-commercial uses will be authorized free of charge, upon request. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes, including educational purposes, may incur fees. Applications for permission to reproduce or disseminate FAO copyright materials, and all queries concerning rights and licences, should be addressed by e-mail to [email protected] or to the Chief, Publishing Policy and Support Branch, Office of Knowledge Exchange, Research and Extension, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy. -
NIVKH and AINU Tjeerd De Graaf and Hidetoshi Shira
First published in Sustaining Indigenous Knowledge: Learning Tools and Community Initiatives for Preserving Endangered Languages and Local Cultural Heritage, edited by Erich Kasten and Tjeerd de Graaf 2013, 49–64. Fürstenberg/Havel: Kulturstiftung Sibirien. — Electronic edition DOCUMENTATION AND REVITALISATION OF TWO ENDANGERED LANGUAGES IN EASTERN ASIA: N4 IVKH AND AINU Tjeerd de Graaf and Hidetoshi Shiraishi Introduction This article draws a comparison between two adjacent ethnic groups, namely the Ainu of Hokkaido and the Nivkh of Sakhalin. We shall follow the historical development of the border areas between Japan and Russia and describe the prevailing situation of these aboriginal peoples on both sides of the border. The legal measures taken by the Japanese government for the promotion of Ainu culture and the development of learning tools have consequences for the Ainu community and the possible revitalisa- tion of the Ainu language. The Nivkh community within the Russian Federation is a typical example of the multitude of ethnic minority groups spread across this vast territory. The Ainu case can be compared and used as a model for possible (legal) measures to be taken regarding minority languages and cultures such as Nivkh with an outlook for future improve- ment. We shall consider the use of new media for these native communities and pay attention to the development of adequate modern learning tools and culturally related teaching methods. Various options are considered, starting with such basic ones as organising language courses and arranging other language-related activities. Historical Background In the 17th and 18th centuries, the homelands of the Ainu and the Nivkh northeast of Japan were little known and stories about this northern border area were so con- tradictory that European cartographers were unable to record its position correctly. -
Songbun North Korea’S Social Classification System
Marked for Life: Songbun North Korea’s Social Classification System A Robert Collins Marked for Life: SONGBUN, North Korea’s Social Classification System Marked for Life: Songbun North Korea’s Social Classification System Robert Collins The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea 1001 Connecticut Ave. NW, Suite 435, Washington, DC 20036 202-499-7973 www.hrnk.org Copyright © 2012 by the Committee for Human Rights in North Korea All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 0985648007 Library of Congress Control Number: 2012939299 Marked for Life: SONGBUN, North Korea’s Social Classification System Robert Collins The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea 1001 Connecticut Ave. NW Suite 435 Washington DC 20036 (202) 499-7973 www.hrnk.org BOARD OF DIRECTORS, Jack David Committee for Human Rights in Senior Fellow and Trustee, Hudson Institute North Korea Paula Dobriansky Former Under Secretary of State for Democ- Roberta Cohen racy and Global Affairs Co-Chair, Non-Resident Senior Fellow, Brookings Institution Nicholas Eberstadt Resident Fellow, American Enterprise Institute Andrew Natsios Co-Chair, Carl Gershman Walsh School of Foreign Service Georgetown President, National Endowment for Democracy University, Former Administrator, USAID David L. Kim Gordon Flake The Asia Foundation Co-Vice-Chair, Executive Director, Maureen and Mike Mans- Steve Kahng field Foundation General Partner, 4C Ventures, Inc. Suzanne Scholte Katrina Lantos Swett Co-Vice-Chair, President, Lantos Foundation for Human Rights Chairman, North Korea Freedom Coalition and Justice John Despres Thai Lee Treasurer, President and CEO, SHI International Corp. Consultant, International Financial and Strate- Debra Liang-Fenton gic Affairs Former Executive Director, Committee for Hu- Helen-Louise Hunter man Rights in North Korea, Secretary, The U.S. -
Culturegramstm World Edition 2019 Japan
CultureGramsTM World Edition 2019 Japan until the late 19th century, however, feudal lords (or shoguns) BACKGROUND held political control. Japan adopted a policy of strict isolation and remained closed to nearly all foreign trade until Land and Climate 1853, when Matthew Perry of the U.S. Navy sailed into the Japan is slightly larger than Germany, or just smaller than the harbor of Edo (now Tokyo) to demand a treaty. The shoguns U.S. state of Montana. It consists of four main islands: lost power in the 1860s, and the emperor again took control. Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku. These are Hirohito ruled as emperor from 1926 to 1989. His reign surrounded by more than four thousand smaller islands. was called Shōwa, which means “enlightened peace,” and the Japan's terrain is largely mountainous, and most large cities deceased Hirohito is now properly referred to as Shōwa. He are positioned along the coasts. The country's wildlife is was succeeded by his eldest son, Akihito, in 1989. Akihito's diverse and includes animals such as bears, foxes, snow reign was called Heisei, meaning “achievement of universal monkeys, rabbits, deer, and red-crowned cranes. peace.” In 2019, due to the state of his health, Akihito stepped The nation has a few active and many dormant volcanoes. down as emperor, passing the throne to his eldest son, Mount Fuji, located west of Tokyo, on Honshu Island, is Naruhito, in Japan's first abdication since 1817. Japan's Japan's highest point, with an elevation of 12,388 feet (3,776 government chose Reiwa, meaning “beautiful harmony,” as meters). -
August 29, 1946 Kim Il Sung, 'For the Establishment of a United Party of the Working Masses: Report to the Inaugural Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea'
Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified August 29, 1946 Kim Il Sung, 'For the Establishment of a United Party of the Working Masses: Report to the Inaugural Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea' Citation: “Kim Il Sung, 'For the Establishment of a United Party of the Working Masses: Report to the Inaugural Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea',” August 29, 1946, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Translation from Kim Il Sung, For the Establishment of a United Party of the Working Masses: Report to the Inaugural Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea, August 29, 1946 (Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1974). http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/123864 Summary: Kim Il Sung's speech at the 1st Congress of the Korean Workers' Party. Original Language: Korean Contents: Korean Transcription […] Dear Comrade delegates, The present Congress, called to inaugurate the Workers' Party of North Korea through the merger of the Communist Party of North Korea and the New Democratic Party of Korea, is of great significance in the annals of the independence movement .in Korea and in carrying out the tasks of the democratic revolution today. You comrade delegates have assembled here, not only in the capacity of delegates of the Workers' Party but also as representatives of the entire North Korean people, to discuss state affairs and the momentous problems decisive to the destiny of the fatherland. We, who have so far been engaged in a great struggle and construction for the country and the people, have convened the present Congress to found a united party of the Korean working masses for the purpose of accomplishing still greater work in future. -
China Incident and Japan," Is Felt Most Appropriate and Befitting
CHINA INCIDENT SERIES-No. 3 MATSUOKA'S MESSAGE On October 9, Mr. Yosuke Matsuoka, President of the South Manchuria Railway Company, released a message to the American public through the Associated Press in which he outlined in concise and impressing form, Japan's mission in Asia. In a nutshell, he retraces the lessons taught by history, the true significance of which China has yet to learn. Until then, there is little hope for inter-racial harmony and amity, and consequently, everlasting peace in the Far East. So impressive and clear cut is the presentation of Japan's position by Mr. Matsuoka, that its reproduction here as a pre face to this pamphlet, entitled "The China Incident and Japan," is felt most appropriate and befitting. SPEAKING FOR NIPPON At last Nippon is in for the final, for a knock-out deci sion; a once-for-all house cleaning of all tortuous tangles in the Sino-Nippon relations which have been plaguing the East for ages. In 1904, she staked her national existence in a fight against Russia. But that was to beat back a nightmare avalanche from without-an affair around outer fences. This time, she is dealing with a festering sore deep down within the bosom of Eastern Asia threatening her very life as well as those of all Asian races with sure and inescapable death. It is calling for heroic surgery: She has takeq up her scalpel. She will permit no foreign interference whatso ever here. Plainly, therefore, the present crisis is infinitely bigger and 1 more significant than the Russian war of thirty-three years ago. -
In Search of Diaspora Connections: North Korea's Policy Towards Korean Americans, 1973-1979*
International Journal of Korean Unification Studies Vol. 27, No. 2, 2018, 113-141. In Search of Diaspora Connections: North Korea’s Policy towards Korean Americans, 1973-1979* Kelly Un Kyong Hur Since the 1950s, North Korea considered the “overseas compatriot” or haeoe dongpo** issue an important policy agenda under the perception that they could provide political and ideological support and legitimacy for the regime. From the early 1970s, North Korea began to expand the diaspora policy that went beyond the Koreans in Japan to the United States to promote a “worldwide movement of overseas compatriots.” Concomitantly, North Korea launched a public diplomacy campaign toward the U.S. to gain American public support for its political and diplomatic agendas during this period. This public diplomacy towards Americans intersected with the development of a policy towards Koreans residing in the United States. This study explores the development of North Korean policy towards Korean Americans that began to evolve in the 1970s. The historical background behind the evolution of this policy as well as specific policy objectives and strategies are depicted. Ultimately, this policy was focused on engaging with Korean Americans who could act as a link between the two countries with the aspiration that they convey North Korea’s policies to the United States, improve its international image and increase global support for Korean reunification on North Korean terms. I argue that the efforts in the 1970s laid the groundwork that contributed to a formulation of a more tangible policy starting in the late 1980s and early 1990s that included hosting family reunions, group tours to North Korea, cultural and religious exchanges and promoting the establishment of pro-North Korea associations in the United States. -
한·영 북한인권용어집 Korean-English Glossary of North Korean Human Rights Terms Contents
한·영 북한인권용어집 Korean-English Glossary of North Korean Human Rights Terms Contents 서문 028 제1장 용어집 안내 Ⅰ. 용어(用語) 추출 범위 032 Ⅱ. 용어(用語) 선정 기준 034 Ⅲ. 용어(用語) 설명 방식 036 제2장 북한의 인권 관련 주요 제도 Ⅰ. 북한 형사재판 절차 042 Ⅱ. 북한 구금시설 현황 050 Ⅲ. 북한 성분제도 062 제3장 북한인권용어(549 단어) 1~9 074 ㄱ~ㄷ 086 ㄹ~ㅂ 137 ㅅ~ㅈ 169 ㅊ~ㅌ 228 ㅍ~ㅎ 239 색인 로마자 기준 254 영문 기준 277 연구진 및 참여기관 안내 300 Contents Foreword 029 Chapter 1 Glossary Guide Ⅰ. Scope of Entries 033 Ⅱ. Entry Selection Criteria 035 Ⅲ. Definitions of Glossary Entries 037 Chapter 2 DPRK Judiciary and Administrative Systems Ⅰ. DPRK Criminal Procedures 043 Ⅱ. Detention Facilities in the DPRK 051 Ⅲ. Songbun Classification System 063 Chapter 3 North Korean Human Rights Terminology (549 Terms) 1~9 074 ㄱ~ㄷ 086 ㄹ~ㅂ 137 ㅅ~ㅈ 169 ㅊ~ㅌ 228 ㅍ~ㅎ 239 Indexes Romanized Korean Index 254 English Alphabetical Index 277 Researchers and Contributing Organizations 301 No. 표제어 로마자 영문 1 109 상무 109(baekgonggu) sangmu 109 Permanent Committee 2 10대 원칙 10(sip)-dae wonchik Ten Principles 3 10호실 10(sip)-hosil Bureau No. 10 4 11호 노동교화소 11(sibil)-ho nodong gyohwaso Correctional Labor Camp No. 11 5 12호 노동교화소 12(sibi)-ho nodong gyohwaso Correctional Labor Camp No. 12 6 14호 관리소 14(sipsa)-ho gwalliso Political Prison Camp No. 14 7 15호 관리소 15(sibo)-ho gwalliso Political Prison Camp No. 15 8 16호 관리소 16(simnyuk)-ho gwalliso Political Prison Camp No. 16 9 18호 관리소 18(sip-pal)-ho gwalliso Political Prison Camp No. -
Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia ISSN 2383-9449
Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia ISSN 2383-9449 Otto F. von Feigenblatt The Empire of Japan’s Foreign Policy Journal■ of Contemporary Eastern Asia Vol. 15, No. 1: 17-26 Journal abbreviation: J. Contemp. East. Asia Stable URL: http://eastasia.yu.ac.kr/documents/Otto_15_1 .pdf http://dx.doi.org/10.17477/jcea.2016.15.1.017 —— WWW. JCEA-Online.net WWW.Watef.org/JCEA Open Access Publication Creative Commons License Deed Attribution-No Derivative Works 3.0 Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia Vol. 15, No. 1: 17-26 http://dx.doi.org/] 0.174 77/jcea. 2016.15.1.017 The Empire of Japan’s Foreign P이 icy Otto F. von Feigenblatt1 The present research applies the Theory of Harmony through Holistic Engagement to the foreign policy of Japan. As the third largest economy in the world and 이 ie of the most highly dev이 oped countries in the world, Japan is a major international power. Most analysts interpret Japan's foreign policy through the lenses of realist, exceptionalist, or liberal institutionalist approaches. All the previously mentioned approaches tend to be based on etic studies conductedfrom the point of view of outsiders. The present interpretation of Japanese foreign policy applies an emic model based on primary sources from the Greater East Asian region and concludes that the Model of Harmony through Holistic Engagement shows considerable explanatory traction in interpreting the direction and development of Japanese foreign policy, in particular in the last two to three decades. Introduction Japan was the second largest economy in the world for several decades and is currently the third largest economy in the world (Sakamoto, 2008). -
South Korea North Korea South Korea at a Glance: 2002-03
COUNTRY REPORT South Korea North Korea South Korea at a glance: 2002-03 OVERVIEW Both the ruling Millennium Democratic Party (MDP) and the main opposition party, the Grand National Party (GNP), are suffering internal strains as candidates jostle to win their party’s respective nomination to fight the presidential election that is due in December 2002. Real GDP will grow by 3.1% in 2002 and by 3.9% in 2003. The inflationary environment will remain benign, partly reflecting falling oil prices and won appreciation against the US dollar. Current-account surpluses of US$6bn-7bn will be recorded in 2002-03. Key changes from last month Political outlook • Park Geun-hye may challenge the leader of the GNP, Lee Hoi-chang, for the party's nomination to fight the end-2002 presidential election. Economic policy outlook • The government plans to front-load much of the spending allocated for infrastructure projects in the 2002 budget into the first half of the year. Economic forecast • Reflecting stronger-than-expected economic activity towards the end of 2001 the Economist Intelligence Unit has revised upwards our real GDP forecast for 2002 to 3.1% from 1.3% previously. February 2002 The Economist Intelligence Unit 15 Regent St, London SW1Y 4LR United Kingdom The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit is a specialist publisher serving companies establishing and managing operations across national borders. For over 50 years it has been a source of information on business developments, economic and political trends, government regulations and corporate practice worldwide. The EIU delivers its information in four ways: through our digital portfolio, where our latest analysis is updated daily; through printed subscription products ranging from newsletters to annual reference works; through research reports; and by organising seminars and presentations.