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The History of Cartography, Volume 3

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The History of Cartography, Volume 3 36 • Cartography in the Central Italian States from 1480 to 1680 Leonardo Rombai The purpose of this chapter is to document the consider- states and duchies of central Italy included the Papal able cartographic activity that took place in a two-century States (which after 1631 also included the Duchy of period in the central Italian states. These states were bor- Urbino), the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Republic dered to the north by the Republic of Genoa, the Duchy of Lucca, and other smaller political entities (the Repub- of Milan, and the Venetian Republic, and in the south lic of San Marino, the Principality of Piombino, and the by the Kingdom of Naples. The region of Emilia com- presidios under Spanish control, such as Orbetello, and prised the Duchies of Parma and Piacenza (under Farnese Talamone). rule since 1545) and Modena (which, under Este rule, The maps produced in these regions fall broadly into also controlled Ferrara until 1598) (fig. 36.1). Other three general categories based on their practical function: administering the social infrastructure of regions, borders, cities, and communication routes; recording and control- ling land ownership; and managing natural resources for Caselnuovo 10° 11° 12° 13° Campiglia Bocca d’Adda Cremona Mantua agriculture and industry. None of these categories is ex- Po 45° Piacenza clusive, and the functions of the maps and projects de- Sacca Mezzano Rondani o 45° Busseto e P A ron Sti Coenzo Brescello Ferrara scribed might fall into two categories or all three. This is o Parma l o Cento t A Reggio o s particularly true when discussing military uses of maps or r Ta o r Comacchio D L C u a Modena n i Reno h the rhetorical functions of scholarship, politics, and reli- i g a c R i z P c a e Sassuolo n n E S I Pontremoli a Bologna C gion that infuse these categories. Canals, for example, can A i Imola n Terrarossa q u Ga T e rfa T a Aulla gna Monte di Gragno be used for irrigating agricultural crops as well as provid- e r na I rr ag A e pu E P Cesena C M a Garfagnana n Barga ing transportation; the maps involved in their planning 44° Gallicano Cafaggiolo A S Massa San Lorenzo E 44° M Pistoia could be discussed under social infrastructure or manage- o P Urbino a A Lucca Montereggi a Fiesloe i ie n gl rba Fo Fano Ce t Florence N Le a o ment of agricultural resources. The structure of this chap- r Pisa Caprona l Badia u Senigallia b Montemignaio A a t a Tedalda e Empoli n M o Ancona ter, therefore, follows a broader treatment by type of map: Pontedera Sansepolcro Chiaravalle Arno L T Anghiari ino s Jesi administrative general maps of single regions (the “cho- Volterra Arezzo N E U rographies”), special-purpose maps (those drawn to fa- Lecceto V Lake of S Siena a S l Trasimeno cilitate the management of hydrological projects, border ne d Campiglia o i PerugiaI r c Marittima C b h Montepulciano i 43° m disputes, woodland resources, road building, and mining Fossa Calda a 43° O n A T Piombino Gu a lf Pian d’Alma Portoferraio P of N iom ella interests), cadastral maps, and town maps and views. The Fol bi lley d Y lon no Va N ic - runa Acquapendente r Todi a BM be i Alberese T A emphasis is on manuscript maps, usually preserved in Elba Punt’Ala a Baschi r Arrone Capodemonte local archives. Only passing references are made to the e Isola Marta T E T Ansedoniam Narni Canino Viterbo Castro printed map trade that developed in Florence, Rome, and Y m Fabrica Caprarola Port’Ercole a S a R Ronciglione Farfa Venice, a subject discussed in chapter 31. b E i R n Fara a Fosse al Corese S 42° H Civitavecchia 42° E Maccarese Rome S Maps for General Administration N er Ponte di Nona Tib I Ariccia Porto San (Regional Chorographies) A L Castelfusano ep Pietro in N i H i ll P s Although regional mapping for general state and military M o S n a t rs in E h e e A s purposes became well developed in the central Italian Circeo Gaeta states only toward the end of our period, its roots are 41° 41° found in the more scholarly motives of humanistic learn- 10° 11° 12° 13° ing in the fifteenth century. Sometime between the 1450s fig. 36.1. REFERENCE MAP OF THE CENTRAL ITALIAN and the 1470s, Piero del Massaio drew tabulae novae STATES. (new maps) of the Tyrrhenian coast between the Magra 909 910 State Contexts of Renaissance Mapping fig. 36.2. PIERO DEL MASSAIO, “ETRVRIA MODERNA,” Photograph © BAV (Vat. Lat. 5699, fol. 121v-122r). 1469. and the Tiber as illustrations for Florentine codices of the location of bridges precise, and the signs for places Ptolemy’s Geography.1 This region, reflecting the Regio both numerous and ranked to represent three sizes of VII of Emperor Augustus’s day, comprised Tuscany and settlement.4 the northern part of modern-day Lazio (the idealized ter- Massaio’s map of Etruria was directly copied by ritory of Etruria), a total abstraction that in no way re- Leonardo da Vinci around 1503. Leonardo’s focus was flected the political fragmentation of central Italy at the time.2 The association of Massaio’s maps with the Geog- raphy relates to Ptolemy’s concern that the art of chorog- Abbreviations used in this chapter include: ASF for Archivio di Stato, Florence; BAV for Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vatican City; MCV raphy or regional mapping of a small part of the earth’s for Roberto Almagià, Monumenta cartographica Vaticana, 4 vols. (Va- surface requires the skills of the painter. tican City: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1944 –55); MIC for Roberto Massaio’s three chorographical maps, “Tuscia novela,” Almagià, Monumenta Italiae cartographica (Florence: Istituto Geo- “Etrvria moderna” (fig. 36.2), and “Descriptio Etruriae grafico Militare, 1929); and Tusciae for Leonardo Rombai, ed., Imago nova,” are drawn to an approximate scale of 1:400,000 et descriptio Tusciae: La Toscana nella geocartografia dal XV al XIX 3 secolo ([Tuscany]: Regione Toscana; Venice: Marsilio, 1993). and date from 1456, 1469, and 1472, respectively 1. Mirella Levi D’Ancona, Miniatura e miniatori a Firenze dal XIV (though there are some doubts about the dating of the first al XVI secolo: Documenti per la storia della miniatura (Florence: L. S. map). With only slight differences in the location of settle- Olschki, 1962), 220 –23, and Naomi Miller, “Mapping the City: ments and place-names, they served as map archetypes of Ptolemy’s Geography in the Renaissance,” in Envisioning the City: Six the region until Girolamo Bell’Armato drew his map of Studies in Urban Cartography, ed. David Buisseret (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 34 –74. 1536. Although the influence of nautical cartography is 2. Leonardo Rombai, “La nascita e lo sviluppo della cartografia a clear in the exaggeration of promontories and the longi- Firenze e nella Toscana Granducale,” in Tusciae, 82–159, esp. 144 n. 1. tudinal compression of the coastline, these chorographies 3. For manuscripts of the Geography by Massaio, see p. 932, were undoubtedly based partly on new observations. They note 104, in this chapter. reveal a rich and detailed knowledge of the mountains, 4. Roberto Almagià, “Una carta della Toscana della metà del secolo XV,” Rivista Geografica Italiana 28 (1921): 9–17; Leonardo Rombai, watercourses, and distribution of settlements, and in them Alle origini della cartografia Toscana: Il sapere geografico nella Firenze Massaio used a style of cartographic representation del ’400 (Florence: Istituto Interfacoltà di Geografia, 1992), 39– 43; and with consistent scale. The hydrography is very detailed, Rombai, “Cartografia a Firenze,” 88–89. Cartography in the Central Italian States from 1480 to 1680 911 fig. 36.3. MAP OF THE PARMA AREA. Second half of the Archivio di Stato, Parma (Raccolta di Mappe e Disegni, vol. 2/ fifteenth century, painted on parchment. 85). Reproduced with the kind permission of the Archivio di Size of the original: 59 ϫ 90 cm. Photograph courtesy of the Stato, Parma (prot. 2282, 06.01.06). clearly on the rich network of watercourses and topo- Apart from some view-based representations of a few graphic relief, and he supplemented Massaio’s map by small areas of Tuscany that figured largely in late four- thorough on-site inspections and the use of a compass teenth- and fifteenth-century paintings,7 it appears that and other surveying equipment to calculate distant eleva- no other maps on either a regional or a topographical tions and the gradient of terrain, although, at the time, scale were produced in the central Italian states until the there was no systematic use of triangulation.5 However, sixteenth century. Leonardo’s map remained in manuscript form (see fig. 36.5 below) and was unknown until the nineteenth cen- 5. Mario Baratta, Leonardo da Vinci e la cartografia (Voghera: tury, so it had no immediate influence. Officina d’Arti Grafiche, 1912). Massaio’s maps differed from contemporary regional 6. MIC, 9. maps, which tended to center around an out-of-scale de- 7. See, for example, the painted maps from the first half of the fif- piction of the city that was the dominant political power teenth century in the Capitoli or Libri delle Sentenze of the Republic of Lucca, now in Lucca, Archivio di Stato (Capitoli, 9; Offizio sopra i in the area. An example of the latter is a parchment map Paduli di Sesto, 59; and Deputazione sopra il Nuovo Ozzeri, 3).
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