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100 Conceptos Básicos De Astronomía

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100 Conceptos Básicos De Astronomía 100 Conceptos básicos de Astronomía 100 Conceptos básicos de Astronomía Coordinado por: Julia Alfonso Garzón LAEX, CAB (INTA/CSIC) David Galadí Enríquez Centro Astronómico Hispano-Alemán (Observatorio de Calar Alto) Carmen Morales Durán LAEX, CAB (INTA/CSIC) Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial «Esteban Terradas» 1 2 3 4 5 8 6 7 1. Galaxia M51 tomada por el instrumento OSIRIS en el GTC. Créditos: Daniel López (Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias). 2. Eclipse de Luna en noviembre de 2003. Créditos: Fernando Comerón (Observatorio Europeo Austral). 3. Imagen infrarroja que muestra en falso color la huella dejada por un reciente impacto, posiblemente cometario, en la atmósfera de Júpiter. En azul se ven las regiones más altas: el propio impacto, la Gran Mancha Roja y las nieblas polares. Créditos: Santiago Pérez Hoyos (Universidad del País Vasco). 4. Antena DSS63 de la estación de Robledo de Chavela. Créditos: F. Rojo (MDSCC), Juan Ángel Vaquerizo (Centro de Astrobiología). 5. Nebulosa N44 en la Gran Nube de Magallanes. Créditos: Fernando Comerón (Observatorio Europeo Austral). 6. Nebulosa planetaria NGC 6309. Créditos: Martín A. Guerrero (Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía). 7. Trazas de estrellas y telescopio 3,5m del Observatorio de Calar Alto. Créditos: Felix Hormuth (Observatorio de Calar Alto). 8. Ilustración de las instalaciones del Centro Europeo de Astronomía Espacial (ESAC) en Villafranca del Castillo (Madrid). Créditos: Manuel Morales. 100 Conceptos básicos de Astronomía Emilio Alfaro Navarro Mariana Lanzara Julia Alfonso Garzón (coord.) Javier Licandro Goldaracena David Barrado Navascués Javier López Santiago Amelia Bayo Arán Mercedes Mollá Lorente Javier Bussons Gordo Benjamín Montesinos Comino José Antonio Caballero Hernández Carmen Morales Durán (coord.) José R. Cantó Domenech Santiago Pérez Hoyos Elisa de Castro Rubio Ricardo Rizzo Caminos Sébastién Comerón Limbourg Dolores Rodríguez Frías Telmo Fernández Castro Inés Rodríguez Hidalgo David Galadí Enríquez (coord.) Alejandro Sánchez de Miguel Ramón García López Pablo Santos Sanz Anaís González Cristal Juan Ángel Vaquerizo Gallego Artemio Herrero Davó Miembros de la Sociedad Española de Astronomía Los derechos de esta obra están amparados por la Ley de Propiedad intelectual. No podrá ser reproducida por medio alguno, comprendida la reprografía y el tratamiento informático, sin permiso previo de los titulares del © Copyright. © Sociedad Española de Astronomía © Instituto Nacional de Tecnica Aeroespacial «Esteban Terradas» Edita: NIPO: 078-09-002-6 Depósito Legal: M-51.749-2009 Diseño y producción: Edycom, S.L. Tirada: 5.000 ejemplares Fecha de edición: diciembre de 2009 ÍNDICE PRÓLOGO . .11 CUÁSAR . .25 EL ORIGIEN DE ESTA INICIATIVA . .12 CÚMULO ESTELAR . .25 CÚMULO DE GALAXIAS . .27 A AGUJERO NEGRO . .14 D AÑO-LUZ . .14 DESPLAZAMIENTO AL ROJO . .28 ARQUEOASTRONOMÍA . .15 DIAGRAMA DE HERTZSPRUNG-RUSSELL . .29 ASTEROIDES . .15 DISCO CIRCUNESTELAR . .31 ASTROBIOLOGÍA . .16 ASTROLOGÍA . .16 ASTRONAUTA O COSMONAUTA . 16 E ASTRONOMÍA . .17 ECLIPSE . .32 ASTROSISMOLOGÍA . .17 ENANA BLANCA . .33 AURORA POLAR . .17 ENANA MARRÓN . .33 ENERGÍA OSCURA . .34 ESPECTRO ESTELAR . .34 C ESTACIONES ASTRONÓMICAS . .35 CALENDARIO . .18 ESTALLIDOS DE RAYOS GAMMA . .35 CEFEIDA . .19 ESTRELLA . .36 CICLO SOLAR . .19 ESTRELLA BINARIA . .37 CLASIFICACIÓN ESPECTRAL . .20 ESTRELLA ENANA . .39 COMETA . .21 ESTRELLA FUGAZ . .39 CONSTELACIÓN . .21 ESTRELLA GIGANTE . .40 CONTAMINACIÓN LUMÍNICA . .22 ESTRELLA DE NEUTRONES . .40 COORDENADAS CELESTES . .23 ESTRELLA POLAR . .41 COSMOLOGÍA . .24 ESTRELLA SUPERGIGANTE . .42 100 Conceptos básicos de Astronomía 7 ESTRELLA VARIABLE . .42 LEY DE HUBBLE . .54 EVOLUCIÓN ESTELAR . .42 LEYES DE KEPLER . .55 EXOPLANETA O PLANETA EXTRASOLAR . .45 LUNA . .55 EXPANSIÓN DEL UNIVERSO . .45 LUZ . .56 F M FASES DE LA LUNA . .46 MAGNITUD . .56 FORMACIÓN ESTELAR . .47 MANCHA SOLAR . .56 MARTE . .57 MATERIA OSCURA . .57 G MEDIO INTERESTELAR . .59 GALAXIA . .48 MERCURIO . .59 GALAXIA, LA . .48 METEORITO . .60 GALAXIA ACTIVA . .50 GRAN EXPLOSIÓN (BIG BANG) . .50 N I NEBULOSA . .61 NEBULOSA PLANETARIA . .61 INTERFEROMETRÍA . .51 NEPTUNO . .62 NOMENCLATURA ASTRONÓMICA . .62 J NOVA . .63 JÚPITER . .52 NUBE DE OORT . .64 L O LENTE GRAVITATORIA . .53 OBJETO TRANSNEPTUNIANO . .65 LEY DE LA GRAVITACIÓN UNIVERSAL . .54 OBSERVATORIOS ASTRONÓMICOS EN ESPAÑA . .65 8 P U PARALAJE . .69 UNIDAD ASTRONÓMICA . .83 PLANETA . .69 UNIVERSO . .83 PLANETA ENANO . .71 URANO . .84 PRECESIÓN . .72 PÚLSAR . .72 V VELOCIDAD RADIAL . .85 VENUS . .85 R VÍA LÁCTEA . .85 RADIACIÓN DE FONDO DE MICROONDAS . .73 VIENTO SOLAR Y VIENTO ESTELAR . .86 RADIOASTRONOMÍA . .73 RAYOS CÓSMICOS . .74 Z ZODÍACO . .87 S ZONA DE HABITABILIDAD . .87 SATÉLITE . .75 SATURNO . .76 SISTEMA PLANETARIO . .76 ÍNDICE TEMÁTICO . .89 SOL . .77 SUPERNOVA . .77 T TELESCOPIO . .78 TEORÍAS GEOCÉNTRICA Y HELIOCÉNTRICA . .79 TIEMPO ASTRONÓMICO . .80 TIERRA . .80 TIPOS DE TELESCOPIO . .81 100 Conceptos básicos de Astronomía 9 Nebulosa planetaria de la calabaza. Créditos: Valentin Bujarrabal (Observatorio Astronómico Nacional). PRÓLOGO Durante 2009, Año Internacional de la Astronomía, hemos tra- fácil y atractiva. Destaca el esfuerzo realizado.
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