DOCSLIB.ORG

Security Entrenchment and the Dynamics of Politicide: Evidence from Indonesia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Security Entrenchment and the Dynamics of Politicide: Evidence from Indonesia Security Entrenchment and the Dynamics of Politicide: Evidence from Indonesia by Mark Winward A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science University of Toronto © Copyright by Mark Winward 2019 Security Entrenchment and the Dynamics of Politicide: Evidence from Indonesia Mark Winward Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science University of Toronto 2019 Abstract This dissertation examines variations in violence during politicide. Why do some areas have greater levels of killings and long term detentions than others, controlling for the size of the victim group? Moreover, why do some areas have greater rates of killing relative to detentions? Using process tracing to compare three Indonesian provinces that experienced politicide in 1965- 66, I argue these dynamics are shaped by two factors: the degree to which security forces are entrenched at the local level, and the strength of civilian networks willing to collaborate with security forces. The first two chapters develop my theoretical framework, situate it in current debates of mass violence, and outline the methodology used. Chapter three overviews the origins of the Indonesian politicide, in which the Indonesian army killed an estimated 500,000 civilian communist supporters. The following three chapters trace the dynamics of this politicide in Central Java, East Java, and West Java. Through these cases, I demonstrate that low security entrenchment leads to higher levels of violence and higher rates of killing, as security forces lacked the ability to use violence more selectively. The strain of caring for these detainees then poses a logistical problem and incentivizes mass executions. Collaborator networks can further increase killings when security forces are weak by pressuring them to use additional lethal ii violence or engage in lethal violence unilaterally. I conclude by demonstrating how these findings are likely to apply across cases of politicide more broadly, and reflect on the relationship between security capacity, mass violence, and repression. iii Acknowledgments I have accumulated an enormous number of debts over the course of this project. First, I have benefitted tremendously from the guidance of my dissertation committee, especially my supervisor, Jacques Bertrand, in developing, researching, and writing this manuscript. Along with providing rapid and detailed feedback on my ideas, Jacques challenged me to develop independently as a scholar, and to think about how my findings applied not only within Indonesia, but beyond it. My committee members, Judith Teichman and Noel Anderson, also contributed heavily to this final manuscript. Judith encouraged me to distinguish the forest from the trees, and in doing so, helped me to produce a far more coherent manuscript than otherwise would have been the case. Noel pushed me to explicitly lay out my methodological choices and to consider further how this work carried beyond Indonesia. This manuscript would not have been possible without the challenges raised and encouragement offered by all three of these mentors. A fourth mentor, Lee Ann Fujii, unexpectedly passed away prior to the completion of this manuscript. Lee Ann was a major source of inspiration, and provided invaluable insight in designing the project, as well as support, advice, and encouragement for conducting interviews after mass violence. Second, I would like to acknowledge my internal and external examiners, Egor Lazarev and Scott Straus. Egor pushed me to better consider the interaction effects of the phenomena described in this study, while Scott provided innumerable comments for improving the manuscript for a subsequent book project. I hope the book, once competed, can fully reflect the quality of feedback both provided as this project concluded. Third, this work has benefitted significantly from a number of scholars. Robert Cribb and John Roosa provided insightful feedback on select chapters and related manuscripts. Their deep knowledge of the case was especially valuable in conducting a project of this scope. Kate McGregor, Annie Pohlman, Vanessa Hearman, and Abdul Wahid also provided valuable encouragement in the early stages of this project. Indeed, the warmth of those scholars dedicated to the study of the 1965-66 violence has made studying this grim period far less a challenge. Nick Cheesman provided valuable feedback on a related manuscript, and pushed me to clarify the preferences of military actors. I was also fortunate to be part of an exceptional graduate student community at the University of Toronto that supported and challenged me over the iv course of this project. Special thanks to Alex Pelletier and Jessica Soedirgo, who read innumerable drafts of chapters and provided patient and helpful comments. Thanks also to Fuad Fanani, who generously connected me to colleagues in Indonesia. Fourth, I would not have been able to complete this project without the support of my family, especially my partner, Sarah Winward. Studying mass violence is never easy, and there were days when this clearly impacted my life in areas beyond the academy. Sarah supported me throughout this project and helped me learn when to step away. The birth of our son, Henry, in the later stages of the project also bought in new joy – often in stark contrast to the contents of this manuscript. Thanks also to my parents, Mike and Belinda, for their support over the course of this project in so many ways. My largest thanks go to all of those willing to share their stories with me over the course of this project. Wherever I travelled and whomever I spoke to during fieldwork, I was always made to feel welcomed, regardless of the status of my hosts. I will be forever indebted to the frankness with which so many shared their experiences in what was typically the most difficult period of their lives. This was true of for both those that perpetrated and survived the violence of the mid- 1960s. I was especially inspired by the resilience, kindness, and hospitality I found across the hundreds of former political prisoners I met over the course of this project. While only one of these remarkable survivors is named in this project, all of their stories deeply affected me and how I think about violence and resistance. This manuscript is dedicated to them – terima kasih. v Table of Contents Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. xi List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... xii List of Appendices ....................................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1 Introduction..................................................................................................................1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................1 The Argument, in Brief: ..............................................................................................................4 Research Significance and Policy Implications: .........................................................................6 The Layout of the Dissertation: ................................................................................................10 Chapter 2 A Theory of Politicide ................................................................................................13 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................13 Key Concepts ............................................................................................................................14 6.1 Politicide: ...........................................................................................................................14 6.2 Repressive Violence...........................................................................................................19 6.3 Rates of Killing ..................................................................................................................22 6.4 Security Entrenchment .......................................................................................................23 6.5 Strength of Collaborator Network .....................................................................................24 Existing Explanations of Variations in Repressive Violence ...................................................25 7.1 Studies of Genocide and Mass Killing...............................................................................26 7.2 Repression and Civil Wars: ...............................................................................................27 7.2.1 Political Competition .............................................................................................28 7.2.2 Information ............................................................................................................29 vi 7.3 Empowering Militia and Violence Dynamics ....................................................................32
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Seizing the Day for a Better Future
    6 The Japan Times Friday, August 17, 2012 第３種郵便物認可 Indonesia independence day seizing the day for a better future Muhammad Lutfi donesia has what it takes to live and committed to by the young- fruits on its surface, and con- the authority over these rich AMbAssAdor of Indonesia up to the expectations. sters from Sulawesi, Kalimantan, tains all the precious minerals extensive resources does come Consisting of more than Java, sumatra, whether Muslim beneath. you do not see indo- with challenges for the Indone- Early in this year, The Economist 17,000 islands, the length of ar- or Christian, who speak Java- nesian mangoes, mangosteens, sian government. deemed indonesia’s economy chipelagic Indonesia from east to nese, sundanese, Manadonese, bananas, or durians abroad in 1997 we were hit, badly, as healthy and growing, while west spans 6,345 km. From hun- or Dutch. Driven by the spirit of because the domestic market by the crisis. At that time, I was heavily linked dreds of ethnicities, the people brotherhood, togetherness, and consumes all 16,000 tons of the the leader of the Jakarta branch indonesia to the speak more than 300 languages. freedom, they pledged for “one fruit commodity. ranked No. 3 of the indonesia young Entre- words such as indonesian history goes way motherland, one nation, one in the world at 39 million tons preneurs Association, or HiPMi “fastest-grow- back to fifth century, to the time uniting language,” which echoed of rice production, indonesia Jaya. Having started my own ing” and “stabil- of the ancient Hindu-Buddhist through and fought for in a na- also consumes the staple grain business and joined the group ity.” soon after, kingdom of tarumanegara in tional revolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Analisis Potensi Dan Prioritas Pengembangan Pariwisata Di Kota Bogor Provinsi Jawa Barat
    ANALISIS POTENSI DAN PRIORITAS PENGEMBANGAN PARIWISATA DI KOTA BOGOR PROVINSI JAWA BARAT Disusun sebagai salah satu syarat menyelesaikan Program Studi Strata I pada Jurusan Geografi Fakultas Geografi Oleh: CHINTYA HANDAYANI E 100 140 033 PROGRAM STUDI GEOGRAFI FAKULTAS GEOGRAFI UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA 2018 i iii iiiii iiiiv ANALISIS POTENSI DAN PRIORITAS PENGEMBANGAN PARIWISATA DI KOTA BOGOR PROVINSI JAWA BARAT Abstrak Kota Bogor memiliki empat belas obyek wisata diantaranya adalah Kebun Raya Bogor, Meseum Zoologi Bogor, Museum Tanah Bogor, Museum Etnobotani Bogor, Istana Bogor, Museum Pembela Tanah Air (PETA), Plaza Kapten Muslihat, Museum Perjuangan Bogor, Prasasti Batutulis, The Jungle, Jungle Fest, Country Club Cimanggu (Marcopolo), Rancamaya Country Golf, dan Situ Gede. Analisis Potensi dan Prioritas Pengembangan Pariwisata di Kota Bogor Provinsi Jawa Barat merupakan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk : (1) menganalisis potensi pariwisata (2) menganalisis skala prioritas pengembangan pariwisata di Kota Bogor Provinsi Jawa Barat. Penelitian menggunakan metode observasi langsung yaitu pengamatan secara langsung menggunakan lembar observasi yang telah disediakan untuk observer. Analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan potensi gabungan obyek wisata dan analisis SWOT. Terdapat tiga hasil penelitian yang menunjukkan bahwa (1) potensi pariwisata di Kota Bogor memiliki nilai potensi gabungan (potensi internal dan eksternal) yang bervariasi dari rendah – tinggi. Potensi tinggi ada pada obyek wisata Kebun Raya Bogor, The Jungle, Rancamaya Country Golf, Istana Bogor, Country Club Cimanggu (Marcopolo) dan Prasasti Batutulis yang dimana nilai total skornya antara 38 – 48. Potensi sedang ada pada obyek wisata Plaza Kapten Muslihat, Museum PETA, Museum Zoologi, Jungle Fest, Museum Tanah, Museum Etnobotani, dan Museum Perjuangan Bogor yang dimana nilai total skornya antara 28 – 37. Potensi Rendah ada pada obyek wisata Situ Gede dimana nilai total skornya antara 18 – 27.
    [Show full text]
  • The Professionalisation of the Indonesian Military
    The Professionalisation of the Indonesian Military Robertus Anugerah Purwoko Putro A thesis submitted to the University of New South Wales In fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Humanities and Social Sciences July 2012 STATEMENTS Originality Statement I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project's design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged. Copyright Statement I hereby grant to the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I retain all property rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. Authenticity Statement I certify that the Library deposit digital copy is a direct equivalent of the final officially approved version of my thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • The Economic Recovery Strategy for the Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia
    IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) e-ISSN: 2321-5933, p-ISSN: 2321-5925. Volume 12, Issue 2 Ser. V (Mar. –Apr. 2021), PP 36-43 www.iosrjournals.org The Economic Recovery Strategy For The Covid-19 Pandemic In Indonesia Hanri Jan Piter1, Guntur Eko Saputro2 Defence Ecomomics Indonesia, Defenese University Indonesia Kawasan IPSC Sentul, Citereup, Bogor, Jawa Barat, 16810 Abstract The crisis that arose from the Covid-19 Pandemic has caused many dismissal, unemployment increases, There are very few micro businesses, even some entrepreneurs have gone bankrupt. The government has announced that the 2020 economic recession is the worst economic crisis in history. The author considers it important to make scientific work as a strategy for economic recovery after the Covid-19 pandemic. The author uses a descriptive qualitative method with a field case study approach. Researchers used strategy theory according to Andrew J Good Paster which was divided into three parts, the first “end” namely the government aims at post- pandemic economic recovery to improve people's welfare, reduce the increase dismissal, and the addition of covid-19 casualties. The second “way The government needs to issue a policy of financial stimulus and social assistance that can be directly felt in people's lives during the Covid-19 pandemic. The third ”mean” The government optimizes its resources by recruiting volunteers as personnel assistance and improving health infrastructure, such as isolation rooms, laboratories, pharmacy, health personnel so that handling can be faster, as well as providing free vaccination injections to the entire community. Keywords: Economic Recovery, Covid-19, Strategy, Financial Stimulus --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Date of Submission: 15-04-2021 Date of Acceptance: 29-04-2021 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I.
    [Show full text]
  • Plagiat Merupakan Tindakan Tidak Terpuji
    PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI MASA AKHIR KEPEMIMPINAN SUKARNO 1965 - 1968 SKRIPSI Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Syarat Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Pendidikan Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah Oleh: ALOYSIUS BRAM WIDYANTO NIM: 021314041 PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN SEJARAH JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN SOSIAL FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2010 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI iii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI HALAMAN PERSEMBAHAN Skripsi ini kupersembahkan untuk: Tuhan Yesus Kristus yang selalu menuntun dan menunjukan jalan bagiku. Bunda Maria yang selalu memberi kekuatan dan pengharapan dalam setiap langkahku. Kedua orang tuaku yang telah membesarkanku, mendoakanku, mendorong dan mendukungku. Adikku Widi dan Pupung yang selalu mendoakanku. Aie yang selalu mendoakan dan mendukungku. iv PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI MOTTO Banyaklah rencana manusia, tetapi keputusan Tuhanlah yang terlaksana (Amsal 19: 21) “Janganlah melihat ke masa depan dengan mata buta! Masa yang lampau adalah berguna sekali untuk menjadi kaca bengala dari pada masa yang akan datang.” (Sukarno) Kebanggaan kita yang terbesar adalah bukan tidak pernah gagal, tetapi bangkit kembali setelah kita jatuh (Confusius) v PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN KARYA Saya menyatakan dengan sesungguhnya bahwa skripsi yang saya tulis ini tidak memuat karya atau bagian karya orang lain, kecuali yang telah disebutkan dalam kutipan dan daftar pustaka, sebagaimana layaknya karya ilmiah. Yogyakarta, 2 Februari 2010 Penulis, Aloysius Bram Widyanto vi PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ABSTRAK Aloysius Bram Widyanto 021314041 Masa Akhir Kepemimpinan Sukarno 1965-1968 Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis: (1) latar belakang yang menyebabkan kepemimpinan Sukarno berakhir; (2) proses berakhirnya kepemimpinan Sukarno; (3) akibat politik, sosial, dan ekonomi dari berakhirnya kepemimpinan Sukarno.
    [Show full text]
  • Download This PDF File
    Indonesian Journal of Conservation Volume 07 (02), Tahun 2018 Indonesian Journal of Conservation http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/ijc IDENTIFYING COLONIAL LANDSCAPE STYLES IN BOGOR BOTANICAL GARDEN THROUGH VISITORS’ GEO-TAGGED PHOTOS Akhmad Arifin Hadi1, Yusuke Mizuuchi2, Tsuyoshi Honjo3, Katsunori Furuya 4 1 Landscape Architecture Department, Bogor Agricultural University. 2 Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan 3,4 Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Japan Corresponding author : [email protected]* Info Artikel Abstract Diterima September 2018 The landscape of Bogor Botanical Garden (BBG) is influenced by Disetujui different eras, particularly Dutch Colonial and post-war Indonesia. Oktober 2018 The research investigates visitors’ perceptions related to Dipublikasikan Desember 2018 landscape of BBG based on visitors’ on-site experiences. The research involved 94 research participants, include local tourists Keywords and landscape architecture students. They were asked to take heritage; colonial; photo of landscape or elements they deemed colonial look Indonesia; landscape style using their own camera and send them online to landscape; photo; researcher by social media. Each respondent were handed a GPS logger to record the capture locations of each photo. The results revealed that the most photos of colonial look landscape style were consist of buildings and hardscapes as focused objects, where Presidential Palace and Lady Raffles monument were buildings that mostly appear in photos. The photos’ captured locations were also concentrated to those buildings indicated that landscape surround those buildings had strong characteristics of colonial landscape style. The study also showed the effectiveness of inviting participants with educational background in landscape architecture than normal visitors to show perception of colonial look landscape on BBG site.
    [Show full text]
  • The "G30S/PKI" Symbol Is the Major Obstacle to Democracy
    Tapol bulletin no, 71, September 1985 This is the Published version of the following publication UNSPECIFIED (1985) Tapol bulletin no, 71, September 1985. Tapol bulletin (71). pp. 1-28. ISSN 1356-1154 The publisher’s official version can be found at Note that access to this version may require subscription. Downloaded from VU Research Repository https://vuir.vu.edu.au/26272/ British Campaign for the Defence of Political Prisoners and Human Rights in Indonesia TAPOL Bulletin No. 71 September 1985 The "G30S/PKI" symbol is the major obstacle to democracy On the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the seizure of power by General Suharto, TA POL invited a former political prisoner in Indonesia to contribute a piece for publication. The following is a translation of his article. Here in Indonesia, people are still misled by symbols, death and is apparently about to be released even though primarily the G30S/A<I symbol. I) Facts about Untung he was the principal figure in the South Blitar affair? having carried out a military operation on 30 September This has nothing to do with questions of law. The reasons 1965, about volunteers from the Pemuda Rakjat [People's are purely political. Munir was regarded as being a Youth] and Gerwani[lndonesian Women's Movement] being potent ipl danger, someone who might have been able to given military training, are regarded as the absolute destroy that symbol, given the time and opportunity. truth, the whole and complete truth. The reality is that Munir had the respect of his comrades. Rewang's record these facts ore only part of the truth, not the whole during interrogation and during his detention was not truth, and there is no way for the whole truth to be considered as anything serious by the men in power.
    [Show full text]
  • Students Shot Dead on Black Friday
    Tapol bulletin no, 149/150, December 1998 This is the Published version of the following publication UNSPECIFIED (1998) Tapol bulletin no, 149/150, December 1998. Tapol bulletin (149). pp. 1-32. ISSN 1356-1154 The publisher’s official version can be found at Note that access to this version may require subscription. Downloaded from VU Research Repository https://vuir.vu.edu.au/25991/ ISSN 1356-1154 The Indonesia Human Rights Campaign TAPOL Bulletin No. 149/150 December 1998 Students shot dead on Black Friday Calls for ABRI to get out ofpolitics and for Suharto to be put on trial reverberated on the streets of Jakarta for a whole week as tens of thousands of students and hundreds of thousands of citizens protested against the Supreme Consultative Assembly (MPR) special session. On Black Friday, 13 November, eight students were slain as troops opened fire on peaceful demonstrators, almost six months to the day after student demonstrators forced the dictator, Suharto, to step down. The mass campaign against the MPR's special session sticks and unarmed students who resorted to throwing began on 28 October, when tens of thousands of students stones. Throughout the week, armoured vehicles and water demonstrated peacefully in Jakarta, protesting against the cannon supplied to the Indonesian armed forces by British meeting scheduled for 10-13 November and denouncing companies, were used to quell the protesters. the dwifungsi which gives ABRI, the armed forces unre­ In addition to the troops, the armed forces had hired stricted powers in all the affairs of state. gangs of men to join a vigilante brigade called PAM The demonstrations that began on 10 November grew Swakarsa armed with sharpened bamboo sticks (bambu in size as the week progressed.
    [Show full text]
  • History, Memory, and the "1965 Incident" in Indonesia
    HISTORY, MEMORY, AND THE “1965 INCIDENT” IN INDONESIA Mary S. Zurbuchen With the events of 1998 that climaxed in the stunning moment of President Suharto’s resignation, Indonesia embarked on a transi- tion from a tenacious authoritarianism. These changes have prompted re- examination of assumptions and tenets that have shaped the state, its laws and institutions, and the experience of being a citizen. They have also spurred calls for justice and retribution for persistent patterns of violence. Suharto’s New Order is the only government that most Indonesians alive today have ever known, and its passing has sparked notable interest in reviewing and assessing earlier chapters in the national story. This retrospective moment has not been systematic, and there are indications that it may not be sustained under the administration of President Megawati Sukarnoputri. 1 Nonetheless, public discourse continues to spotlight key actors and events from the past, including some that have long been hidden, suppressed, or unmentionable. Among these topics, the killings of 1965–66 are a particularly difficult and dark subject. In this essay, I will discuss some of the recent representations of this particular element of the collective past and offer some thoughts on how “1965” figures in contemporary public discourse, in social and private Mary S. Zurbuchen is Visiting Professor and Acting Director of the Center for Southeast Asian Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles. Asian Survey , 42:4, pp. 564–582. ISSN: 0004–4687 Ó 2002 by The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Send Requests for Permission to Reprint to: Rights and Permissions, University of California Press, Journals Division, 2000 Center St., Ste.
    [Show full text]
  • 338 Oei Hiem Hwie Compared to Biographies Of
    338 Book Reviews Oei Hiem Hwie Memoar Oei Hiem Hwie: Dari Pulau Buru Sampai Medayu Agung. Surabaya: Wastu Lanas Grafika, 2015, x + 258 pp. isbn 9786028114561. For further information, contact Medayu Agung, tel. +62318703505, e-mail: [email protected]. Compared to biographies of “national heroes”, there are only a few biographies or memoirs dealing with the lives of Indonesia’s ethnic Chinese. This does not mean that the Chinese or Tionghoa—as I would like to address the Indone- sian Chinese based on their own preference—have not made any contribution to the nation. On the contrary, it only reflects the exclusion of Tionghoa in our historiography, as a result of New Order policies directed against this particular ethnic group. However, some biographies on progressive Tionghoa individuals have succeeded in countering this legacy. Among them is OeiTjoeTat’s Memoir (Toer 1995), who was one of the Ministers under Sukarno. The other is Siauw Giok Tjhan, who was the head of baperki (Badan Permusyawaratan Kewar- ganegaraan Indonesia; Deliberative Association for Indonesian Citizenship), an organization that emphasized the participation of the Tionghoa commu- nity in nation-building. Both Oei Tjoe Tat and Siauw Giok Tjhan were impris- oned after the so-called 30 September Movement (Gerakan 30 September) in 1965 because of their involvement in baperki. The organization was accused of cooperating with the pki (Partai Komunis Indonesia; Indonesian Commu- nist Party), which was blamed for the killings of six generals on October 1, 1965. This act has been repeatedly stressed by the state as a form of treachery by the communists, while excluding the resultant killings of around 500.000 Indonesians in the military-led anti-communist operations.
    [Show full text]
  • Encyclopedia of Kimilsungia
    1 Preface Love of flower is a noble trait peculiar to man. Flower brings fragrance, emotion and beauty to people. That is why they love it, and hope to live beautifully and pure-heartedly like it. At the same time, they express their wish and desire, happiness and hope by means of it, and want to bring their life into full bloom, picturing themselves in it. Kimilsungia, which was named by Sukarno, the first President of the Republic of Indonesia, reflecting the desire of the progressive people of the world, is loved by mankind not only because it is beautiful but also it is symbolic of the greatness of President Kim Il Sung. The editorial board issues Encyclopedia of Kimilsungia in reflection of the unanimous will of the Korean people and the world’s progressive people who are desirous to bloom Kimilsungia more beautifully and propagate it more widely on the occasion of the centenary of the birth of President Kim Il Sung. The book introduces in detail how Kimilsungia came into being in the world, its propagation, Kimilsungia festivals and exhibitions held in Korea and foreign countries every year, events held on the occasion of the anniversary of the naming of the flower, and its biological features and cultivating techniques the Korean botanists and growers have studied and perfected. And edited in the book are the typical literary works depicting Kimilsungia and some of gift plants presented to President Kim Il Sung by foreign countries. In addition, common knowledge of flower is compiled. The editorial board hopes this book will be a help to the flower lovers and people of other countries of the world who are eager to know and grow Kimilsungia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Anatomy of Controversial History in Indonesia
    THE ANATOMY OF CONTROVERSIAL HISTORY IN INDONESIA Tsabit Azinar Ahmad History Department, Semarang State University, Indonesia [email protected] ABSTRACT The surge in controversial history on Indonesian historiography is worth critical scrutiny. Some of the most turbulent events including Serangan Umum Satu Maret (1 March Attack) of 1949, Gerakan 30 September (30 September Movement) of 1965, Surat Perintah Sebelas Maret (11 March Instruction) of 1966 and Indonesian killings after 1965 had caused immense unease in social-political role of Indonesian armed forces and human rights violations. Within the turmoil, the vast majority of society suffered from growing tension and confusion. For that reason, this paper meticulously analyzes the anatomy of controversial history, defined as several versions of writing, in Indonesia. In this regard, an issue is deemed controversial when personal, communal, and political interest evokes emotional engagement. In historiography, there are two causal factors namely methodological mistake and sociopolitical interest. They result in, furthermore, two main characteristics. The first type is academic controversial history with varied historians’ interpretation on the investigated sources. The second type revolves around sociopolitical controversial of which natures are personal, social, cultural and political. It is deeply rooted in conflict of interests associated with individuals or community. Far too often, some of them were the perpetrators or stakeholders who exercise power to legitimate their domination in history. The relationship between knowledge and power can be best illustrated by the publication of the official history and the prohibited alternatives. To my view, such sociopolitical controversies would inevitably ignite debates in wider society. Keyword: controversial history, academic controversy, sociopolitical controversy, Indonesia INTRODUCTION Controversial history methodologically is prevalent today, particularly during the process of drafting historiography.
    [Show full text]